"Prevalence and secular trend of neural tube defects in fetal deaths in Argentina, 1994-2019".

BACKGROUND: Fetal deaths are a major source of information on the epidemiology of neural tube defects (NTDs; anencephaly and myelomeningocele). We analyzed NTDs prevalence and secular trend using fetal death records between 1994 and 2019 in Argentina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the Department of Statistics and Information of the Ministry of Health (DEIS). Using the number of fetal deaths due to anencephaly and myelomeningocele, we estimated the proportion of all fetal deaths due to anencephaly, myelomeningocele, and NTDs (anencephaly + myelomeningocele) during pre- and post-fortification period in Argentina. We also estimated the ratio of fetal deaths due to anencephaly, myelomeningocele, and NTDs (anencephaly + myelomeningocele) to 10,000 live births. Secular trend in the outcomes was analyzed using a Poisson model and Joinpoint regression analysis. RESULTS: In the entire period analyzed, the NTD proportion on fetal deaths was 1.32. In 1994, NTDs accounted for 34.7% of congenital malformations fetal deaths (CM) and 1.7% of all fetal deaths, whereas in 2019, these percentages were 9.4% and 0.5%, respectively. NTDs present a negative secular trend (p < .05). The risk of fetal death due to anencephaly and myelomeningocele decreases between 2005 and 2019 by 67% and 51% respectively (p < .05) in comparison to the period between 1994 and 2004 before the effective fortification of wheat flour used in the food industry destined for the domestic market. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We found a significant decrease in the risk of all fetal deaths due to NTDs, particularly anencephaly, in Argentina over the study period, with most reduction observed during the mandatory flour fortification era (introduced in Argentina in 2002). The inclusion of fetal deaths in NTD surveillance, coupled or uncoupled with other pregnancy outcomes, is essential for monitoring preventive supplementation measures.

Aplicación del perfil de nutrientes de la OPS en productos ultraprocesados, inclusive en alimentos fortificados / Application of PAHO's nutrient profile in ultra-processed products, including fortified foods

Resumen Introducción: en la actualidad se recomienda limitar el consumo de productos ultraprocesados por su alto contenido en azúcar, grasas totales, grasas saturadas, grasas trans y sodio. El etiquetado frontal es una estrategia destinada a fortalecer en el consumidor su capacidad de elegir, pero la estrategia de adición de micronutrientes realizada por la industria alimentaria contribuye a que los consumidores sobrestimen su calidad nutricional. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar según el modelo del Perfil de Nutrientes (PN) de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), un grupo de productos ultraprocesados disponibles en el mercado argentino y aplicar el modelo de forma diferenciada en productos fortificados por la industria alimentaria. Materiales y método: estudio de campo, transversal, descriptivo. Se aplicó el perfil de nutrientes considerando: azúcares libres, grasas totales, grasas saturadas, grasas trans y sodio, en productos fortificados y sin fortificación. Cada una de las categorías generales de alimentos: galletitas dulces, alfajores, chocolates, golosinas, helados, cereales, bebidas, dulces untables, snacks salados y lácteos, fueron divididas en subcategorías, integradas por diferentes productos. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo por subcategorías. Resultados: la muestra se conformó por 682 productos y todos superaron el punto de corte de al menos un nutriente en cantidad excesiva. El 100% de los productos fortificados (n=146) presentó cantidad excesiva de algún nutriente, el 41,1% tuvo un nutriente en cantidad excesiva y el 50,7% dos nutrientes. 95,7-100% de los productos de los grupos cereales de desayuno, chocolatadas, yogures bebibles y en pote, se categorizaron como con cantidad excesiva de azúcares libres. Conclusiones: todos los productos analizados presentaron al menos un nutriente del PN de referencia, en cantidad excesiva. Los mismos productos tenían adición de vitaminas, minerales o fibra. Se visibiliza la necesidad de realizar estudios que investiguen si esta estrategia induce confusión en el consumidor al momento de elegir.

Abstract Introduction: it is currently recommended to limit the consumption of ultra-processed products because of their high content of sugar, total fats, saturated fats, trans fats and sodium. Front labelling is a strategy aimed at strengthening consumer choice, but the micronutrient addition strategy carried out by the food industry contributes to consumers overestimating their nutritional quality. The objective of this study was to analyze, following the model of the Nutrient Profile (PN) of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), a group of ultra-processed products available in the Argentine market and apply the model in a differentiated way in products fortified by the food industry. Materials and method: field study, cross-sectional, descriptive. The nutrient profile was applied considering: free sugars, total fats, saturated fats, trans fats and sodium, both in fortified and unfortified products. Each of the general food categories: sweet cookies, alfajores, chocolates, sweets, ice cream, cereals, beverages, spreadable sweets, salty snacks and dairy products, were divided into subcategories, made up of different products. A descriptive statistical analysis by subcategories was performed. Results: the sample consisted of 682 products and all exceeded the cut-off point of at least one nutrient in excessive quantity. 100% of the fortified products (n=146) had an excessive amount of some nutrient, 41.1% had an excess nutrient and 50.7% two nutrients. 95.7-100% of the products of the breakfast cereals, chocolate, drinking and potted yogurts groups were categorized as having excessive amounts of free sugars. Conclusions: all the products analyzed presented at least one nutrient from the reference NP, in excessive quantity. The same products had added vitamins, minerals or fiber. The need for studies to research whether this strategy induces confusion in the consumer when choosing is made visible.

Disentangling the components of pollen limitation in a widespread herb with gametophytic self-incompatibility.

PREMISE: Seed production is frequently limited by the receipt of insufficient or low-quality pollen, collectively termed "pollen limitation" (PL). In taxa with gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), incompatible pollen can germinate on stigmas but pollen tubes are arrested in styles. This allows for estimates of pollen performance before, during, and after self-recognition, as well as insight into the factors underlying pollen quality limitation in GSI taxa. METHODS: We scored pollen performance following self and outcross pollinations in Argentina anserina to identify the location of self-recognition and establish the relationship between pollen tubes and seed production. We then estimated quantity and quality components of PL from >3300 field-collected styles. We combined our results with other studies to test the prediction that low pollen quality, but not quantity, drives higher PL in self-incompatible (SI) taxa than in self-compatible taxa (SC). RESULTS: Self and outcross pollen germinated readily on stigmas, but 96% of germinated self-pollen was arrested during early tube elongation. Reproduction in the field was more limited by pollen quality than by quantity, and pollen failure near the location of self-recognition was a stronger barrier to fertilization than pollen germination. Across 26 taxa, SI species experienced stronger pollen quality, but not quantity, limitation than SC species. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating pollen performance at multiple points within pistils can elucidate potential causes of pollen quality limitation. The receipt of incompatible pollen inhibits fertilization success more than insufficient pollen receipt or poor pollen germination in A. anserina. Likewise, pollen quality limitation drives high overall PL in other SI taxa.

A Thousand Days-A programme for vulnerable early childhood in Argentina: Targeting, dropout risk factors and correlates of time to graduation.

BACKGROUND: Mil Días (A Thousand Days) is a programme for the first thousand days of life, from gestation to 2 years of age, targeted at highly vulnerable children and/or mothers and pregnant women. The programme was implemented in August 2015 in the municipality of San Miguel, in Argentina. Mil Días is designed in a holistic and intersectoral way. The main form of intervention is through home visits, but other benefits are available depending on the 51 vulnerability criteria by which participants are admitted to the programme, most of which are related to health issues. Exits of the programme occur when the mother and/or child have reversed the deprivation/s of the entrance-criteria. METHODS: This paper provides an analysis of the programme's primary data between August 2015 and May 2019, with a total of 1,111 programme participants. First, we perform a statistical analysis of the targeted population of the programme. Second, using a logistic regression, we study factors associated to the withdrawal from the programme. Third, using survival analysis, we study the correlates of time to graduation from the programme. RESULTS: We find that the programme is well-targeted, as participants exhibit higher deprivation levels than those exhibited by beneficiaries of social programmes in general in the same municipality. We also find that programme participants in situations of most extreme vulnerability are more likely to abandon the programme and that successful exits from the programme take longer for more complex cases. CONCLUSIONS: Mil Días-San Miguel is a programme for early childhood development in Argentina, which was pioneer when it was first introduced. It is well targeted and exhibits encouraging results despite complex cases taking longer to sucessfully exit the programme. In addition, the poorest poor participants are more likely to abandon the programme and so additional actions could be taken to retain them, as intended by the 'Leave No One Behind' 2030 commitment.

Evaluación de las ingestas dietéticas y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses en una localidad del noreste argentino / Assessment of dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6­23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina

Introducción. Una alimentación complementaria adecuada en cantidad y calidad resulta esencial durante los primeros dos años de vida. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de nutrientes y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses de una localidad del noreste argentino. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal (segundo semestre del 2019). Se evaluaron las ingestas de 24 horas mediante recordatorios a los cuidadores de niños de 6 a 23 meses. Los datos se compararon con las ingestas dietéticas de referencia. Las prácticas alimentarias se evaluaron según los indicadores establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. Se evaluaron 138 niños de 6 a 23 meses de edad. La energía y las vitaminas A, D y E presentaron porcentajes medios de adecuación inferiores al 100 % en todas las edades, mientras que las proteínas alcanzaron una adecuación promedio del 142,8 % y el 168,1 % para los niños de 7-12 meses y de 13-23 meses, respectivamente. Los nutrientes que presentaron una proporción considerable de casos con ingestas por debajo del requerimiento promedio estimado en todos los grupos fueron la energía y la vitamina A. En cuanto a los indicadores de prácticas alimentarias, 50,8 % de los lactantes recibió una dieta mínima aceptable. Conclusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de inadecuación energética y de nutrientes críticos durante la alimentación complementaria en los niños de 6 a 23 meses incluidos en el estudio. Intervenciones nutricionales que promuevan prácticas alimentarias que mejoren la ingesta de micronutrientes serían de suma importancia para su salud actual y futura.

Introduction. An adequate quantity and quality of complementary feeding is essential during the first 2 years of life. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6­23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina. Population and methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study (second semester of 2019). Intakes from 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted among caregivers of children aged 6­23 months were assessed. Data were compared to dietary reference intakes. Feeding practices were assessed as per the World Health Organization's indicators. Results. A total of 138 children aged 6­23 months were assessed. The mean adequacy ratio of energy and vitamins A, D, and E was below 100% for all ages, whereas the protein adequacy for children aged 7-12 and 13-23 months was 142.8% and 168.1%, respectively. A remarkable number of cases had energy and vitamin A intakes below the estimated average requirement. In relation to feeding practice indicators, 50.8% of infants received a minimum acceptable diet. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of an inadequate level of energy and critical nutrient intake during complementary feeding of the children aged 6­23 months included in the study. Nutritional interventions that promote feeding practices to improve micronutrient intake would be highly important for children's current and future health.

Assessment of dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6-23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina. / Evaluación de las ingestas dietéticas y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses en una localidad del noreste argentino.

INTRODUCTION: An adequate quantity and quality of complementary feeding is essential during the first 2 years of life. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6-23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina. POPULATION AND METHODS: Descriptive, crosssectional study (second semester of 2019). Intakes from 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted among caregivers of children aged 6-23 months were assessed. Data were compared to dietary reference intakes. Feeding practices were assessed as per the World Health Organization's indicators. RESULTS: A total of 138 children aged 6-23 months were assessed. The mean adequacy ratio of energy and vitamins A, D, and E was below 100% for all ages, whereas the protein adequacy for children aged 7-12 and 13-23 months was 142.8% and 168.1%, respectively. A remarkable number of cases had energy and vitamin A intakes below the estimated average requirement. In relation to feeding practice indicators, 50.8% of infants received a minimum acceptable diet. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of an inadequate level of energy and critical nutrient intake during complementary feeding of the children aged 6-23 months included in the study. Nutritional interventions that promote feeding practices to improve micronutrient intake would be highly important for children's current and future health.

Introducción. Una alimentación complementaria adecuada en cantidad y calidad resulta esencial durante los primeros dos años de vida. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de nutrientes y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses de una localidad del noreste argentino. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal (segundo semestre del 2019). Se evaluaron las ingestas de 24 horas mediante recordatorios a los cuidadores de niños de 6 a 23 meses. Los datos se compararon con las ingestas dietéticas de referencia. Las prácticas alimentarias se evaluaron según los indicadores establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. Se evaluaron 138 niños de 6 a 23 meses de edad. La energía y las vitaminas A, D y E presentaron porcentajes medios de adecuación inferiores al 100 % en todas las edades, mientras que las proteínas alcanzaron una adecuación promedio del 142,8 % y el 168,1 % para los niños de 7-12 meses y de 13-23 meses, respectivamente. Los nutrientes que presentaron una proporción considerable de casos con ingestas por debajo del requerimiento promedio estimado en todos los grupos fueron la energía y la vitamina A. En cuanto a los indicadores de prácticas alimentarias, 50,8 % de los lactantes recibió una dieta mínima aceptable. Conclusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de inadecuación energética y de nutrientes críticos durante la alimentación complementaria en los niños de 6 a 23 meses incluidos en el estudio. Intervenciones nutricionales que promuevan prácticas alimentarias que mejoren la ingesta de micronutrientes serían de suma importancia para su salud actual y futura.

Plantas empleadas para tratar afecciones respiratorias introducidas por inmigrantes bolivianos y chinos en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina / Plants used to treat respiratory diseases introduced by Bolivian and Chinese immigrants in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina

This contribution includes the registry of 28 species of medicinal plants and their derived products used to treat respiratory diseases in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina, introduced by Bolivian and Chinese immigrants. Information on these species (their assigned local uses) was obtained from interviews with local informants and from other sources, such as labels, brochures and catalogs, print and electronic. A bibliographic review was carried out on the biological activity and effects studied in order to evaluate its correspondence with the assigned local uses. The degree of visibility of the treated species was analyzed, according to their circulation in the restricted commercial circuits (Chinese and Bolivian immigrants) and the general commercial circuit. Of the total, 17 species belong to the segment of Chinese immigrants, and the remaining 11 to the Bolivian segment. The most frequently reported respiratory conditions are: "asthma", "cough", "bronchitis", "respiratory tract infections", "lung ailments". The immigrant segments play a fundamental role in the conservation of biocultural diversity in the study area.

Esta contribución incluye el registro de 28 especies de plantas medicinales y sus productos derivados empleados para tratar afecciones respiratorias en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina, introducidas por inmigrantes bolivianos y chinos. La información sobre esas especies (sus usos locales asignados) se obtuvo de entrevistas realizadas a informantes locales y de otras fuentes, como la de etiquetas, prospectos y catálogos, impresos y electrónicos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la actividad biológica y efectos estudiados a fin de evaluar su correspondencia con los usos locales asignados. Se analizó el grado de visibilidad de las especies tratadas, según su circulación en los circuitos comerciales restringidos (inmigrantes chinos y bolivianos) y el circuito comercial general. Del total, 17 especies pertenecen al segmento de inmigrantes chinos, y los 11 restantes al segmento boliviano. Las afecciones respiratorias más frecuentemente relevadas son: "asma", "tos", "bronquitis", "infecciones en las vías respiratorias", "dolencias pulmonares". Los segmentos de inmigrantes poseen un rol fundamental en la conservación de la diversidad biocultural en el área de estudio.

Abortion beyond 13 weeks in Argentina: healthcare seeking experiences during self-managed abortion accompanied by the Socorristas en Red.

BACKGROUND: In Argentina, a group of feminist activists, the Socorristas en Red, provide information and accompaniment to people seeking abortions, including beyond 13 weeks gestation. Recently-released WHO guidelines for abortion care acknowledge that abortion trajectories vary and people may seek services and support from a range of settings in the process of an abortion. It follows, therefore, that people who self manage abortions beyond 13 weeks with the support of accompaniment groups may interact with health professionals in the public and/or private sector. Understanding the reasons for and experiences with these interactions can help to inform best practice. METHODS: In 2016, we conducted 23 exploratory interviews among women who self managed abortions beyond 13 weeks gestation accompanied by Socorristas, to understand healthcare-seeking decisions and experiences. We used narrative inquiry as an interview technique and coded interviews using first a holistic coding and, second, a content analysis technique to identify emergent themes in the text and subsequently identify themes relevant to study aims. RESULTS: We found that many participants had disclosed their abortion intentions to health professionals prior to their abortions. Some were provided with emotional support and referrals to the Socorristas, while others were admonished and warned of serious health consequences. Most participants sought post-abortion care in public or private-sector health facilities; for fear of legal repercussions, many participants did not share that they had used abortion medications with post-abortion care providers. During care seeking, some participants reported poor treatment, in several cases because they were suspected of inducing abortion, while others reported supportive care from health professionals who had previously-established relationships with the Socorristas. CONCLUSIONS: This study illuminates the important role that supportive health professionals can play to ensure that, regardless of the trajectory of an abortion, people feel comfortable accessing clinical services during their abortion process, even in restrictive settings. Feminist activists can help build bridges with the medical system to ensure that providers who interact with people seeking abortion-related services are empathic, understand their legal rights, and provide supportive care.

Before 2021, Argentina's laws prohibited abortion except in limited circumstances. A feminist activist group, the Socorristas en Red, provided information and support to people seeking abortion services, including those beyond 13 weeks gestation. Recently-released WHO guidelines for abortion care acknowledge that abortion trajectories vary and people may seek services and support from a range of settings in the process of a single abortion (World Health Organization, 2022). It follows, therefore, that people who self manage abortions beyond 13 weeks with the support of accompaniment groups may interact with health professionals in the public and/or private sector. Understanding reasons for and experiences with these interactions can help improve quality of abortion care and inform best practice. We conducted interviews with people who used medications for abortion in the second trimester supported by the Socorristas and analyzed their stories about abortion-related healthcare. Participants in our study sought healthcare services in clinics at various timepoints: many visited providers when first considering abortion, and most went to providers for post-abortion care. Some providers admonished their patients for seeking abortion services, while others provided referrals to the Socorristas. Many participants were concerned about their legal safety, and feared prosecution when they received healthcare services, especially if seeking care after the abortion. In these instances, some participants experienced poor quality or inappropriate care because they did not feel safe sharing that they had taken medications for abortion, and others were treated poorly because of the abortion. The experiences of those who sought services from health professionals who had established relationships with the Socorristas appeared to be more positive than the others. This study illuminates the important role that supportive health professionals can play to ensure that, regardless of the trajectory of an abortion, people feel comfortable accessing clinical services during the course of an abortion, even in restrictive settings, and how feminist activists can help to ensure providers are empathic and provide supportive care to all those who have abortions.

Trends in cannabis or cocaine-related dependence and alcohol/drug treatment in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay.

BACKGROUND: In the context of changing cannabis and other drug policy and regulation, concerns may arise regarding drug treatment access and use. We assessed cannabis/cocaine-related dependence and treatment in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. METHODS: Nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys of people ages 15-64 in Argentina (4 surveys, 2006-2017), Chile (7 surveys, 2006-2018), and Uruguay (4 surveys, 2006-2018) were harmonized. We estimated weighted prevalences of cannabis or cocaine-related (cocaine or cocaine paste) dependence, based on meeting 3+ past-year ICD-10 dependence criteria. We estimated weighted prevalences of past-year alcohol/drug treatment use (Argentina, Chile) or use/seeking (Uruguay) among people with past-year cannabis/cocaine-related dependence. We tested model-based prevalence trends over time and described individual-level treatment correlates by country. RESULTS: Cannabis/cocaine dependence prevalence increased in the region starting in 2010-2011, driven by cannabis dependence. Adjusted cannabis dependence prevalence increased from 0.7% in 2010 to 1.5% in 2017 in Argentina (aPD=0.8, 95% CI= 0.3, 1.2), from 0.8% in 2010 to 2.8% in 2018 in Chile (aPD=2.0, 95% CI= 1.4, 2.6), and from 1.4% in 2011 to 2.4% in 2018 in Uruguay (aPD=0.9, 95% CI= 0.2, 1.6). Cocaine-related dependence increased in Uruguay, decreased in Argentina, and remained stable in Chile. Among people with past-year cannabis/cocaine dependence, average alcohol/drug treatment use prevalence was 15.3% in Argentina and 6.0% in Chile, while treatment use/seeking was 14.7% in Uruguay. Alcohol/drug treatment prevalence was lower among people with cannabis dependence than cocaine-related dependence. Treatment correlates included older ages in all countries and male sex in Argentina only. CONCLUSION: Alcohol/drug treatment use among people with cannabis/cocaine-related dependence remained low, signaling an ongoing treatment gap in the context of growing cannabis dependence prevalence in the region. Additional resources may be needed to increase treatment access and uptake. Future studies should assess contributors of low treatment use, including perceived need, stigma, and service availability.

Factores de riesgo asociados a diabetes mellitus en comunidades indígenas de cuatro países (Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y Chile) en el periodo 2010-2020 / Risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus in indigenous communities of four countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Chile) in the period 2010-2020

RESUMEN Objetivos Comparar factores de riesgo asociados a diabetes mellitus en comunidades indígenas de cuatro países (Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y Chile) en el periodo 2010-2020. Métodos Se hizo una revisión de literatura y la recolección de información se realizó a través de consulta en diferentes bases de datos como: SciELO, PubMed, Dialnet, LILACS, en idiomas español, portugués e inglés; la selección de documentos se llevó a cabo a través de una matriz de sistematización y el empleo de criterios preestablecidos. Resultados Se destacaron factores personales como ser adulto mayor, sexo femenino, bajo nivel de escolaridad y hábitos alimenticios poco saludables; dentro de los aspectos culturales, poca adherencia a los tratamientos convencionales y consumo de hierbas y plantas medicinales; respecto a los aspectos sociales, estuvo relacionada la migración, la poca accesibilidad a servicios de salud y la falta de profesionales que conozcan los códigos culturales. Conclusión En cada país existe una predilección por un factor de riesgo específico. Sin embargo, existen similitudes en cuanto a características personales, hábitos nutricionales y factores culturales; la conjugación de estos permite que la enfermedad tenga mayor incidencia en unos países frente a otros. Además, se observa un cambio significativo de factores que incluyen aspectos del entorno.

ABSTRACT Objectives To compare risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus in indigenous communities in four countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Chile), in the period 2010-2020. Methods The collection of information was carried out through consultation in different databases such as: SciELO, PubMed, Dialnet, LILACS, in Spanish, Portuguese and English; the selection of documents was carried out through a systematization matrix and the use of pre-established criteria. Results It was highlighted as personal factors to be an older adult, female sex, low level of schooling and unhealthy eating habits; within the cultural aspects the low adherence to conventional treatments and consumption of herbs and medicinal plants; regarding social aspects, migration, poor accessibility to health services and the lack of professionals who know cultural codes were related. Conclusion Each country has a predilection for a specific factor, however, there are similarities in terms of personal characteristics, nutritional habits, and cultural factors; the conjugation of these allows the disease to have a higher incidence in some countries compared to others; in addition, there is a significant change in factors that include aspects of the environment.

Persistence of airborne tree pollen from the Cupressaceae family during the last decade in the city of Bahia Blanca.

Airborne pollen is a major contributor to allergic respiratory diseases. However, the literature on patterns and seasonality of specific pollen types mainly comes from northern hemisphere and developed regions, limiting our ability to extrapolate these findings to other geographical locations. With this research letter, our aim is to contribute to the current knowledge of aerobiology by analyzing the decade-long patterns of airborne tree pollen in the city of Bahia Blanca, Argentina. In general, we found late winter to early spring as the period with the highest Cupressaceae pollen counts. In 2020, the average pollen count during July through September was 78.81 (SD 79.70), the highest recorded during the last 10 years. These months had varying pollen concentrations from moderate (15-89 grains/m3 of air) to high (90-1499 grains/m3 of air). Regardless of such variation, August had consistently been the month with the highest peak concentrations from 2010 to 2020 (61.2, SD 57.3), followed by September (27.1, SD 20.3). We did not find any month with very high (˃1500 grains/m3 of air) peak concentration. Further studies need to be done to expand our knowledge on aerobiology to characterize specific pollen sub-types and determine the exact allergenic potential of airborne pollen in different regions.

Impacto de la Pandemia de COVID-19 en la Práctica de la Neuromodulación en Argentina / Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Practice of Neuromodulation in Argentina

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de la pandemia de Covid-19 en la práctica de la Neuromodulación en Argentina. Material y Métodos: Se envió una encuesta a los profesionales que practican la Neuromodulación en Argentina entre el 19 de julio al 20 de agosto de 2020. Se determinó el impacto de Covid-19 a nivel profesional y personal. Todas las variables fueron comparadas y analizadas. Resultados: Veinticuatro profesionales respondieron a la encuesta completa. La mayoría de ellos eran varones (87,5%), en el grupo de edad de 45 a 59 años (37,5%), con 15 o más años de experiencia (45,83%). Los neurocirujanos fueron la mayoría (87,5%), siendo las técnicas ablativas la práctica predominante (26,47%). La gran mayoría informó una disminución de las prácticas quirúrgicas (83,33%), entre el 50 y el 74% de ellas (40%), siendo la decisión del financiador la razón única más citada (43,47%) y la Estimulación Cerebral Profunda, la técnica quirúrgica más afectada (41,6%). El 100% de los entrevistados declaró que los pacientes habían sido perjudicados por la suspensión de cirugías y que los ingresos económicos se redujeron de alguna manera, también en el 100% de los encuestados. A nivel personal, ninguno de los profesionales reportaron haber sido diagnosticados de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, el 37,5% sufrió algún otro tipo de daño a nivel físico y el 20,83% informó secuelas psicológicas, especialmente ansiedad. Conclusión: La actual pandemia de Covid-19 ha tenido un impacto muy significativo en la práctica de la Neuromodulación en Argentina, tanto a nivel profesional como personal. Este impacto debe ser tenido en cuenta en el futuro, en caso de una nueva pandemia, para prevenir los efectos nocivos que se registraron en este estudio

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak in the practice of Neuromodulation in Argentina. Methods: A survey was sent to Argentina neuromodulation practitioners from July 19 to August 20, 2020. The impact of Covid-19 on the professional and personal level were determined. All variables were compared and analyzed. Results: Twenty-four practitioners responded to the complete survey. Most of them were male (87.5%), in the 45-59 year age group (37.5%), with 15 or more years of experience (45.83%). Neurosurgeons were in the majority (87.5%), with ablative techniques being the predominant practice (26.47%). The great majority reported a decrease in surgical practices (83.33%), between 50 and 74% of them (40%), with the decision of the financer being the most cited reason (43.47%), and Deep Brain Stimulation the most affected surgical technique (41.6%). 100% of the interviewed declared that the patients had been harmed by the suspension of surgeries, and that the economic income was reduced in some way in 100% of the interviewed. On a personal level, none of the professionals reported having been diagnosed with the disease. However, 37.5% suffered physical manifestations, and 20.83% reported psychological sequelae, especially anxiety. Conclusion: The current Covid-19 pandemic yielded a significant impact on the daily work practice as well as on the personal level of practitioners in neuromodulation in Argentina. This impact must be taken into account in the long term to avoid further harmful effects and their sequels and to take appropriate preventive measures in the event of another pandemic

COVID-19 y vulnerabilidad social Análisis descriptivo de una serie de casos del gran Bueno Aires / COVID-19 and social vulnerability: descriptive study about a case series in Gran Buenos Aires

INTRODUCCIÓN: La morbimortalidad por la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) constituye un problema de salud pública en la Provincia de Buenos Aires y en el resto de Argentina. Las poblaciones con vulnerabilidad social están expuestas a riesgos de manera potenciada. OBJETIVO: Describir la evolución de los casos confirmados de COVID-19 en el Gran Buenos Aires, localizados en zonas con diferentes características sociales categorizadas por vulnerabilidad socioterritorial, desde el inicio de la pandemia hasta el 15 de julio de 2020. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Las variables analizadas fueron sexo, edad, evolución de la enfermedad y domicilio categorizado por medio del índice de vulnerabilidad socioterritorial (IVST). RESULTADOS: La mayor cantidad de casos positivos para COVID-19 se encontró en el grupo etario de 20 a 59 años, y el 48% fueron mujeres. El 47% de los casos estudiados residían en zonas vulnerables. El 28% de los casos confirmados requirieron internación. Se internaron en unidades de cuidados intensivos el 3,8% del total de los casos confirmados. Los casos de residentes en zonas no vulnerables tuvieron mayor requerimiento de cuidados intensivos. La letalidad fue de 3,5%, mayor en los varones, y más elevada en residentes de zonas no vulnerables, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto a los pertenecientes a zonas vulnerables. En la distribución por grupos etarios, se observó un exceso de letalidad estadísticamente significativo en menores de 60 años. DISCUSIÓN: Se observó un número mayor de internaciones en UCI y en la letalidad del grupo de población residente en territorio no vulnerable.

52 million years old Eucalyptus flower sheds more than pollen grains.

PREMISE: Fossils provide fundamental evidence of the evolutionary processes that crafted today's biodiversity and consequently for understanding life on Earth. We report the finding of Myrtaceidites eucalyptoides pollen grains preserved within the anthers of a 52-million-year-old Eucalyptus flower collected at Laguna del Hunco locality of Argentinean Patagonia and discuss its implications in understanding the evolutionary history of the iconic Australian genus Eucalyptus. METHODS: Pollen grains were extracted from the flower's anthers and were then observed under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The phylogenetic position of the fossil was investigated by adding pollen data to a previously published total-evidence matrix and analyzing it using parsimony. RESULTS: We erect the species Eucalyptus xoshemium for the fossil flower. Pollen extracted from E. xoshemium belongs to the species Myrtaceidites eucalyptoides, which, until now, was only known as dispersed pollen. The numerous pollen grains recovered from the single flower allowed estimation of M. eucalyptoides' variability. Results of the phylogenetic analysis reinforce the position of this fossil within crown group Eucalyptus. CONCLUSIONS: The discovery of these pollen grains within a Patagonian Eucalyptus fossil flower confirms the hypothesis that Myrtaceidites eucalyptoides represents fossil pollen in the Eucalyptus lineage, extends the geographic and stratigraphic fossil pollen record, and supports an earlier age for crown-group eucalypts.

Las medusas en los balnearios de la provincia de Buenos Aires / The jellyfish species in the coastal waters of Buenos Aires province

Resumen Las medusas son organismos mayoritariamente marinos pertenecientes al grupo de los cnidarios, los cuales se caracterizan por presentar células urticantes especializadas, los cnidocitos. Si bien, todas las medusas son potencialmente venenosas y el grado de toxicidad depende de la especie, sus efectos sobre los humanos varían desde reacciones locales leves hasta reacciones atópicas-anafilácticas graves, llegando incluso a la muerte de la víctima. Mundialmente se conocen numerosas especies de medusas causantes de envenenamiento a humanos, tales como la avispa de mar (Chironex fleckeri), el sifonóforo carabela portuguesa (Physalia physalis) o el hidrocoral de fuego (Millepora spp.). En Argentina, tres especies de medusas revisten de im portancia clínica epidemiológica debido a su poder urticante: las hidromedusas Liriope tetraphylla y Olindias sambaquiensis, así como la escifomedusa Chrysaora lactea. Estas especies presentan sus mayores abundancias en el verano en las costas bonae renses, coincidiendo con la presencia de turistas durante el periodo vacacional. Sus afectaciones varían de leves a moderadas, registrándose desde parestesias y ardor con dermatitis, prurito, edemas y eritemas. Una infinidad de "remedios caseros" se conocen para remediar los efectos de las picaduras de medusas, sin embargo, la mayoría han resultado ineficaces y perjudiciales. Lo más recomendable es evitar frotar y lavar la zona afectada con agua dulce o aplicar hielo para tratar de contrarrestar el ardor y acudir lo antes posible al centro de salud más cercano.

Abstract Medusae are mainly a marine group belonged to cnidarians, which are characterized by specialized stinging cells, cnidocyts. Although all medusae are potentially poisonous, their toxicity depends on the species and the effects on humans vary- ing from mild local reactions to severe atopic-anaphylactic reactions, even the death of the victim. Numerous species of cnidar ians are known worldwide to affect humans, such as the sea wasp {Chironex fleckeri), the siphonophore portuguese man-of-war (Physaliaphysalis) or the fire-coral (Millepora spp.). In Argentina, three species of medusae are known with clinical epidemiological importance due to their stinging power: the hydromedusae Liriopetetraphylla and Olindias sambaquiensis, as well as the scypho- medusae Chrysaora lactea. These species have their highest abundances in the summer on Buenos Aires coasts, coinciding with the presence of tourists during the summer vacations. Its affectations vary from mild to moderate, registering from paresthesias and burning with dermatitis, itching, edemas, and erythema. An infinity of "home remedies" are known formedusae stings, how- ever, most of them have proven ineffective and harmful. It is best to avoid rubbing and washing the affected area with fresh water or applying ice to try to counteract the burning in the region and to go the health center as soon as possible.

New Evidence of Ancient Mitochondrial DNA of the Southern Andes (Calchaquí Valleys, Northwest Argentina, 3,600-1,900 Years before Present).

Genetic studies on pre-Hispanic populations of the Southern Andes have been increasing steadily in the last decade. Nevertheless, ancient DNA characterization of Formative Period archaeological human remains is particularly scant, especially for Northwest Argentina. To expand current information on genetic characterization of the first agricultural communities of the southern Calchaquí Valleys, we present and discuss the first mitochondrial ancient DNA information obtained on samples dated to ca. 3,600-1,900 years before present from the Cajón Valley, Catamarca Province. Reproducible mtDNA hypervariable region 1 (HVR-1) sequences were obtained in seven individuals. Mitochondrial HVR-1 haplotypes were assigned to three of the four founding haplogroups, D1 (57.1%), C1 (28.5%), and B2 (14.2%), with absence of A2. Our results show that the Cajón Valley sample, with predominance of D1 and C1, differs from that commonly observed in ancient and modern Andean populations, which usually show a high prevalence of haplogroup B2. The fact that the Cajón Valley and Pampa Grande (Salta Province, Argentina) share a prevalence of haplogroup D1 could provide additional evidence to support possible genetic affinities between the valleys and the eastern sub-Andean region during the Formative Period in Northwest Argentina, expanding the archaeological evidence of contact between both populations. Future complete mitogenomic analysis will provide substantial information to formulate new hypotheses about the origins and phylogenetic relationships between the individuals of the Cajón Valley and other groups from the Andes, Gran Chaco, and the Amazon.

[Argentinian women and the uses of drugs: A sociohistorical analysis of female drug use in Argentina (1860-1930)]. / Mujeres argentinas y usos de drogas: análisis sociohistórico del uso femenino de sustancias psicoactivas en Argentina (1860-1930).

This article describes cases presented by experts from the legislative and medical-legal fields regarding the use of psychoactive substances among Argentinian women from 1878 to 1930. Background information is presented regarding the relationship between women and the use different drugs, medical interventions on the female body where psychoactive substances were used are analyzed, and experts' descriptions of cases of female drug users are detailed. Experts' discourses during this period did not attempt to comprehend the specificities of female consumption, but were rather used to position the issue of drug use as a social problem. This was done using three prototypes: the victim of a sick husband; the prostitute who encourages drug use among the weak in spirit (natural-born criminals); and the virtuous young woman who succumbs to drug addiction in spite of her father's rule. Each figure reinforces the need for state intervention and increased social control.

Este trabajo describe casos expuestos por expertos de los ámbitos legislativo y médico-legal periodístico, en los que se reporta el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de mujeres de Argentina, entre 1878 y 1930. Se presentan antecedentes sobre mujeres y usos de distintos fármacos, se analizan las intervenciones médicas que utilizan sustancias psicoactivas sobre el cuerpo femenino, y se detallan los casos de mujeres consumidoras desde las miradas expertas. En este periodo, los discursos expertos no buscaron comprender la especificidad femenina del consumo, sino promover el tema drogas como un problema. Esto se produce utilizando tres prototipos: la víctima de un marido enfermo, la prostituta que envicia a los débiles de espíritu (criminal nata), y la joven virtuosa que contraviene la ley del padre y sucumbe en la toxicomanía. Cada figura refuerza la necesidad de intervención estatal y control social.

HEMATOLOGY AND PLASMA CHEMISTRY VALUES IN BEACHED MAGELLANIC PENGUIN (SPHENISCUS MAGELLANICUS) IN NORTHERN ARGENTINA DURING THE NONBREEDING SEASON.

Seabirds have been widely used for monitoring the health of the oceans in diverse marine regions. Among low-cost survey strategies, systematic surveys of seabirds beached on coasts have been developed since the 20th century. However, these studies do not always address blood aspects. The assessment of the health status of birds based on the analysis of hematological and plasma chemistry is crucial to evaluate the overall health status profile of live organisms. Here, the authors study the variability of blood parameters by sex, age class, and year of beached Magellanic Penguin during the nonreproductive period in northern Argentina. Of 44 penguins, 77% were categorized as younger juveniles and the rest as older juveniles, and were captured and studied in coastal areas of Buenos Aires Province during the summers of 2017 and 2018. The mean body weight of beached penguins was affected by the age class of the individuals; most of the younger juveniles showed poor condition in terms of body mass (1,761 ± 235 g). No significant differences were observed in body weight between years and sex. Still, there were significant differences between years for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values. Twelve of the 20 blood parameters analyzed differ significantly with the age class of the beached penguins; younger juveniles were in a state of inanition. Our results may serve as a necessary first step in improving the conservation status of the Magellanic Penguin in nonbreeding grounds of Argentina, and call for a better knowledge of the health status of the species along its annual cycle.

Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in Argentina: Case report, molecular identification and in vitro susceptibility pattern to antifungal drugs.

Sporotrichosis is considered a neglected disease of humans and animals in many regions of the world and is the most frequent implantation mycosis in Latin America. OBJECTIVES: To illustrate the zoonotic importance of the disease, describing a case involving a veterinarian and an infant that acquired the disease from a domestic cat and to describe, genotype and characterize these new isolates. METHODS: Direct examination of tissue samples from the two patients and feline lesions revealed the presence of Sporothrix yeast-like organisms. Fungal cultures and molecular identification of the strains were performed. Since antifungal susceptibility data of animal-borne isolates are scarce, the in vitro susceptibility testing by a microdilution reference method was determined against azoles, amphotericin B and terbinafine. RESULTS: Fungal culture and sequence analysis of the ITS region of rDNA and calmodulin and ß-tubulin genes confirmed the diagnosis and the causative agent as Sporothrix brasiliensis. In all cases, terbinafine was the most active drug, followed by posaconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole; the least active drugs were amphotericine B and fluconazole. Lack of clinical response in the veterinarian and in the infant to itraconazole and potassium iodide, respectively was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributed to the molecular epidemiology of Sporothrix species in Argentina and the characterization of the in vitro susceptibility pattern of S. brasiliensis isolates recovered from a cat and two humans involved in this case of zoonotic sporotrichosis. Bearing in mind the "One Health" concept, the experience described in the present study highlights the need for future strategies for sporotrichosis treatment, control and prevention.

El rol de la obstétrica ante barreras de acceso a la salud en la Región Sanitaria XI, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina / The role of midwives facing barriers to health care access in the XI Health Region of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

INTRODUCCIÓN: En Argentina se encuentra en discusión el ordenamiento legal del personal de partería. La legislación vigente en la provincia de Buenos Aires (PBA) incluye incumbencias para la atención integral de los procesos de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSyR). Se parte del supuesto de que esto mejora la calidad en los servicios de salud, incidiendo de manera positiva en los procesos y resultados de la atención. El objetivo del estudio fue describir el trabajo de las obstétricas en la Región Sanitaria XI (RSXI) de la PBA y analizar el modo en que contribuye a la calidad de la atención de las mujeres y sus familias en los servicios de SSyR. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una investigación etnográfica en el subsector público de la RSXI de la PBA. Incluyó determinación de muestra con fines no probabilísticos mediante bola de nieve y relevamiento de datos a partir de técnicas de observación participante y entrevista en profundidad. RESULTADOS: El personal de partería lleva adelante un modelo de atención que prioriza el abordaje integral de los procesos de SSyR, lo cual incluye aspectos preventivos y curativos que dan respuesta a dimensiones clínicas y también socioculturales. DISCUSIÓN: El rol de esta profesión se encuentra atravesado por habilidades clínicas y por aptitudes para atender de manera integral las demandas. La conjunción de ambas ­expresadas en iniciativas y acciones­ mejora la calidad de las respuestas sanitaria