Picturing self-harm: Investigating flash-forward mental imagery as a proximal and modifiable driver of non-suicidal self-injury.

OBJECTIVES: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is theorized to be reinforced by its emotional consequences. Mental images of NSSI are commonly reported as occurring prior to NSSI. Based on the known functional properties of anticipatory mental imagery as an emotional and motivational amplifier, this study investigated whether NSSI mental imagery constitutes a proximal and dynamic mechanism underpinning NSSI risk. METHOD: An intensive ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study was conducted to track the occurrence and characteristics of NSSI mental imagery alongside NSSI urge and behavior in naturalistic settings. A sample of N = 43 individuals aged 17 to 24 with a history of repetitive NSSI completed EMA surveys seven times a day for 14 days. RESULTS: Mental preoccupation in the form of NSSI mental imagery-based flash-forwards to the actions, bodily sensations, and emotional benefits of NSSI was found to occur when NSSI urge was high but not when urge was low. Critically, objective cross-panel analyses showed that higher frequencies of NSSI imagery occurrence predicted greater future NSSI urge and increased likelihood of acting on urge, over and above current urge. CONCLUSIONS: Mental imagery of NSSI is not simply an epiphenomenal by-product of NSSI urge and may constitute a dynamic and proximal novel intervention target.

Dissociable encoding of motivated behavior by parallel thalamo-striatal projections.

The successful pursuit of goals requires the coordinated execution and termination of actions that lead to positive outcomes. This process relies on motivational states that are guided by internal drivers, such as hunger or fear. However, the mechanisms by which the brain tracks motivational states to shape instrumental actions are not fully understood. The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a midline thalamic nucleus that shapes motivated behaviors via its projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc)1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and monitors internal state via interoceptive inputs from the hypothalamus and brainstem.3,9,10,11,12,13,14 Recent studies indicate that the PVT can be subdivided into two major neuronal subpopulations, namely PVTD2(+) and PVTD2(-), which differ in genetic identity, functionality, and anatomical connectivity to other brain regions, including the NAc.4,15,16 In this study, we used fiber photometry to investigate the in vivo dynamics of these two distinct PVT neuronal types in mice performing a foraging-like behavioral task. We discovered that PVTD2(+) and PVTD2(-) neurons encode the execution and termination of goal-oriented actions, respectively. Furthermore, activity in the PVTD2(+) neuronal population mirrored motivation parameters such as vigor and satiety. Similarly, PVTD2(-) neurons also mirrored some of these parameters, but to a much lesser extent. Importantly, these features were largely preserved when activity in PVT projections to the NAc was selectively assessed. Collectively, our results highlight the existence of two parallel thalamo-striatal projections that participate in the dynamic regulation of goal pursuits and provide insight into the mechanisms by which the brain tracks motivational states to shape instrumental actions.

Empowering Movement: Enhancing Young Adults' Physical Activity through Self-Determination Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Intervention.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a combined Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention, the "Running Minds" program, in promoting physical activity (PA) among young adults. METHODS: The intervention, consisting of eight sessions, targeted motivational and psychological barriers to PA. It intertwined SDT's core components (autonomy, competence, relatedness) with ACT's emphasis on mindfulness and value-driven actions. This study used a qualitative approach, collecting data through semi-structured interviews with twelve participants aged 20-35, conducted post-intervention. RESULTS: Our reflexive thematic analysis of the interviews revealed five key themes: alignment with personal values, rewarding experience of the sessions, fulfillment of social connectedness, enhancement of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and observable behavioral changes. These findings highlight the importance of aligning exercise with personal values and the role of supportive social environments in sustaining PA. CONCLUSIONS: The integration of SDT and ACT in the "Running Minds" program appears to be a viable approach for enhancing motivation and adherence to PA among young adults. This study offers valuable insights for future PA interventions, underscoring the need for strategies that consider psychological and social dimensions. Limitations and Future Research: Despite the promising results, limitations include potential recall bias and the short duration of the study. Further research, especially focusing on more diverse groups and employing longitudinal designs, is recommended to broaden and substantiate these findings.

Steering the energy with music: hermeneutic phenomenological study of user perspectives of music and music therapy for co-occurring ADHD and substance use problems.

BACKGROUND: User perspectives and involvement are crucial for improving substance use treatment service provision. First-hand accounts provide rich perspectives on how users experience change within therapeutic approaches like music therapy. People with substance use problems have a higher incidence of experiencing challenges with impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention. Such challenges can negatively affect social functioning and outcomes of substance use treatment. Music therapy can offer people a means to regulate emotions and facilitate social relationships. There is a lack of research on user perspectives of music therapy in substance use treatment, and we could identify no studies that explore user perspectives of music therapy for adults with substance use problems and co-occurring impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention. METHODS: The aim of this phenomenological study was to center the voices of people living with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorder (SUD) to understand how they experience music and music therapy in their process of recovery. We used a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to qualitative analysis of transcripts from in-depth interviews with 8 adult service users from a Norwegian substance use treatment facility. RESULTS: Our main finding was that music and music therapy enabled experiences of motivation and mastery that ultimately afforded social belonging. The participants demonstrated detailed and nuanced understanding of how they use music to steer the energy and restlessness that are characteristic of ADHD, to change mood, and to shift negative thought patterns. These forms of music-centered regulation served as pre-requisites for more active and gratifying participation in social communities. For several participants, musicking offered a means of establishing drug-free identity and fellowship. The motivation and mastery experienced during musicking lowered the threshold for social engagement, and served as an incentive for continuing substance use treatment for some participants. CONCLUSIONS: The nuanced descriptions from our participants illustrate the importance of motivation, and how music therapy can contribute to motivation in substance use treatment. In particular, the context surrounding musicking, adaptations from the music therapist, and social affordances of such musicking contributed to pleasure, mastery, participation, development of identity and social belonging, which in interaction generated motivation.

Change motivation and mindfulness in individual psychotherapy: Examining a sample of adult outpatients with depression and/or anxiety.

OBJECTIVES: Existing literature has demonstrated that both motivation to change and mindfulness are associated with therapy outcomes in samples with mental disorders. Between the constructs of mindfulness and motivation to change occurs some theoretical-related and empirical overlap. However, it is still little known about the association of these two constructs. For this reason, we investigated the relationship of motivation to change and mindfulness in a sample of 116 adult outpatients with a primary diagnosis of depression or anxiety. METHODS: An outpatient sample of 116 depressive and/or anxious patients filled in the German short version of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA-S) and the German version of the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) before the start of cognitive-behavioral therapy (pre) and after the 25th cognitive-behavioral therapy session (post). To assess the association between change motivation and mindfulness, we calculated correlations, hierarchical regressions and cross-lagged panel models (CLPM). RESULTS: Several positive and negative significant correlations at the premeasurement time point, at the postmeasurement time point, and over time (from pre to postmeasurement time point) demonstrated a relation between the KIMS and the URICA-S. Hierarchical regression analyses and CLPM pointed towards relations between mindfulness and change motivation over time and in both directions for some subscales of the KIMS and the URICA-S. CONCLUSION: A bidirectional relation between motivation to change and mindfulness was supported in our naturalistic psychotherapy setting for several subscales. For a better understanding of the interconnection between the two constructs, future research should focus on the application of interventions to improve either mindfulness or motivation to change in psychotherapy. Additionally, the interactional effects of mindfulness and change motivation on therapy outcomes should be investigated.

Effects of including a dog on treatment motivation and the therapeutic alliance in child and adolescent psychotherapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Motivation and a therapeutic alliance are crucial for successful therapy. It is assumed that dogs can increase motivation and help support therapeutic relationships. This is one of the reasons for including dogs in psychotherapy. While the positive effects of psychotherapy with dogs have been documented over the past years, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of animal-assisted psychotherapy. This study therefore aims to investigate whether and how the presence of a dog affects motivation and the therapeutic alliance in child and adolescent psychotherapy. METHODS: The study is a randomized controlled trial assessing motivation and the therapeutic alliance during the first five sessions of psychotherapy attended by children and adolescents with different psychiatric disorders. We will recruit 150 children and adolescents and randomly assign them to one of three conditions: (a) a dog is present but not integrated in the therapeutic narrative, (b) a dog is actively integrated in the therapeutic narrative, and (c) no dog is present. The children's and adolescents' evaluations of the therapeutic alliance and of their motivation will be assessed as the primary outcomes using standardized questionnaires before and after the first five therapy sessions as well as at follow-up. Further outcomes include the therapists' evaluations of the therapeutic alliance and their motivation, treatment adherence of the children and adolescents, and treatment satisfaction of the children and adolescents, their parents, and of the therapists. Interventions are conducted by experienced therapists who regularly work with their dogs. Outcomes will be analyzed using general linear models, with the treatment group as a fixed factor and the baseline values as covariates. DISCUSSION: This study provides information on the possible motivation and alliance-enhancing effects of integrating a dog into child and adolescent psychotherapy. This is relevant for practice, as these two components are strong predictors of therapy outcome. Moreover, the study will contribute to a better understanding of how a dog should be incorporated into psychotherapeutic settings. This can lead to a more purposeful inclusion of dogs in psychotherapy for children and adolescents. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05384808, on 20 May 2022.

Music motivation depends on what to motivate: research review of Gumm's music teaching and conducting models.

The history and philosophy of music education are traced with varied efforts to hone, enhance, and shift a strong tradition of performance-based instruction. The purpose of this study is to summarize the research of Gumm's empirical models of eight music teaching and six conducting approaches and their application in the profession across three decades toward varied philosophical aims. Each approach coordinates a distinct set of instructional and motivational behaviors toward a particular learning effect or outcome. Different balances of approaches reveal broader aims, such as performance, comprehensive musicianship, cooperative, discovery, and affective learning, or even basic on-task behavior. Broader yet are two overarching aims found in common to both music teaching and conducting-to control or release. Controlling music teaching asserts correct on-task behavior through clear task directions and corrective feedback, motivates attention to task nonverbally, efficiently fills time with active tasks, and clarifies and affirms positive learning. In contrast, cooperative group leadership releases interdependent learning, questioning fosters music concept learning, imagery and movement release artistry, and discussing unique perspectives releases independent ideas and feelings. In conducting, precise gestures control accurate timing, signals and alerts motivate attention, and mimicry of musician exertions controls physical tone production; whereas shaping of phrases and score markings release musical expression, psychosocially familiarized gestures foster interdependence, and tension-easing gestures release freer independent tone production. Control-oriented teaching is most prevalent across the field, yet links to greater burnout and appeals to accommodating students motivated by effort and ability more than students motivated by social and affective enjoyment of music. In conducting, music-oriented precision and expression are more prevalent than musician-oriented approaches. Releasing approaches are more prevalent in Western than Eastern culture, upper levels, early rehearsals well before concerts, smaller ensembles, competitive ensembles, and teachers and conductors with greater experience or varied movement training. Conclusive implications are that the key to motivation is to draw attention to specific and intentional forms of learning, and that whatever is motivated to attention also motivates a particular philosophy of music education. Future research is suggested in general music and ethnic, folk, popular, community, and professional music ensembles.

Nutritional practices and experiences of people on vegan diet with healthcare system: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: The growing popularity of diets that restrict the consumption of animal-based foods is an important new challenge for the public healthcare system in Czechia. While the environmental and health-related benefits of plant-based diets are widely discussed in the media, people who follow these diets may lack professional support in terms of nutritional advice and even access to healthcare. The present study aims to map the nutritional practices and experiences with the healthcare system of people in Czechia who follow vegan diets. METHODS: In a qualitative study we conducted semi-structured interviews with twenty-one self-reported adult vegans (14 women and 7 men; 18 with university education) who were on a vegan diet for at least a year. We were specifically interested in their motivation for why and how they became vegans; their everyday diet and eating routines; their use of health care and experiences with medical professionals; their nutritional knowledge and use of supplementation; and their perception of their health and embodiment. RESULTS: The primary motivations for going vegan are ethical, environmental and health-related. Vegans see themselves and their diet as generally healthier, but for this to be true they must spend a considerable amount of time researching nutritional requirements and what dietary supplements they need. To this end, they tend to rely mainly on non-medical sources of information. Because of the lack of acceptance of veganism among primary-care physicians, vegans tend not to seek out medical advice or tell their doctor about their eating habits in order to avoid conflicts and negative experiences. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a perceived lack of accessible educational materials and potentially limited access to primary healthcare recommendations for people who eliminate the consumption of animal-based foods. These findings deserve further research and public health risk-mitigation strategies.

Healthcare Profession Students' Motivations for Learning About Community Organizing: A Thematic Analysis.

Background Medical care now emphasizes community health, prevention, health promotion, and collaboration. Integrating medical students into community health initiatives enhances their community health and student skills. In an aging multicultural population, the involvement of healthcare professionals in community health management is vital. However, medical education in Japan lacks sufficient exposure to community health issues. A program in Shimane Prefecture aimed to address this gap by revolutionizing medical education through community organizations. Methods This study employed a reflexive thematic analysis based on relativist ontology and constructivist epistemology. Participants aspiring to be healthcare professionals from Japanese high schools and universities were recruited from rural Shimane Prefecture. Computer-based questionnaires were used to collect data on participants' reasons, motivations, and visions for community-organizing education. The thematic analysis followed Braun and Clarke's approach and involved systematic coding, theme identification, and refinement. Results Three themes emerged from the analysis. In expanding hopes for unknown potential, participants sought improved communication skills, real-world understandings, and fresh perspectives and aimed to promote personal growth through community engagement. In acquiring activeness and new perspectives through connections with peers, hands-on learning and collaboration with peers with shared interests were motivating factors. Participants sought to generate inquiries and discover their activities. Regarding the desire to connect with diverse individuals driven by a strong curiosity about the community, participants aimed to learn community engagement techniques, understand community involvement methods, and explore the relationship between social issues and health. Conclusion Community-organizing education plays a pivotal role in shaping future healthcare professionals. Our analysis underscores the need for curriculum reform, including experiential learning and peer interaction, to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of health and community dynamics. Future studies should assess the long-term impacts of these experiences on students' careers and community health to contribute to advancements in medical education and community-oriented healthcare professionalism.

Methylliberine Ingestion Improves Various Indices of Affect but Not Cognitive Function in Healthy Men and Women.

This study assessed the acute effects of oral methylliberine (DynamineTM) supplementation on cognitive function and indices of well-being. This was a double-blind, randomized, within-subject crossover trial. In total, 25 healthy men and women (33.5 ± 10.7 yr, 172.7 ± 8.6 cm, 73.3 ± 11.0 kg) underwent pretesting before ingesting methylliberine (100 mg) or a placebo (PLA) for 3 days. On the fourth day, the participants were tested before their fourth dose (baseline) and every hour post-ingestion for 3 h. After a one-week washout period, the participants repeated testing with the alternate investigational product. The testing battery consisted of vitals, Stroop test, Trail Making Test-B, and visual analog scales that assessed various indices of well-being. Mixed factorial ANOVAs with repeated measures were used to assess all variables. There were significant (p ≤ 0.050) interactions in terms of concentration, motivation, and mood. Methylliberine improved concentration at 1 and 3 h, motivation at 3 h, and mood at 1, 2, and 3 h (p ≤ 0.050). Methylliberine improved energy, sustained energy, and mood in all participants to a greater extent than PLA at 1 h and 3 h relative to baseline (p ≤ 0.050). PLA improved motivation at 1 and 2 h and mood at 2 h (p ≤ 0.050). Methylliberine improved concentration, well-being, and the ability to tolerate stress to a greater extent than PLA at 3 h relative to baseline (p ≤ 0.050). Women observed elevations in sustained energy at 1 and 3 h (p ≤ 0.050) with methylliberine vs. PLA. Methylliberine had a negligible influence on cognitive function and vitals (p > 0.050), and no adverse events were reported. Methylliberine significantly improved subjective feelings of energy, concentration, motivation, and mood, but not cognitive function. PLA improved motivation and mood at hours 1 and 2, while methylliberine sustained these benefits for longer. Methylliberine also improved concentration, well-being, and the ability to tolerate stress to a greater degree than PLA, while having no detrimental effects on vital signs. Methylliberine also seemed to have a positive impact on sustained energy in women.

Mindfulness, Physical Activity and Sports Participation: Validity Evidence of the Lithuanian Translation of the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity 2 in Physically Active Young Adults.

The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Lithuanian translation of State Mindfulness in Physical Activity (SMS-PA-2) in a sample of physically active students. A total sample of 539 students from universities and colleges (50.3% men; mean age 23.3 ± 7.2 years) were asked to provide demographical data, report physical activity (PA) and PA habits and fill in measures of trait awareness, autonomous motivation in physical activity, trait body appreciation, trait body functionality appreciation and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours and self-esteem via an online anonymous survey. Students also provided information about their participation in organized team sports, organized individual sports, recreational sports and home exercise. Results. The SMS-PA-2 replicated the original four-factor structure, with good internal consistency (except for the Accepting Mind subscale). Invariance analyses across sex groups revealed an acceptable fit of the configural, metric and scalar models. However, in the multi-group analysis, metric invariance and scalar invariance were not confirmed. The SMS-PA-2 was positively associated with leisure-time PA, PA habits, more self-determined motivation for exercise, trait awareness, trait body appreciation, trait body functionality appreciation and self-esteem. A negative association was observed between the SMS-PA-2 and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. Home exercisers and students engaged in team sports demonstrated lower levels of state mindfulness in PA than those engaged in organized individual and recreational sports. The Lithuanian version of the SMS-PA-2 is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring state mindfulness in PA. This instrument is recommended for researchers who aim to investigate the role of state mindfulness in the PA in Lithuanian-language-speaking samples of young adults. Future studies should explore the Lithuanian version of the SMS-PA-2 by asking participants to fill questionnaires in immediately after the PA session, and measurement invariance between sexes should be further tested.

Psychological distress in a sample of predominately white female college students: the role of mindfulness and physical activity.

Objective: Framed in Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, this study examined the moderating effects of mindfulness and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on the relationship between behavioral inhibition system (BIS) sensitivity and psychological distress in college students. Participants: Undergraduate students (n = 183) at a large public university in the United States were included in the study. Methods: Self-reported BIS sensitivity, mindfulness, MVPA, and psychological distress were examined in November 2021. Results: Findings revealed a positive relationship between BIS sensitivity and psychological distress, however, this relationship was conditional on levels of mindfulness and MVPA. Specifically, increased reports of mindfulness and MVPA related to lower psychological distress for participants with higher than average BIS sensitivity. Conclusions: Mindfulness and MVPA are buffers for university students prone to psychological distress. Identifying diverse strategies that effectively lower psychological vulnerabilities in college students can be used to develop targeted interventions that reduce psychopathology and promote mental health.

A meta-analysis of the association between mindfulness and motivation.

Introduction: Mindfulness reflects attention to the present moment in a non-judgmental way and has been linked to individual autonomy and motivation, but conclusions are inconsistent. The purpose of this review was to summarize previous studies to explore the relationship between mindfulness and motivation and its intervention effects. Methods: Literature searches were conducted in five electronic databases. Both correlational studies assessing the association between motivation and mindfulness and experimental studies to verify the effect of intervention were included. Results: Six papers with seven intervention studies and twenty-three papers with twenty-seven correlational studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed that mindfulness was positively correlated with intrinsic motivation (r = 0.28, p < 0.0001) and total motivation (r = 0.37, p < 0.0001) but had no significant correlation with extrinsic motivation (r = 0.01, p = 0.93) or amotivation (r = -0.17, p = 0.14). Effect-size estimates suggested that mindfulness intervention was beneficial to motivation promotion, but the effect was at a low level (g = 0.12). Conclusion: We found consistent support for mindfulness practice relating to motivation promotion, especially on intrinsic motivation development. However, there was still a portion of heterogeneity that could not be explained and needed to be identified in future studies.

Shared experiences among successful hearing aid users with high hearing aid self-efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: While targeted rehabilitation can enhance hearing aid self-efficacy (HASE), little research has been done to determine the factors contributing to its predictive value. By investigating the experiences of individuals who successfully use HAs and have high levels of HASE, we hoped to illuminate specific strategies and/or sources of support these individuals share that might explain why high HASE is often linked to successful outcomes. DESIGN AND STUDY SAMPLE: This qualitative study explored the experiences of five older adults who were successful HA users and reported having high HASE. Semi-structured interview guides were developed using the transtheoretical model of behavioral change as a framework. Interviews were analyzed thematically and holistically. RESULTS: Participants attributed their HA success to: intrinsic motivation to improve their hearing, confident self-reliance when making health decisions, willingness to act on advice from trusted others, pro-social personal attributes, positive expectations about HA outcomes, and actively pursuing an optimal HA outcome. CONCLUSIONS: For these participants, internal factors related to emotional state and source of motivation, and, to a lesser extent, verbal persuasion played a crucial role in their long-term success. This suggests that external influencers might be less impactful in facilitating success for those with high HASE.

Mental Rehearsal Improves Passing Skill and Stress Resilience in Rugby Players.

PURPOSE: Mental rehearsal is commonly employed, with positive visualization proposed to enhance complex skill performance. Additionally, video stimulus has been associated with enhanced kinesthetic sensations and rapid hormone fluctuations that may contribute to enhancing mental rehearsal and the conscious and unconscious emotional state for skill execution. Here, we assessed the impact of a 15-minute mental rehearsal intervention on rugby-specific tasks and the associated hormone profile. METHODS: Professional rugby players (N = 10) volunteered for a randomized crossover study. They completed three 15-minute preparatory phases (positive or negative video-guided mental rehearsal or self-directed mental rehearsal alone) prior to an exercise stressor and rugby-specific passing task. Salivary testosterone and cortisol were monitored to assess stress responses. RESULTS: Performance during the rugby passing task was improved following the positive video condition (91% [7.4%]) compared to the negative video (79% [6.0%]; ES: 1.22 ± 0.75) and self-visualization (86% [5.8%]; ES: 0.58 ± 0.75), with a significant correlation observed between passing performance and salivary testosterone (r = .47 ± .34, P = .0087). Positive video imagery prior to an exercise stressor also significantly enhanced physiological stress resilience (r = .39 ± .36, P = .0352). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study demonstrates that mental rehearsal was enhanced by appropriate, context-specific video presentation. We propose that the interaction between sex steroids, the adrenal axis, and subsequent conscious and unconscious behaviors may be relevant to competitive rugby. Specifically, we suggest that relatively elevated free testosterone imparts a degree of stress resilience, which may lead to enhanced expression of competitive behaviors and provide an enhanced state for rugby skill execution.

[Administrative burden, motivation and well-being among primary care physicians: comparison of management models]. / Carga administrativa, motivación y bienestar entre médicos de atención primaria. Comparación entre modelos de gestión.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between administrative burden and intrinsic motivation and between administrative burden and professional well-being among family and community medicine physicians. To analyze the extent to which attention to three basic needs (autonomy, sense of competence and relationship capacity) that one of the main motivation theories identifies as a generator of intrinsic motivation compensates for the negative effect of the administrative burden. To compare management models. METHOD: Data from a survey (542 valid questionnaires) carried out through the Catalan Society of Family and Community Medicine are used. Data analysis is based on multiple regression and ANOVA techniques. RESULTS: The perception of administrative burden and "red tape" are clearly demotivating and reduce job satisfaction. On the contrary, individual autonomy, networking opportunities between professionals and performance feedback are motivating and feed the perception of professional well-being. The EBA (Association Based Entity) model presents results above the ICS (Catalan Health Institute) and OSI (Integrated Health Organizations) models both in controlling the negative effect of administrative burden and in the management of basic psychological needs. CONCLUSIONS: The motivation and professional well-being of primary care physicians would benefit from reforms that limit the administrative burden of some procedures and red tape. At the primary health center level, greater attention to individual autonomy, improving relatedness between professionals and the sense of competence based on better information on individual performance can offset the negative effects of the administrative burden.

Vocational-technical teachers' mindfulness: Does it matter for teachers' well-being and motivation?

Teaching in vocational-technical schools can pose many challenges, which can lead to stressful situations as all aspects of instruction and teaching in this domain involve a high level of anxiety and exhaustion. So, the significant issue in this territory is teachers' motivation which plays a crucial role in enhancing the various types of performance, including organizational performance and it is positively related to job performance and accordingly their well-being. Therefore, teachers' motivation and well-being should be taken into consideration in the vocational-technical academic environment and an increasing number of programs have been in quest of fostering these constructs. To this end, there is growing interest in the function of mindfulness which is very efficient in decreasing teachers' stress while increasing their motivation and well-being. Indeed, as a mental characteristic of vocational-technical educators, mindfulness functions as a technique one can employ. This paper tries to examine the possible contribution of vocational-technical teachers' mindfulness to their efficiency with a focus on well-being and motivation. Accordingly, teachers' well-being and motivation have been the subject of studies that seek to shed light on the potential contributors to teachers' careers; yet, few, if any, studies have been carried out on the contribution of mindfulness to motivation and well-being among the teachers working in the vocational-technical setting. As a result, these insights can have implications for the stakeholders involved in the vocational-technical context, including teachers and teacher trainers.

Motivos en la práctica de ejercicio y condición física en deportistas marciales adolescentes en nueva normalidad / Motives in the practice of exercise and physical condition in adolescent martial athletes in the new normality / Motivos na prática do exercício e condição física em adolescentes atletas marciais na nova normalidade

El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en determinar los motivos en la práctica de ejercicio físico y relación con la condición física -agilidad, flexibilidad, fuerza explosiva- en deportistas marciales adolescentes en la nueva normalidad. La muestra está constituida por 56 deportistas de taekwondo y 18 de kárate. Se utilizó el Autoinforme de Motivos para la Práctica de Ejercicio Físico (AMPEF) y los test de: Illinois, sit and reach y salto vertical cuantificaron la agilidad, flexibilidad de musculatura isquiotibial y fuerza explosiva de tren inferior. Se cumplió análisis estadístico -coeficiente de correlación de Pearson- entre motivaciones y condición física. Los principales factores motivacionales de los adolescentes marciales fueron: Prevención y salud positiva (M=8,9; DE=1,69), desafío (M=8,9; DE=1,8), diversión y bienestar (M=8,6; DE=1,9). Los test físicos evidencian excelentes resultados en agilidad y flexibilidad, la fuerza explosiva está por debajo de la media. Existen correlaciones positivas entre las capacidades de agilidad (0.86 en hombres y 0.80 en mujeres), fuerza (0.90 en hombres y 0.84 en mujeres) y sus correspondientes factores motivacionales, y una correlación negativa entre la flexibilidad (-0.88 en hombres y -0.90 en mujeres) y su motivación respectiva. Se concluye que los resultados del cuestionario AMPEF y niveles de agilidad, flexibilidad y fuerza explosiva se correlacionan ya sea positiva o negativamente, con valores altos en el coeficiente de Pearson, significa que los adolescentes marciales están conscientes de sus capacidades físicas y mostraron motivación para mejorar sus habilidades.

The objective of this research is to determine the reasons in the practice of physical exercise, and its relationship with the physical condition -agility, flexibility, explosive strength- of adolescent martial art athletes in the new normal. The sample is made up of 56 taekwondo athletes and 18 karate athletes. The Reasons to Practice Physical Exercise Self-report (AMPEF, for its name in Spanish) was used, as well as the tests of Illinois, sit and reach and vertical jump quantified agility, flexibility of the hamstring muscles and explosive strength of the lower body. Statistical analysis-Pearson's correlation coefficient-was performed between motivations and physical condition. The main motivational factors of the adolescent athletes were prevention and positive health (M=8.9; SD=1.69), challenge (M=8.9; SD=1.8), and fun and well-being (M=8.6; SD=1,9). Physical tests showed excellent results in agility and flexibility but explosive strength was below average. There were positive correlations between the abilities of agility (0.86 in men and 0.80 in women), strength (0.90 in men and 0.84 in women), and their corresponding motivational factors, as well as a negative correlation between flexibility (-0.88 in men and -0.90 in women) and their respective motivation. It is concluded that the results of the AMPEF questionnaire and levels of agility, flexibility, and explosive strength are correlated either positively or negatively, with high values in Pearson's coefficient. This means that teenage martial athletes are aware of their physical abilities and show motivation to improve their skills.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar os motivos da prática de exercício físico e sua relação com a condição física - agilidade, flexibilidade, força explosiva - em atletas marciais adolescentes na nova normalidade. A amostra é composta por 56 atletas de taekwondo e 18 de caratê. Foi utilizado o Autorrelato dos Motivos para a Prática de Exercício Físico (AMPEF) e os testes de: Illinois, sentar e alcançar e salto vertical quantificaram agilidade, flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais e força explosiva da parte inferior do corpo. A análise estatística -coeficiente de correlação de Pearson- entre motivações e condição física foi concluída. Os principais fatores motivacionais dos adolescentes marciais foram: Prevenção e saúde positiva (M=8,9; DE=1,69), desafio (M=8,9; DE=1,8), diversão e bem-estar (M=8,6, DP=1,9). Os testes físicos apresentam excelentes resultados em agilidade e flexibilidade, a força explosiva está abaixo da média. Existem correlações positivas entre habilidades de agilidade (0,86 em homens e 0,80 em mulheres), força (0,90 em homens e 0,84 em mulheres) e seus correspondentes fatores motivacionais, e uma correlação negativa entre flexibilidade (-0,88 em homens e -0,90 em mulheres); mulheres) e suas respectivas motivações. Conclui-se que os resultados do questionário AMPEF e os níveis de agilidade, flexibilidade e força explosiva estão correlacionados positiva ou negativamente, com altos valores no coeficiente de Pearson, significa que os adolescentes marciais estão cientes de suas habilidades físicas e demonstraram motivação para melhorar suas habilidades.

How Green Mindfulness and Green Shared Vision Interact to Influence Green Creative Behavior.

Aim: The study is based on the self-determination theory and aims to investigate the mediating role of green intrinsic motivation and the moderating role of green shared vision in the association between frontline managers' green mindfulness and green creative behavior to leverage their capacity to think creatively and act sustainably. Methods: The study employs a time-lagged, multi-source research methodology to collect data from frontline managers of service businesses in the tourism and hospitality industry. Data are analyzed using SmartPLS Structural Equation Model to evaluate the structural and measurement models. The authors evaluated the measurement model by employing the criteria of internal consistency: reliability and Cronbach's alpha, validity: convergent and discriminant validity; and the structural model using the path coefficient, coefficient of determination, predictive relevance, and goodness-of-fit metrics. Results: Our findings indicate that green mindfulness significantly improves frontline managers' green creative behavior. Additionally, green intrinsic motivation mediates the connection between green mindfulness and green creative behavior. In addition, the direct effect of green mindfulness on green intrinsic motivation as well as the indirect effect of green mindfulness on green creative behavior through green intrinsic motivation, are both significantly moderated by green shared vision. Discussion: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the few efforts that outstretch the boundary conditions of green mindfulness and green creative behavior through the mediating role of green intrinsic motivation and the moderating role of green shared vision.

[Planetary Health in the mandatory undergraduate medical curriculum - A qualitative study to evaluate a teaching/learning intervention]. / Planetary Health in der curricularen Lehre im Fach Humanmedizin ­ eine qualitative Studie zur Evaluation einer Lehr-/Lernintervention.

INTRODUCTION: Climate change is the greatest threat to human health and therefore has a direct impact on the work of physicians. At the same time, the health sector is also an originator of pollutants that burden the climate. The concept of Planetary Health describes, among other things, ways in which the health sector can counter the effects of climate change. Nevertheless, the inclusion of contents on sustainable action in the education of health professionals has not been made mandatory to date. The aim of this study is to answer the question of how an intervention has to be designed so that medical students specifically develop an interest in dealing with the topic on their own. METHODS: The intervention consisted ofFor evaluation purposes, a qualitative study with guided focus group interviews of attendees was conducted. The fully transcribed focus group transcripts were analysed using Mayring's structuring qualitative content analysis. Additionally, we checked the semester evaluation for feedback on the intervention. RESULTS: Four focus groups comprising n = 14 medical students (11 female, 3 male) were conducted. Dealing with Planetary Health as a topic during medical education was considered relevant. The partially restrained to negative reaction of the teaching practice staff involved to the checklist had a demotivating effect. A lack of time was given as a further reason for not dealing with the topic independently. Participants suggested integrating specific Planetary Health content in mandatory courses and considered environmental medicine to be especially suited. As a didactic method, case-based working in small groups seemed to be particularly appropriate. In the semester evaluation, we found both approving and critical commentaries. DISCUSSION: Participants considered Planetary Health a relevant topic in the context of medical education. The intervention proved to be of limited use in motivating students to deal with the topic independently. A longitudinal integration of the topic in the medical curriculum seems to be appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: From the students' perspective, it is important to teach and acquire knowledge and skills regarding to Planetary Health in the future. Despite a high level of interest, additional offers are not being utilised due to a lack of time and should therefore be made part of the mandatory curriculum, where possible.