Carotane sesquiterpenes from Peperomia pellucida and their anti-infective activities.

Owing to the challenges of antimicrobial resistance, investigations of new antibiotics from medicinal plants are continuously being conducted. Peperomia pellucida is a pantropical plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders. From the ethanol extract of a whole P. pellucida plant, one previously undescribed carotane sesquiterpene (pellucarotine), one known carotane sesquiterpene (daucol), and one phenylpropanoid (dillapiol) were isolated and structurally elucidated. Their structures were determined based on 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-Mass, experimental, and computational electronic circular dichroism spectroscopic data and compared with those reported in the literature. Antimicrobial assay results showed that pellucarotine had an anti-infective effect on Candida albicans with an MIC of 512 µg/mL.

Stable and reproducible expression of bacterial ipt gene under the control of SAM-specific promoter (pKNOX1) with interference of developmental patterns in transgenic Peperomia pellucida plants.

Reproducible and stable transgene expression is an important goal in plant basic research and applications. Hence, we report the first stable expression of bacterial transgenes in medicinal plant, Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth. Two key elements relevant to the dynamic expression of the bacterial cytokinin biosynthesis gene, ipt (isopentenyltransferase) were examined. First, by designing a specific expression cassette driven by a tissue-specific promoter for the required levels of gene expression in the particular function of development, and second by using P. pellucida as a model plant due to its short developmental cycle that supported expedient tracking of transgene expression in the progeny. Transgenic frequencies of ipt gene obtained from different expression cassettes of pKNOX1 for tissue-specific promoter in shoot apical meristem were compared with the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV35S) promoter (p35S), a constitutive promoter investigated for T3 generation. It was clearly shown that transgenic plants with pKNOX1 showed percentage of survivals in T3 at about 2.2 folds more than those of p35S-transgenic. Transgenic P. pellucida under controllable expression of pKNOX1 showed increased leaf and seed size with a high percentage of fertile seed, whereas transgenic plants with p35S showed phenotypic features of bushy and small leaves, sterile pollen and lower reproductive fitness. Quantitative examination of ipt-positive gene expression in T3 generation of transformants with pKNOX1 were 100% (line k-14) and 50% (line k-20), while 33.3% was observed in transgenic line c-11 with p35S. Interestingly, the endogenous cytokinin biosynthesis gene (ipt3) was significantly upregulated (2-3 folds higher) in pKNOX1-transformants. The overall relative mRNA expression of bacterial ipt gene and overproducing of cytokinin contents (t-ZR and 2-iP) detected in p35S-transformants caused abnormality and low percentages of transgene reproducible Interestingly, pKNOX1-transgenic plants tended to maintain chlorophyll contents 4-5 folds and extending the developmental cycle to 12.4 weeks (wk), which was 2 folds more than wildtype (5.8 wk) and p35S-transformants (7.4 wk). The promotor effect on stable and reproducible transgene-expressions demonstrated prominent features of P. pellucida and also empowered further omics studies.

Anticariogenic Activity of Three Essential Oils from Brazilian Piperaceae.

The current trend toward using natural food additives, cosmetics, and medicines has motivated industries to substitute synthetic compounds for natural products. Essential oils (EOs) from medicinal plants are a well-known source of chemical compounds that display several interesting biological activities, including antimicrobial action. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of EOs extracted from three Piperaceae species collected in the Brazilian Amazon region against a representative panel of cariogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oils extracted from Peperomia pellucida (PP-EO), Piper marginatum (PM-EO), and Piper callosum (PC-EO) was determined against Streptococcus mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactobacillus casei by using the microplate microdilution method. PM-EO, PC-EO, and PP-EO displayed antibacterial activity against all the tested cariogenic bacteria. PM-EO displayed the best inhibitory activity, with MIC values ranging from 50 to 500 µg/mL. The lowest MIC values were obtained for PM-EO against S. mitis (MIC = 75 µg/mL), Lactobacillus casei (MIC = 50 µg/mL), and S. mutans (MIC = 50 µg/mL). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis allowed the chemical composition of all the EOs to be identified. The main constituents of PM-EO, PC-EO, and PP-EO were 3,4-(methylenedioxy)propiophenone, α-pinene, and dillapiole, respectively. Finally, the compounds that were exclusively detected in PM-EO are highlighted. Our results suggest that PM-EO may be used in products for treating dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth and eye diseases: A review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology.

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth is a medicinal plant used to manage inflammatory illnesses such as conjunctivitis, and gastrointestinal and respiratory tract disorders in tropical and subtropical regions. However, little is known about its pharmacological mechanism of action against eye diseases. This review aims to critically discuss the phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of P. pellucida as well as its roles in the treatment of cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Recent developments in the uses of P. pellucida for healthcare and nutraceutical products by the pharmaceutical industry are also covered in this review. For this review, a literature search was performed with PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciFinder Scholar and Scopus databases, using relevant keywords. Among the various phytochemicals identified from P. pellucida, ß-caryophyllene, carotol, dillapiole, ellagic acid, pellucidin A, phytol and vitexin exhibit strong pharmacological activities within the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signalling pathways in inflammatory eye diseases. The antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and anti-angiogenic activities displayed by P. pellucida extracts in many in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies suggest its potential role in the management of inflammatory eye diseases. P. pellucida extract was non-toxic against normal cell lines but displayed mild toxicity in animal models. The growing public interest in P. pellucida has inspired the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries to process the plant into health products. Although the potential pharmacological mechanisms against eye diseases have been summarized, further studies of the interactions among constituent phytochemicals from P. pellucida within various signalling pathways shall support the use of the plant as an alternative therapeutic source.

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth and eye diseases: A review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology / 中西医结合学报

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth is a medicinal plant used to manage inflammatory illnesses such as conjunctivitis, and gastrointestinal and respiratory tract disorders in tropical and subtropical regions. However, little is known about its pharmacological mechanism of action against eye diseases. This review aims to critically discuss the phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of P. pellucida as well as its roles in the treatment of cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Recent developments in the uses of P. pellucida for healthcare and nutraceutical products by the pharmaceutical industry are also covered in this review. For this review, a literature search was performed with PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciFinder Scholar and Scopus databases, using relevant keywords. Among the various phytochemicals identified from P. pellucida, β-caryophyllene, carotol, dillapiole, ellagic acid, pellucidin A, phytol and vitexin exhibit strong pharmacological activities within the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signalling pathways in inflammatory eye diseases. The antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and anti-angiogenic activities displayed by P. pellucida extracts in many in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies suggest its potential role in the management of inflammatory eye diseases. P. pellucida extract was non-toxic against normal cell lines but displayed mild toxicity in animal models. The growing public interest in P. pellucida has inspired the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries to process the plant into health products. Although the potential pharmacological mechanisms against eye diseases have been summarized, further studies of the interactions among constituent phytochemicals from P. pellucida within various signalling pathways shall support the use of the plant as an alternative therapeutic source.

Obtainment of the spray-dried extracts of Peperomia pellucida L. (H.B.K.) using different atomization temperatures: physicochemical characterization and technological development for pharmaceutical applications.

Spray-dried extracts are prepared as powders or granules after solvent removal, which can be obtained in the presence or absence of pharmaceutical adjuvants. This work aimed to optimize the process of obtaining dried extracts of Peperomia pellucida L. (HBK) by spray drying. The characterization of the extract was performed by thermal analysis, specific surface area, particle size and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); then, capsules were developed for antimicrobial treatment, evaluating four bench lots by the determination of the angle of repose and time of flow, scanning electron microscopy, porosity and physicochemical quality control. There were no significant differences between the extracts obtained by spray drying at atomization temperatures of 140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C, which was confirmed by thermal analysis. Specific surface area varied inversely with the mean particle size. Regarding the marker content by HPLC, no significant differences were found between the samples, although the flavonoid fraction was more stable at 160 °C. Bench lots (I to IV) were developed using the diluents Flowlac®, Starch® 1500, microcrystalline cellulose 250 and Cellactose® 80. Based on the results, the bench lot I, containing Flowlac®, was selected. The results of physicochemical quality control demonstrated that the selected formulation meets the pre-established parameters, and proving to be economically viable.

Isolation and Characterization of Phenylpropanoid and Lignan Compounds from Peperomia pellucida [L.] Kunth with Estrogenic Activities.

Extracts of Peperomia pellucida [L.] Kunth have previously been demonstrated to have in vivo estrogenic-like effects, thereby functioning as an anti-osteoporotic agent. However, the compounds responsible for these effects have not yet been determined. Therefore, the aim of this study is to isolate and elucidate potential compounds with estrogenic activity. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified using 1D 1H and 13C-NMR and confirmed by 2D FT-NMR. The estrogenic activity was evaluated using the E-SCREEN assay, and a molecular docking study was performed to predict the binding affinity of the isolated compounds to estrogen receptors. In this experiment, we successfully isolated three phenylpropanoids and two lignan derivatives, namely, 6-allyl-5-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-4-ol (1), pachypostaudin B (2), pellucidin A (3), dillapiole (4), and apiol (5). Among these compounds, the isolation of 1 and 2 from P. pellucida is reported for the first time in this study. Activity assays clearly showed that the ethyl acetate extract and its fractions, subfractions, and isolated compounds exerted estrogenic activity. Methanol fraction of the ethyl acetate extract produced the highest estrogenic activity, while 1 and 2 had partial agonist activity. Some compounds (derivates of dillapiole and pellucidin A) also had, in addition, anti-estrogenic activity. In the docking study, the estrogenic activities of 1-5 appeared to be mediated by a classical ligand-dependent mechanism as suggested by the binding interaction between the compounds and estrogen receptors; binding occurred on Arg 394 and His 524 of the alpha receptor and Arg 346 and His 475 of the beta receptor. In summary, we reveal that P. pellucida is a promising anti-osteoporotic agent due to its estrogenic activity, and the compounds responsible for this activity were found to be lignan and phenylpropanoid derivatives. The presence of other compounds in either the extract or fraction may contribute to a synergistic effect, as suggested by the higher estrogenic activity of the methanol fraction. Hence, we suggest further research on the osteoporotic activity and safety of the identified compounds, especially regarding their effects on estrogen-responsive organs.

The chemistry and biological activities of Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae): A critical review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth is an annual weed with a preference to humid places with reduced solar radiation. This plant is mainly distributed in the Neotropics, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. It is popularly employed in the treatment of a variety of health conditions such as abscesses, abdominal pain, skin sores, conjunctivitis, measles, and kidney troubles. Several studies have also described its antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic and a variety of other bioactivities. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW: The aim of this work is to evaluate, using a critical review, the present ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry and pharmacological studies of P. pellucida essential oils (EOs) and extracts from different locations around the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review was performed through an online survey of the ethnomedicinal practices, chemical compositions and pharmacological applications of P. pellucida EOs and extracts. The data were mainly obtained from online journals and books published in English, Portuguese and Spanish. The information was collected from websites such as Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, ResearchGate and other online databases that provided more information about this herb. RESULTS: Peperomia pellucida bioactivities such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, fracture healing, antidiabetic and anti-hypercholesterolemia have been described in several literature sources. Nonetheless, most reports only provide the phytochemical screening of extracts, which does not allow the identification of the active compounds. From these studies, some reported constituents are not included in the Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP), which raises questions toward their identification. In addition, some biological assays were even performed without standard controls for comparison which also makes these results questionable. CONCLUSION: This review evaluates data regarding the phytopharmaceutical potential of P. pellucida. In general, several important aspects were questionable or missing in these manuscripts, which points out the need of more investigation on the pharmacological properties and phytochemical compositions of this herb.

A new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth

Objective: To isolate, identify, and evaluate a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herbs. Methods: A dried sample of Peperomia pellucida herb was successively macerated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract solution was evaporated to obtain the crude extract. Vacuum liquid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were performed to obtain two pure compounds. Then, both compounds were elucidated and identified using the spectroscopic method. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity studies of both compounds were determined using angiotensin-converting enzyme kit WST-1 with spectrophotometer microplate reader 96-well at 450 nm wavelength. Results: Two bioactive compounds were successfully isolated from Peperomia pellucida herb, including a new compound of 2,3,5-trimethoxy-9-(12,14,15-trimethoxybenzyl)-1H-indene and pellucidin A. Both compounds demonstrated angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 72 μM (27.95 μg/mL) and 11 μM (4.4 μg/mL), respectively. Conclusions: In the present study, two active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were successfully isolated and purified from Peperomia pellucida which is used as an antihypertensive in traditional medicine, and support its use as an angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting drug.

Bioactive Constituents, Radical Scavenging, and Antibacterial Properties of the Leaves and Stem Essential Oils from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth.

BACKGROUND: Peperomia pellucida is an annual herbaceous ethnomedicinal plant used in the treatment of a variety of communicable and noncommunicable diseases in the Amazon region. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed at profiling the bioactive constituents of the leaves and stem essential oils (LEO and SEO) of P. pellucida, their in vitro antibacterial and radical scavenging properties as probable lead constituents in the management of oxidative stress and infectious diseases. Materials and. METHODS: The EOs were obtained from the leaves and stem P. pellucida using modified Clevenger apparatus and characterized by a high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while the radicals scavenging and antibacterial effects on four oxidants and six reference bacteria strains were examined by spectrophotometric and agar diffusion techniques, respectively. RESULTS: The EOs exhibited strong antibacterial activities against six bacteria (Escherichia coli [180], Enterobacter cloacae, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Listeria ivanovii, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Vibrio paraheamolyticus) strains. The SEO antibacterial activities were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from the LEO against most of the test bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging between 0.15 and 0.20 mg/mL for both EOs. The two oils were bactericidal at 0.20 mg/mL against S. aureus while the minimum bactericidal concentration (0.15 mg/mL) of LEO against L. ivanovii was lower than of SEO (0.20 mg/mL) after 24 h. The LEO IC50 value (1.67 mg/mL) revealed more radical scavenging activity than the SEO (2.83 mg/mL) and reference compounds against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. The EOs also scavenged three other different radicals (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical, lipid peroxyl radical, and nitric oxide radical) in concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that apart from the indigenous uses of the plant extracts, the EO contains strong bioactive compounds with antibacterial and radicals scavenging properties and may be good alternative candidates in the search for novel potent antibiotics in this present era of increasing multidrug-resistant bacterial strains as well as effective antioxidants agents. SUMMARY: Established gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was applied to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the volatile constituents in Peperomia pellucida essential oil (EO)The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2014) guidelines were employed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of the EOsAmong the known prominent bioactive terpenoids, linalool 17.09%, limonene 14.25%, ß-caryophyllene 12.52%, and linalyl acetate 10.15% were the main constituents of the EOs in this current studyThe leaf and stem EOs were bactericidal at a concentration below 0.23 mg/mL against three multidrug-resistant bacteria and significantly scavenged known free radicals reported to be associated with contagious and oxidative stress-related disorders. Abbreviations used: GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS: 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, LP•: Lipid peroxide radical, NO•: Nitric oxide radical, LEO: Leaf essential oil, SEO: Stem essential oil, RC: Reference compound, TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid.

Aqueous extract of Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK accelerates fracture healing in Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND: Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK is consumed as vegetable and used in Cameroonian traditional medicine for the management of diseases and for fracture healing. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the aqueous whole plant extract of Peperomia pellucida on fracture healing in female Wistar rats. METHODS: A drill hole injury was created by inserting a drill bit inthe diaphysis of the femur. The aqueous extract of the whole plant of Peperomia pellucida was administered orally at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg to adult female Wistar rats. The vehicle (distilled water) was given to the control. Besides these rats, one group of rats without fracture received the extract (400 mg/kg). After 14 days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and the effects of the extract were evaluated on body weight, the relative weights of organs (femurs, uteri and ovaries) and on hematology. Bone (calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase) and serum biochemical parameters (calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase) were also evaluated. Radiological and histological tests were carried out on the femurs. The mineral content of the plant extract was also investigated. RESULTS: The extract induced an increase in body weight at high dose and in WBCs count at low doses. Aqueous extract from Peperomia pellucida increased bone calcium at lowest dose but maintained this parameter at normal range at high dose in fractured rat. Alkaline phophatase and phosphorus concentrations reduced significantly (p < 0.01) at the dose of 400 mg/kg as compared to fractured rats. Moreover, radiological tests revealed a dose dependent formation of callus at the level of the fracture gap, confirmed by the formation of a highly dense and compact fibrocartilagenous callus. The mineral content of the plant extract revealed the presence of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium. CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of P. pellucida accelerates bone healing due partly to the mineral content of the extract. These results confirm its traditional use in the treatment of bone fractures.

Caracterização físico-química e análises por espectrofotometria e cromatografia de Peperomia pellucida L. (H. B. K. ) / Physical chemical characterization and spectrophotometric analysis and chromatography (TLC) of the Peperomia pellucida L. (H. B. K. )

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracterização físico-química do pó e da tintura, e análise por espectrofotometria e cromatografia do extrato seco de Peperomia pellucida L. (H. B. K.). As metodologias seguiram a Farmacopéia Brasileira IV ed., com exceção da prospecção química, da espectrofotometria, da obtenção do perfil cromatográfico do extrato seco, e determinação do resíduo seco. A prospecção química revelou a presença de saponinas espumídicas; açúcares redutores; proteínas e aminoácidos; fenóis; taninos; flavonóides; esteróides e triterpenóides. Na análise por CCD, o melhor perfil da fração flavonoídica foi obtido com MeOH/CHOOH (90:10). Foi confirmada, através de CLAE, a presença de 3',4',7-tri-O-metoxiflavona no extrato seco deste material vegetal. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para a determinação de especificações de uma futura monografia em Farmacopéias da Peperomia pellucida L. (H.B.K.).

The aim of this study was the physical chemical characterization of the powder and the tincture, and the chromatographic and spectrophotometric analysis of the Peperomiapellucida L. (H. B. K.) dry extract. The methodology followed the Farmacopeia Brasileira IV ed., except for the chemical prospection, the chromatographic profile obtained and the spectrophotometry of the dry extract, and determination of dried residues. The chemical prospection revealed the presence of foaming saponins; reducing sugars; proteins and amino acids; phenols; tannins; flavonoids; steroids and triterpenoids; depsideos and depsidones. The best profile from TLC for flavonoidic fraction was obtained with methanol/formic acid (90:10 v/v). HPLC confirmed the presence of 3 ',4',7-tri-methoxyflavone in the dry extract of the plant material. The results obtained in this work should contribute for the determination of specifications for a future monograph on Peperomia pellucida L. (H.B.K.).

Atividade antimicrobiana de extratos etanólicos de Peperomia pellucida e Portulaca pilosa / Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts of Peperomia pellucida and Portulaca pilosa

As plantas utilizadas na medicina tradicional estão sendo cada vez mais estudadas por serem possíveis fontes de substâncias com atividades antimicrobianas. Dentre elas, destacando-se a Peperomia pellucida (erva-de-jabuti) e a Portulaca pilosa (amor-crescido), utilizadas comumente na Amazônia. A P. pellucida é utilizada, popularmente, em casos de hemorragia, como curativo para feridas, dores abdominais, abscessos, acne, furúnculos, cólicas, problemas renais, hipertensão e colesterol, enquanto a P. pilosa é utilizada como hepato-protetor, antidiarreico, diurético, para queimaduras, erisipelas e ferimentos. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas a abordagem fitoquímica e a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro desses dois materiais vegetais. A prospecção fitoquímica revelou a presença de açúcares redutores, fenóis e taninos, esteroides e triterpenoides, glicosídios cardíacos e carotenoides no extrato etanólico seco (EES) de P. pillosa, e a presença de proteínas e aminoácidos, fenóis e taninos, flavonoides, esteroides e triterpenoides, azulenos, carotenoides, depsídios e depsidonas no EES de P. pellucida. Para avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos etanólicos brutos, foi empregado o método de disco difusão em ágar, nas concentrações de 500; 250; 125 e 62,5 µg/mL. Os extratos testados que apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana na avaliação preliminar foram submetidos à determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo. O extrato de P. pellucida possui atividade antimicrobiana frente a S. aureus e P. aeruginosa, e o de P. pilosa contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Plants used in traditional medicine are under increasing scrutiny as possible sources of substances with antimicrobial activity. In this article we focus on Peperomia pellucida (erva-de-jabuti) and Portulaca pilosa (amor crescido), both commonly used in the Amazon. P. pellucida is popularly used as a wound dressing, to stop bleeding, and in cases of abdominal pain and cramps, abscesses, acne, boils, kidney problems, hypertension and raised cholesterol, and P. pilosa as a hepato-protective, antidiarrheal and diuretic and for burns, erysipelas and injuries. In this study, we investigated the phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of extracts of these two plant materials. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of reducing sugars, phenols and tannins, steroids and terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and carotenoids in the dried ethanol extract (DEE) of P. pilosa and of proteins and amino acids, phenols and tannins, flavonoids, steroids and triterpenoids, azulenes, carotenoids, depsides and depsidones in the P. pellucida DEE. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extracts was assayed by the agar disc diffusion method, at concentrations of 500, 250, 125 and 62.5µg/mL. The plant extracts that showed antimicrobial activity in the preliminary assessment were subjected to the broth microdilution test to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The P. pellucida extract had antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and that of P. pilosa against P. aeruginosa.