Phytochemical screening and insecticidal activities of some medicinal plants against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

This study emphasizes the phytochemical study of some locally available botanicals against maize weevils. Nine plant parts were collected from six plant species. The test plant powder (200 g) was suspended sequentially in 600 ml of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol, and distilled water for 72 h with frequent agitation. Different concentrations of the crude extracts were applied to maize seeds at rates of 10 ml, 15 ml and 20 ml per 100 g. All treatments with different extracts at different rates of application showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the cumulative mean percentage mortality of the maize weevil. The seed extract of Maesa lanceolata and Croton macrostachyus and the leaf extract of Clausena anisata showed cumulative percent mortality ranged 95.32-98.02% in 28 days after treatment application. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among all treatments for the prevention of F1 progeny emergence. In all extracts, Clausena anisata showed 100% inhibition of F1 progeny emergence. All treatments significantly reduced seed weight loss and damage. The treated maize seeds were germinated with an acceptable germination quality. In conclusion, an increased dosage of the extract resulted in significant mortality in maize weevils. The seed extracts of Maesa lanceolata and Croton macrostachyus and Clausena anisata leaf extract were observed to be the most promising botanical in protecting stored maize against maize weevil.

Impact of Eucalyptus maculata Hook resin exudate constituents on reducing COX-2 gene expression: In-vivo anti-inflammatory, molecular docking and dynamics studies.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eucalyptus maculata Hook from the Myrtaceae family is a native Australian plant that is frequently cultivated in Egypt. Many Eucalyptus species, including E. maculata, were widely used by the Dharawal, the indigenous Australian people, for their anti-inflammatory properties. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of E. maculata resin exudate, its methylene chloride and n-butanol fractions, as well as the isolated compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the ethanol extract was partitioned by methylene chloride, and n-butanol saturated with water. The fractions were chromatographed to isolate pure compounds. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract, the fractions at a dose of 200 mg/kg, and the isolated compounds (20 mg/kg) was estimated using carrageenan-induced rat paws edema method against indomethacin (20 mg/kg). The activity was supported by histopathological and biochemical parameters. RESULTS: Three isolated compounds were identified as aromadendrin (C1), 7-O-methyl aromadendrin (C2), and naringenin (C3). Our findings demonstrated that the tested fractions significantly reduced the paw edema starting from the 3rd to the 5th hour as compared to the positive control, compounds C2 and C3 showed the greatest significant reduction in paw edema. The ethanol extract, fractions, C2, and C3 demonstrated an anti-inflammatory potential through reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE2, as well as COX-2 protein expression compared to the negative control. These results were supported by molecular docking, which revealed that the isolated compounds had high affinity to target COX-1 and COX-2 active sites with docking scores ranging from -7.3 to -9.6 kcal mol-1 when compared to ibubrofen (-7.8 and -7.4 kcal mol-1, respectively). Molecular dynamics simulations were also performed and confirmed the docking results. CONCLUSION: The results supported the traditional anti-inflammatory potency of E. maculata Hook, and the biochemical mechanisms underlying this activity were highlighted, opening up new paths for the development of potent herbal anti-inflammatory medicine. Finally, our findings revealed that E. maculata resin constituents could be considered as promising anti-inflammatory drug candidates.

Phytochemical study of the plant species Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) and Croton floccosus (Euphorbiaceae).

Background: Given the chemical richness of medicinal plants ( Bidens pilosa L. and Croton floccosus) in Ecuador, they are considered the natural source of numerous medicines. Methods: The leaves were dried at 40°C and 50°C and the extracts were characterized by means of phytochemical screening, verifying the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, reducing sugars, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Three extraction processes were carried out, with two solvents of different polarities: hexane and ethanol. The extraction methods that were applied to the leaves of the plants were Soxhlet, ultrasonic bath and maceration, the latter two at room temperature and Soxhlet at the boiling temperature of the solvent. Determination of the total content of phenols and flavonoids is carried out using the Follin-Ciocalteau colorimetric reaction, Quercetin standard, Aluminum Chloride solution measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activity was performed with the DPPH radical and measured with the same equipment. Results: The highest content of total phenols obtained by employing the Soxhlet method for extraction when the material was dried at 50°C was 48.609 ± 0.370 mg GAE/g of dry sample for Bidens pilosa L. while in the case of Croton floccosus it was 128.212 ± 0.601 mg GAE/g of dry sample obtained from the extraction by means of maceration. Finally, the antioxidant activity against the 1.1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical was determined, and it was found that the Bidens pilosa L. species performed better and responded better to the test, with an IC 50 value of 239.33 µg/mL, than Croton floccosus (IC 50 of 644.125 µg/mL). Conclusions: The following preliminary phytochemical study of the Bidens pilosa L. and Croton floccosus plants provided important information on the content of secondary metabolites and response to the DPPH radical reported for the first time in Ecuador, which may be future use for medicinal application.

Estudio fitoquímico de Argyrochosma Nivea (poir) Windham (cuti cuti) / Phytochemical study of argyrochosma nivea (poir.) windham (poir.) desv. (cuti cuti)

Nuestro país presenta un gran potencial de plantas medicinales en todo su territorio, por ser megadiverso, con muchas regiones agroecologicas y formaciones vegetales, pese a ello es incipiente la atención al desarrollo de las cadenas de valor del potencial de plantas medicinales, constituyendo un desafío el registro adecuado, con calidad y seguridad porque previenen y solucionan dificultades de salud por sus principios activos. Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham, "cuti cuti" conocido también como Notholaena nivea. Objetivos: Determinar los grupos metabólicos del extracto alcohólico al 20% de Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham, administrado a pacientes de diabetes del programa de medicina complementaria, EsSALUD Huancayo. Materiales y métodos: Estudios descriptivo, comparativo. La recolección de información relevante de aspectos botánicos, etnobotánicos, etnofarmacológicos y fitoquímicos sobre Argyrochosma nivea se realizó mediante la búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed y la biblioteca virtual del CONCYTEC (servicio de esa institución que reúne revistas de SciELO-Perú y la producción científica y tecnológica del Perú); además, se utilizó el buscador Google-Académico con el fin de agotar la búsqueda. Los términos de búsqueda fueron "Argyrochosma nivea", "Notholaena nivea" o "cuti cuti". Resultados: La Tintura de Argyrochosma nivea al 20% preparado con alcohol etílico al 50% en el analisis fitoquimico realizado se encontro compuestos de Flavanoides totales 0.111 mg de Catequina/ml, Flavonoides totales 0.133 mg de Quercitina /ml, Polifenoles totales 5.189 mg de ácido gálico/ml, Capacidad Antioxidante* 424.701 µ mol trolox/ml, Rutina 0.00579 mg de Rutina/ml, Quercitina 0.105mg/ml y Cumarinas 0.170 mg /ml. Ausencia de antocianinas totales, estos valores aportan la capacidad antioxidante de "cuti cuti", y el contenido de flavonoides (quercetina), permite la prevalencia en el tratamiento de la diabetes. Conclusión: El Estudio fitoquimico de Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham (Cuti cuti) mediante el análisis por espectrofotometría y análisis por HPLC verifico la existencia de 7 compuestos Flavanoides totales 0.111 mg de Catequina/ml, Flavonoides totales 0.133 mg de Quercitina /ml, Polifenoles totales 5.189 mg de ácido gálico/ml, Capacidad Antioxidante* 424.701 µ mol trolox/ml, Rutina 0.00579 mg de Rutina/ml, Quercitina 0.105mg de Qu ercitina/ml y Cumarinas 0.170 mg de Cumarina/ml(AU)

Our country has a great potential for medicinal plants throughout its territory, as it is megadiverse, with many agroecological regions and plant formations, despite this, attention to the development of value chains for the potential of medicinal plants is incipient, constituting a I challenge the proper registration, with quality and safety because they prevent and solve health difficulties due to their active ingredients. Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham, "cuti cuti" also known as Notholaena nivea. Objectives: To determine the metabolic groups of the 20% alcoholic extract of Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham, administered to diabetes patients of the complementary medicine program, EsSALUD Huancayo. Methods: Descriptive, comparative studies. The collection of relevant information on botanical, ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological and phytochemical aspects of Argyrochosma nivea was carried out by searching the Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed databases and the virtual library of CONCYTEC (a service of that institution that brings together SciELO-Peru journals). and the scientific and technological production of Peru); In addition, the Google-Academic search engine was used in order to exhaust the search. The search terms were "Argyrochosma nivea", "Notholaena nivea" or "cuti cuti". Results: The Argyrochosma nivea tincture at 20% prepared with 50% ethyl alcohol in the phytochemical analysis carried out found compounds of total Flavanoids 0.111 mg of Catechin / ml, total Flavonoids 0.133 mg of Quercetin / ml, total Polyphenols 5.189 mg of acid gallic/ml, Antioxidant Capacity* 424.701 µmol trolox/ml, Rutin 0.00579 mg Rutin/ml, Quercetin 0.105mg/ml and Coumarins 0.170 mg/ml. Absence of total anthocyanins, these values provide the antioxidant capacity of "cuti cuti", and the content of flavonoids (quercetin), allows prevalence in the treatment of diabetes. Conclusion: The phytochemical study of Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham (Cuti cuti) through spectrophotometric analysis and HPLC analysis verified the existence of 7 total Flavanoid compounds 0.111 mg of Catechin/ml, total Flavonoids 0.133 mg of Quercetin /ml, Total polyphenols 5.189 mg of gallic acid/ml, Antioxidant Capacity* 424.701 µ mol trolox/ml, Rutin 0.00579 mg of Rutin/ml, Quercetin 0.105mg of Quercetin/ml and Coumarins 0.170 mg of Coumarin/ml(AU)

Chemical Constituents, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and In Silico Study on NADPH Oxidase of Allium sativum L. (Garlic) Essential Oil.

Allium sativum L., also known as garlic, is a perennial plant widely used as a spice and also considered a medicinal herb since antiquity. The aim of this study was to determine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) the chemical profile fingerprint of the essential oil (EO) of one accession of Peruvian A. sativum (garlic), to evaluate its antioxidant activity and an in- silico study on NADPH oxidase activity of the volatile phytoconstituents. The antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH and ß-carotene assays. An in-silico study was carried out on NADPH oxidase (PDB ID: 2CDU), as was ADMET prediction. The results indicated that diallyl trisulfide (44.21%) is the major component of the EO, followed by diallyl disulfide (22.08%), allyl methyl trisulfide (9.72%), 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiine (4.78%), and α-bisabolol (3.32%). Furthermore, the EO showed antioxidant activity against DPPH radical (IC50 = 124.60 ± 2.3 µg/mL) and ß-carotene bleaching (IC50 = 328.51 ± 2.0). The best docking score on NADPH oxidase corresponds to α-bisabolol (ΔG = -10.62 kcal/mol), followed by 5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrathiane (ΔG = -9.33 kcal/mol). Additionally, the volatile components could be linked to the observed antioxidant activity, leading to potential inhibitors of NADPH oxidase.

Phytochemical studies on traditional herbal medicines based on the ethnopharmacological information obtained by field studies.

Traditional herbal medicines, which have been used in the matured traditional medical systems as well as those have been used in ethnic medical systems, are invaluable resources of drug seeds. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological survey may provide useful information of these herbal medicines, which are valuable for searching new bioactive molecules. From this viewpoint, we have been performing the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological field studies in Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, and Mongolia. Phytochemical studies on traditional herbal medicines were performed based on the information obtained by our ethnobotanical survey. Herbal medicines used in Uzbekistan and Bangladesh were also investigated on the basis of the ethnopharmacological information obtained from collaborative researchers in the respective regions. Some studies were carried out for searching active substance(s) based on bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation. Over 150 new molecules were isolated in these studies, and their various biological activities were also demonstrated. This review summarizes the results of phytochemical studies of those traditional herbal medicines as well as biological activities of the isolated molecules.

An Overview of Phytochemical and Biological Activities: Ficus deltoidea Jack and Other Ficus spp.

Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

Phytochemical study of Pilosocereus pachycladus and antibiotic-resistance modifying activity of syringaldehyde

ABSTRACT Pilosocereus pachycladus F. Ritter, Cactaceae, popularly known as "facheiro", is used as food and traditional medicine in Brazilian caatinga ecoregion. The plant is used to treat prostate inflammation and urinary infection. The present work reports the first secondary metabolites isolated from P. pachycladus. Therefore, the isolated compound 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde (syringaldehyde) was evaluated as modulator of Staphylococcus aureus pump efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance. The isolation of compounds was performed using chromatographic techniques and the structural elucidation was carried out by spectroscopic methods. In order to evaluate syringaldehyde ability to modulate S. aureus antibiotic resistance, its minimum inhibitory concentrations (µg/ml) was first determinate, then, the tested antibiotics minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined in the presence of the syringaldehyde in a sub-inhibitory concentration. The chromatographic procedures led to isolation of twelve compounds from P. pachycladus including fatty acids, steroids, chlorophyll derivatives, phenolics and a lignan. The syringaldehyde did not show any antibacterial activity at 256 µg/ml against S. aureus. On the other hand the compound was able to reduce the antibiotic concentration (tetracycline, norfloxacin, ethidium bromide) required to inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria, showing the ability of syringaldehyde of inhibiting the efflux pump on these bacteria.

Estudio fitoquímico preliminar y evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana del Solanum Dolichosepalum Bitter (Frutillo) / Preliminary phytochemical study and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Solanum Dolichosepalum Bitter (frutillo)

Introducción: Solanum dolichosepalum Bitter, llamada comúnmente frutillo, es tradicionalmente usada en Colombia como antibacteriano, antiinflamatorio, cicatrizante y en enfermedades renales. La escasa información en bases de datos sobre la planta en estudio no permitió referenciar un mayor número de artículos actuales. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de extractos obtenidos del fruto de S. dolichosepalum y realizar un estudio fitoquímico preliminar. Método: la actividad antimicrobiana fue evaluada a partir de cuatro fracciones (F) obtenidas del extracto etanólico de los frutos secos deS. dolichosepalum frente a cepas deEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomona aeruginosa por el método de Kirby-Bauer. La primera fracción se sometió a cromatografía en columna y a sus fracciones se les evaluó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (MIC) por el método de microdilución. Los metabolitos responsables de la actividad antimicrobiana...(AU)

Introduction: Solanum dolichosepalum Bitter, commonly known as frutillo, has been traditionally used in Colombia as antibacterial, antiinflammatory and cicatrizant, and to treat renal disease. Due to the scant information about the study plant contained in databases, it was not possible to reference a larger number of current papers. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from the fruit of S. dolichosepalum and conduct a preliminary phytochemical study. Method: The Kirby-Bauer method was applied to four fractions (F) obtained from the ethanolic extract of dry fruits of S. dolichosepalum to evaluate antimicrobial activity against strains ofEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomona aeruginosa. The first fraction underwent column chromatography and its fractions were tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method. Metabolites responsible for antimicrobial activity were identified by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates (MERCK) with an ultraviolet lamp (365 nm). Finally, a phytochemical study was conducted of the ethanolic extract of the fruits to determine the presence of bioactive metabolites.Results: Phytochemical testing of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids and/or free...(AU)

Estudio fitoquímico preliminar y evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana del Solanum Dolichosepalum Bitter (Frutillo) / Preliminary phytochemical study and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Solanum Dolichosepalum Bitter (frutillo)

Introducción: Solanum dolichosepalum Bitter, llamada comúnmente frutillo, es tradicionalmente usada en Colombia como antibacteriano, antiinflamatorio, cicatrizante y en enfermedades renales. La escasa información en bases de datos sobre la planta en estudio no permitió referenciar un mayor número de artículos actuales. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de extractos obtenidos del fruto de S. dolichosepalum y realizar un estudio fitoquímico preliminar. Método: la actividad antimicrobiana fue evaluada a partir de cuatro fracciones (F) obtenidas del extracto etanólico de los frutos secos deS. dolichosepalum frente a cepas de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomona aeruginosa por el método de Kirby-Bauer. La primera fracción se sometió a cromatografía en columna y a sus fracciones se les evaluó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (MIC) por el método de microdilución. Los metabolitos responsables de la actividad antimicrobiana se identificaron por cromatografía de capa delgada en placas de sílica gel (MERCK) y lámpara ultravioleta (365nm). Se realizó finalmente un estudio fitoquímico del extracto etanólico de los frutos para evaluar la presencia de metabolitos bioactivos. Resultados: las pruebas fitoquímicas del extracto etanólico revelaron la presencia de alcaloides, esteroides y/o triterpenoides libres, taninos, saponinas, flavonoides y glucósidos cardiotónicos. De las cuatro fracciones obtenidas a partir de este extracto, las fracciones F1 y F2 tuvieron MIC de 31,25 y 15,62 mg/mL, respectivamente frente a E. coli y de 500 y 31,25 mg/mL frente a S. aureus. F3 y F4 no presentaron inhibición y ninguna fracción tuvo actividad frente a P. aeruginosa. Las fracciones obtenidas por cromatografía en columna a partir de F1 se denominaron F1A, F1B, F1C y F1D; la fracción F 1B mostró la mayor actividad antimicrobiana, con MICs de 35 y 17,5 mg/mL frente a S. aureus y E. coli respectivamente. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos confirman el uso tradicional delS. dolichosepalum como antibacteriana, con actividad frente a E. coli y S. aureus(AU)

Introduction: Solanum dolichosepalum Bitter, commonly known as frutillo, has been traditionally used in Colombia as antibacterial, antiinflammatory and cicatrizant, and to treat renal disease. Due to the scant information about the study plant contained in databases, it was not possible to reference a larger number of current papers. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from the fruit of S. dolichosepalum and conduct a preliminary phytochemical study. Method: The Kirby-Bauer method was applied to four fractions (F) obtained from the ethanolic extract of dry fruits of S. dolichosepalum to evaluate antimicrobial activity against strains ofEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomona aeruginosa. The first fraction underwent column chromatography and its fractions were tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method. Metabolites responsible for antimicrobial activity were identified by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates (MERCK) with an ultraviolet lamp (365 nm). Finally, a phytochemical study was conducted of the ethanolic extract of the fruits to determine the presence of bioactive metabolites.Results: Phytochemical testing of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids and/or free triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and cardiotonic glucosides. Of the four fractions obtained from the extract, fractions F1 and F2 had an MIC of 31.25 and 15.62 mg/mL, respectively, against E. coli, and 500 and 31.25 mg/mL against S. aureus. F3 and F4 did not show any inhibition, and no fraction displayed any activity against P. aeruginosa. The fractions obtained by column chromatography from F1 were named F1A, F1B, F1C and F1D. Fraction F1B showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with MICs of 35 and 17.5 mg/mL against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm the validity of the traditional use ofS. dolichosepalum as antibacterial, with activity against E. coli and S. aureus(AU)

Caracterización y estudio fitoquímico de Justicia secunda valh (Sanguinaria, Singamochilla, Insulina) / Characterization and phytochemical study of Justicia secunda valh (sanguinaria, singamochilla, insulina)

Introducción: las hojas de Justicia secunda Vahl. son ampliamente utilizadas en las poblaciones rurales de la costa ecuatoriana. Los pobladores la utilizan con fines medicinales sin que se hayan comprobado las propiedades que se le atribuye. El presente estudio se realizó con los extractos hidroalcohólico, alcohólico y etéreo de las hojas. Objetivos: caracterizar la droga cruda y varios extractos de J. secunda para determinar la presencia de metabolitos o principios activos con potencial medicinal y de esta manera analizar la posible utilidad en la elaboración de productos farmacéuticos. Métodos: se analizaron parámetros físico-químicos de la droga cruda, las hojas se recolectaron en la noche, se secaron hasta peso constante en una estufa a 30 °C ± 1 °C por 5 días y posteriormente se trituraron con un mortero, se pesaron y se obtuvieron los extractos por maceración con diversos solventes orgánicos; como etanol al 90 por ciento, éter dietílico y una solución hidroalcohólica al 50 por ciento v/v como menstruos. En el análisis fitoquímico se utilizaron técnicas cualitativas para la determinación de los principales metabolitos presentes en los extractos así como técnicas gravimétricas para determinación de cenizas totales, sólidos totales y porciento de humedad. Resultados: se constató que el contenido de cenizas totales y la humedad residual halladas en la droga cruda se encuentra dentro de los límites establecidos en la USP 37 para artículos de origen botánico. Además, se comprobó la presencia de alcaloides, cumarinas y glucósidos fenólicos en el extracto hidroalcohólico; taninos, glucósidos fenólicos y triterpenos y/o esteroides en el extracto alcohólico y alcaloides y triterpenos y/o esteroides en el extracto etéreo. Conclusión: la gran variedad de componentes químicos presentes en las hojas de J. secunda, le confieren un alto potencial para su uso medicinal como antiséptico, antiinflamatorio, antioxidante, entre otros(AU)

Introduction: Justicia secunda Vahl. leaves are widely used by rural populations from the Ecuadorian coast for medicinal purposes, but the properties attributed to it have not been verified. A study was conducted of hydroalcoholic, alcoholic and etheric leaf extracts. Objectives: Characterize the crude drug and several extracts of J. secunda to determine the presence of metabolites or active principles with medicinal potential, and analyze their possible usefulness to produce pharmaceutical products. Methods: An analysis was conducted of the physicochemical parameters of the crude drug. The leaves were collected at night and dried to constant weight in a stove at 30 °C ± 1 °C for 5 days. They were then crushed in a mortar and weighed. The extracts were obtained by maceration in various organic solvents, such as 90 percent ethanol, diethyl ether and a 50 percent v/v hydroalcoholic solution. For phytochemical analysis, qualitative techniques were applied to determine the main metabolites present in the extracts. Gravimetric techniques were used for determination of total ashes, total solids and percentage of humidity. Results: It was found that content of total ashes and residual humidity in the crude drug are within the limits established by USP 37 for items of botanical origin. Additionally, alkaloids, coumarins and phenolic glucosides were found to be present in the hydroalcoholic extract; tannins, phenolic glucosides and triterpenes and/or steroids in the alcoholic extract; and alkaloids and triterpenes and/or steroids in the etheric extract. Conclusion: The great variety of chemical components present in the leaves of J. secunda grants them high potential for medicinal use as antiseptic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant, among others(AU)

Estudio fitoquímico y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de Esenbeckia litoralis Donn.Sm. (Loro grande) / Phytochemical study and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Esenbeckia litoralis Donn. Sm. (loro)

Introducción: la especie Esenbeckia litoralis Donn.Sm. (Rutaceae) es también conocida como Loro o Loro grande, ha sido empleado en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de mordeduras de serpientes, dolor de garganta y lesiones ocasionadas por picaduras de insectos. Esta variedad de actividades son causadas por acción de los compuestos que la constituyen, como lignanos, terpenos, alcaloides, cumarinas y polifenoles que representan un alto potencial farmacológico para esta especie. Objetivo: realizar el estudio fitoquímico y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de la especie E. litoralis. Métodos: los extractos vegetales de hojas corteza y madera se obtuvieron empleando etanol al 96 por ciento, y posteriormente fueron fraccionados usando técnicas cromatográficas como Cromatografía en Capa Delgada (CCD), Cromatografía en Columna (CC) y Cromatografía en Capa Delgada Preparativa (CCDP). Los compuestos se identificaron mediante el análisis de datos espectroscópicos con el empleo de técnicas instrumentales como: Infrarrojo (IR), Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Protónica y de Carbono trece (RMN-1H y 13C), Espectrometría de Masas (EM) y difracción de rayos x (DRX). La actividad antioxidante se evaluó a través de los métodos radical catiónico ABTS•+, radical libre DPPH• y Potencial de Actividad de Reducción Férrica (FRAP). Resultados: de esta especie se aislaron e identificaron cinco compuestos: cuatro alcaloides y un flavonoide. Los extractos en acetato de etilo de hojas y corteza mostraron una significativa actividad frente a los radicales ABTS•+ con un IC50 de 5,65 y 7,65 µg/mL respectivamente. Conclusiones: de los distintos extractos se aislaron cinco compuestos: 1-hidroxi-3-metoxi-N-metilacridona (1), maculosidina (2) maculina (3), dictamina (4) y gardenina B (5). El extracto en acetato de etilo de hojas y corteza presentaron una significativa actividad antioxidante frente al radical ABTS con un IC50 de 5,65 y 7,65 mg/L, respectivamente(AU)

Introduction: The species Esenbeckia litoralis Donn. Sm. (Rutaceae), also known as loro or loro grande, has been used in traditional medicine to treat snakebites, sore throats and lesions caused by insect bites. The compounds contained in the plant, among them lignans, terpenes, alkaloids, coumarins and polyphenols, are responsible for such a broad variety of activities, granting it great pharmacological potential. Objective: Conduct a phytochemical study and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the species E. litoralis. Methods: Plant extracts from leaves, stem and wood were obtained using 96 percent ethanol, and then fractioned with chromatographic techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography (CC) and preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC). The compounds were identified by spectroscopic data analysis using instrumental techniques such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, proton and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-1H and 13C), mass spectrometry (MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant activity was evaluated with the methods ABTSo+ radical cation, DPPHo free radical and ferric reducing ability power (FRAP). Results: Five compounds were isolated from the species: four alkaloids and one flavonoid. Ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and stem displayed significant activity against ABTSo+ radicals, with a CI50 of 5.65 and 7.65 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: Five compounds were isolated from the various extracts: 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methylacridone (1), maculosidin (2), maculin (3), dictamin (4) and gardenin B (5). The leaf and stem extract in ethyl acetate displayed significant antioxidant activity against the ABTS radical, with a CI50 of 5.65 and 7.65 mg/l, respectively(AU)

Estudio fitoquímico y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de Esenbeckia litoralis Donn.Sm. (Loro grande) / Phytochemical study and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Esenbeckia litoralis Donn. Sm. (loro)

Introducción: la especie Esenbeckia litoralis Donn.Sm. (Rutaceae) es también conocida como Loro o Loro grande, ha sido empleado en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de mordeduras de serpientes, dolor de garganta y lesiones ocasionadas por picaduras de insectos. Esta variedad de actividades son causadas por acción de los compuestos que la constituyen, como lignanos, terpenos, alcaloides, cumarinas y polifenoles que representan un alto potencial farmacológico para esta especie. Objetivo: realizar el estudio fitoquímico y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de la especie E. litoralis. Métodos: los extractos vegetales de hojas corteza y madera se obtuvieron empleando etanol al 96 por ciento, y posteriormente fueron fraccionados usando técnicas cromatográficas como Cromatografía en Capa Delgada (CCD), Cromatografía en Columna (CC) y Cromatografía en Capa Delgada Preparativa (CCDP). Los compuestos se identificaron mediante el análisis de datos espectroscópicos con el empleo de técnicas instrumentales como: Infrarrojo (IR), Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Protónica y de Carbono trece (RMN-1H y 13C), Espectrometría de Masas (EM) y difracción de rayos x (DRX). La actividad antioxidante se evaluó a través de los métodos radical catiónico ABTS•+, radical libre DPPH• y Potencial de Actividad de Reducción Férrica (FRAP). Resultados: de esta especie se aislaron e identificaron cinco compuestos: cuatro alcaloides y un flavonoide. Los extractos en acetato de etilo de hojas y corteza mostraron una significativa actividad frente a los radicales ABTS•+ con un IC50 de 5,65 y 7,65 µg/mL respectivamente. Conclusiones: de los distintos extractos se aislaron cinco compuestos: 1-hidroxi-3-metoxi-N-metilacridona (1), maculosidina (2) maculina (3), dictamina (4) y gardenina B (5). El extracto en acetato de etilo de hojas y corteza presentaron una significativa actividad antioxidante frente al radical ABTS con un IC50 de 5,65 y 7,65 mg/L, respectivamente(AU)

Introduction: The species Esenbeckia litoralis Donn. Sm. (Rutaceae), also known as loro or loro grande, has been used in traditional medicine to treat snakebites, sore throats and lesions caused by insect bites. The compounds contained in the plant, among them lignans, terpenes, alkaloids, coumarins and polyphenols, are responsible for such a broad variety of activities, granting it great pharmacological potential. Objective: Conduct a phytochemical study and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the species E. litoralis. Methods: Plant extracts from leaves, stem and wood were obtained using 96 percent ethanol, and then fractioned with chromatographic techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography (CC) and preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC). The compounds were identified by spectroscopic data analysis using instrumental techniques such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, proton and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-1H and 13C), mass spectrometry (MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant activity was evaluated with the methods ABTSo+ radical cation, DPPHo free radical and ferric reducing ability power (FRAP). Results: Five compounds were isolated from the species: four alkaloids and one flavonoid. Ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and stem displayed significant activity against ABTSo+ radicals, with a CI50 of 5.65 and 7.65 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: Five compounds were isolated from the various extracts: 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methylacridone (1), maculosidin (2), maculin (3), dictamin (4) and gardenin B (5). The leaf and stem extract in ethyl acetate displayed significant antioxidant activity against the ABTS radical, with a CI50 of 5.65 and 7.65 mg/l, respectively(AU)

Inhibition of gelatinase activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by extracts of Bauhinia ungulata L / Inibição da atividade gelatinolítica de MMP-2 e MMP-9 a partir de extratos de Bauhinia ungulata l

Metastasis is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Tumour invasion and metastasis result from processes that include the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix adjacent to the tumour. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9, have prognostic influence in human cancers after they cleave the main structural components of the basal membrane. These actions make MMPs an attractive target for cancer and metastasis studies. This study evaluated the inhibitory potency of extracts of Bauhinia ungulata L. (BU) on the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and -9 and recognized the group of secondary compounds responsible for this property. The zymographic analysis of the BU stem revealed that the ethyl acetate partition (D) caused a higher inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9. The phytochemical study of D showed the presence of steroids, tannins, and coumarins and the significant presence of alkaloids and flavonoids. The phytochemical study of the fractions obtained through the column chromatography of partition D revealed a significant presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in the fractions that showed better inhibition of the gelatinolytic activity of MMPs. In conclusion, these results suggest that the stem fraction of BU has the potential to inhibit MMP-2 and MMP-9 and should be used in studies on the recognition of active biomolecules.

A metástase é a responsável pela maioria das mortes relacionadas ao câncer. Tanto a invasão tumoral quanto a metástase resultam de processos que incluem a degradação proteolítica da matriz extracelular adjacente ao tumor. As metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs), especialmente as MMP-2 e MMP-9, têm influência direta no prognóstico dos diversos tipos de câncer humano, pois clivam os principais componentes estruturais da membrana basal. Estas ações fazem das MMPs alvos atraentes para estudos envolvendo câncer e metástase. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial inibidor dos extratos de Bauhinia ungulata L. (BU) sobre a atividade gelatinolítica das MMP-2 e 9 e reconhecer o grupo de compostos secundários responsáveis por esta propriedade. Análises por zimograma do ramo de BU revelaram que a partição de acetato de etila (D) causou maior inibição de MMP-2 e MMP-9. O estudo fitoquímico de D mostrou a presença de esteróides, taninos e cumarinas e a presença significativa de alcaloides e flavonoides. As frações da coluna cromatográfica da partição D e seus estudos fitoquímicos revelaram uma grande presença de flavonoides e alcaloides nas frações que apresentaram maior inibição da atividade gelatinolítica de MMPs. Em conclusão, estes resultados sugerem que frações do ramo de BU têm o potencial inibidor de MMP-2 e MMP-9 e devem ser utilizadas em estudos envolvendo o reconhecimento de biomoléculas ativas.

Promising results of cranberry in the prevention of oral Candida biofilms.

In the context of dental caries prevention by natural foodstuff sources, antifungal and antibiofilm activities of dry commercial extracts of cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) and two other red fruits (Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Malpighia punicifolia L.) were assessed on Candida albicans and Candida glabrata yeasts. When added to the culture medium, the cranberry extract displayed a significant anti-adhesion activity against Candida spp. when used at low concentrations. In addition, the pretreatment of surfaces with this extract induced an anti-adhesion activity mainly against C. glabrata yeasts and an antibiofilm activity against C. albicans. This activity was dependent on concentration, species, and strain. A phytochemical investigation bioguided by anti-adhesion tests against the two Candida species was carried out on crude cranberry juice to determine the active fractions. Three subfractions enriched in proanthocyanidins showed an anti-adhesion activity at low concentrations. This study investigated for the first time the interest of crude extracts of cranberry and cranberry juice fractions to prevent biofilms of C. glabrata. It highlighted the potency of consuming this fruit and using it as a source of anti-adhesion agents.

Explotación de Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. con fines medicinales / Use of Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. with medicinal purposes

Introducción: para la explotación de Malvaviscus arboreus con fines medicinales se necesita la determinación de algunos parámetros.Objetivos: establecer los parámetros de cultivo y poscosecha. Métodos: se determinó la forma de propagación asexual como tipos de estacas, sustratos y plantación directa de estas en el terreno; porcentaje que brotó; el comportamiento de cultivo en 3 fechas, plantando estacas de cualquier tipo directamente en canteros al sol (9 plantas/m2); inicio de cosecha de flores y rendimientos frescos en 15 recolecciones sucesivas por 7 días; presencia de plagas; tamizaje fitoquímico en extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso; parámetros farmacognósticos; tipo de secado; índices numéricos (humedad, cenizas totales, sustancias solubles en agua y alcohol 70 por ciento), y vida útil de la droga conservada por año a temperatura ambiente. Resultados: el mejor enraizamiento fue en zeolita; resultó preferible la plantación directa en área definitiva (90 x 40 cm) en cualquier fecha del año, la óptima fue mayo por mayores rendimientos de flores. Se observó presencia del crisomélido Phylotreta striolata y hongos; Alternaria sp. y Fusarium sp. en ramas. Se identificó mayor diversidad de metabolitos secundarios en el extracto alcohólico. Cualquier tipo de secado fue rápido y mantuvo el color natural de la droga. Las características organolépticas se conservan durante 1 año en frascos de vidrio y polipropileno; en los sobres de polietileno de baja densidad hay pérdida de color y olor a partir de 6 meses y presencia de Lasioderma serricorne en cualquier envase.Conclusiones: se demostró crecimiento vigoroso y alta producción de flores durante casi todo el año a partir de 5 meses de establecido el cultivo, la droga cosechada mantiene calidad por 6 meses en frascos de vidrio ámbar(AU)

Introduction: the use of Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. with medicinal purposes requires the determination of some parameters. Objectives: to determine cultivation and pre-crop parameters. Methods: forms of asexual spread such as types of pegs, substratum, and their direct plantation in the land were determined as well as the sprout percentage; cultivation behavior in three different dates, planting different types of pegs in flowerbeds exposed to the sun (9 plants/m²); beginning of the cultivation of flowers and fresh yield in 15 consecutive pickings for 7 days; presence of plagues; phytochemical screening in ethereal, alcoholic and aqueous extracts; pharmacognostic parameters; drying types; numerical values (humidity, total ashes, soluble substances in water and 70 percent alcohol) and useful life of the drug preserved during a year at room temperature. Results: the best growing roots was seen in the zeolite; direct seeding was preferable in a definitive area (90 x 40 cm) at any in date of the year, the optimum date was May due to the possibility of obtaining better production of flowers; presence of chrysomelid Phyllotreta striolata and fungi was observed as well as Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. in branches. A greater diversity of secondary metabolites in the alcoholic extract was identified. Any type of drying was fast and maintained the natural color of the drug. The organoloeptic characteristics are kept for a year in glass and polypropylene bottles; in low density polyethylene packs, color and odor loss appears from the 6 months and Lasioderma serricorne is present in any container. Conclusions: a vigorous growth and a high production of flowers were demonstrated during almost all the year from the 5 months of cultivation establishment; the cultivated drug maintains its quality for 6 months in amber glass containers(AU)

Explotación de Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. con fines medicinales / Use of Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. with medicinal purposes

Introducción: para la explotación de Malvaviscus arboreus con fines medicinales se necesita la determinación de algunos parámetros.Objetivos: establecer los parámetros de cultivo y poscosecha. Métodos: se determinó la forma de propagación asexual como tipos de estacas, sustratos y plantación directa de estas en el terreno; porcentaje que brotó; el comportamiento de cultivo en 3 fechas, plantando estacas de cualquier tipo directamente en canteros al sol (9 plantas/m2); inicio de cosecha de flores y rendimientos frescos en 15 recolecciones sucesivas por 7 días; presencia de plagas; tamizaje fitoquímico en extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso; parámetros farmacognósticos; tipo de secado; índices numéricos (humedad, cenizas totales, sustancias solubles en agua y alcohol 70 por ciento), y vida útil de la droga conservada por año a temperatura ambiente. Resultados: el mejor enraizamiento fue en zeolita; resultó preferible la plantación directa en área definitiva (90 x 40 cm) en cualquier fecha del año, la óptima fue mayo por mayores rendimientos de flores. Se observó presencia del crisomélido Phylotreta striolata y hongos; Alternaria sp. y Fusarium sp. en ramas. Se identificó mayor diversidad de metabolitos secundarios en el extracto alcohólico. Cualquier tipo de secado fue rápido y mantuvo el color natural de la droga. Las características organolépticas se conservan durante 1 año en frascos de vidrio y polipropileno; en los sobres de polietileno de baja densidad hay pérdida de color y olor a partir de 6 meses y presencia de Lasioderma serricorne en cualquier envase.Conclusiones: se demostró crecimiento vigoroso y alta producción de flores durante casi todo el año a partir de 5 meses de establecido el cultivo, la droga cosechada mantiene calidad por 6 meses en frascos de vidrio ámbar

Introduction: the use of Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. with medicinal purposes requires the determination of some parameters. Objectives: to determine cultivation and pre-crop parameters. Methods: forms of asexual spread such as types of pegs, substratum, and their direct plantation in the land were determined as well as the sprout percentage; cultivation behavior in three different dates, planting different types of pegs in flowerbeds exposed to the sun (9 plants/m²); beginning of the cultivation of flowers and fresh yield in 15 consecutive pickings for 7 days; presence of plagues; phytochemical screening in ethereal, alcoholic and aqueous extracts; pharmacognostic parameters; drying types; numerical values (humidity, total ashes, soluble substances in water and 70 percent alcohol) and useful life of the drug preserved during a year at room temperature. Results: the best growing roots was seen in the zeolite; direct seeding was preferable in a definitive area (90 x 40 cm) at any in date of the year, the optimum date was May due to the possibility of obtaining better production of flowers; presence of chrysomelid Phyllotreta striolata and fungi was observed as well as Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. in branches. A greater diversity of secondary metabolites in the alcoholic extract was identified. Any type of drying was fast and maintained the natural color of the drug. The organoloeptic characteristics are kept for a year in glass and polypropylene bottles; in low density polyethylene packs, color and odor loss appears from the 6 months and Lasioderma serricorne is present in any container. Conclusions: a vigorous growth and a high production of flowers were demonstrated during almost all the year from the 5 months of cultivation establishment; the cultivated drug maintains its quality for 6 months in amber glass containers

Composición fitoquímica de los tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. que crece en Cuba / Phytochemical composition of stems and leaves from Solanum nigrum L. grown in Cuba

Introducción: Solanum nigrum L. se emplea como antiséptico, expectorante, cardiotónico, digestivo diaforético y sedativo. Las hojas son usadas como emplastos para el reumatismo, enfermedades de la piel, y para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Se considera un potente antiinflamatorio. Objetivos: determinar la composición fitoquímica de los extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso de tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. Métodos: se recolectaron tallos y hojas de Solanum nigrum L., se lavaron, desinfectaron, secaron, pulverizaron y les fueron realizadas extracciones sucesivas con solventes de polaridad creciente. Los extractos se filtraron y se les practicó ensayos fitoquímicos de identificación de metabolitos secundarios. Resultados: los resultados de la determinación de la composición fitoquímica de los extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso de las hojas y tallos, indican la existencia de varias familias de metabolitos secundarios como alcaloides, flavonoides, cumarinas, taninos y saponinas. Conclusiones: se destacan, por su significativa presencia, flavonoides, alcaloides, taninos y cumarinas, que resultan de interés biológico y farmacológico por sus posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas(AU)

Introduction: Solanum nigrum L. is used as antiseptic, expectorant, digestive,cardotonic diaphoretic and sedative agent. The leaves are used as poultice for rheumatism, skin diseases, and for the treatment of tuberculosis. It is considered a potent antiinflammatory. Objectives: to determine the phytochemical screening of ethereal, alcoholic and watery extracts from the Solanum nigrum L leaves and stems. Methods: steams and leaves were harvested, washed, disinfected, dried off, pulverized, and finally underwent consecutive extraction processes with growing polarity solvents. The extracts were filtered and subjected to phytochemical tests to identify the secondary metabolites. Results: the results of the phytochemical study performed to ethereal, alcoholic, and watery extracts of leaves and stems, showed the existence of several families of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins tannins, and saponins. Conclusions: alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins and tannins are significantly present; they arouse the pharmacological and biological interest because of their possible therapeutic applications(AU)

Composición fitoquímica de los tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. que crece en Cuba / Phytochemical composition of stems and leaves from Solanum nigrum L. grown in Cuba

Introducción: Solanum nigrum L. se emplea como antiséptico, expectorante, cardiotónico, digestivo diaforético y sedativo. Las hojas son usadas como emplastos para el reumatismo, enfermedades de la piel, y para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Se considera un potente antiinflamatorio. Objetivos: determinar la composición fitoquímica de los extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso de tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. Métodos: se recolectaron tallos y hojas de Solanum nigrum L., se lavaron, desinfectaron, secaron, pulverizaron y les fueron realizadas extracciones sucesivas con solventes de polaridad creciente. Los extractos se filtraron y se les practicó ensayos fitoquímicos de identificación de metabolitos secundarios. Resultados: los resultados de la determinación de la composición fitoquímica de los extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso de las hojas y tallos, indican la existencia de varias familias de metabolitos secundarios como alcaloides, flavonoides, cumarinas, taninos y saponinas. Conclusiones: se destacan, por su significativa presencia, flavonoides, alcaloides, taninos y cumarinas, que resultan de interés biológico y farmacológico por sus posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas

Introduction: Solanum nigrum L. is used as antiseptic, expectorant, digestive,cardotonic diaphoretic and sedative agent. The leaves are used as poultice for rheumatism, skin diseases, and for the treatment of tuberculosis. It is considered a potent antiinflammatory. Objectives: to determine the phytochemical screening of ethereal, alcoholic and watery extracts from the Solanum nigrum L leaves and stems. Methods: steams and leaves were harvested, washed, disinfected, dried off, pulverized, and finally underwent consecutive extraction processes with growing polarity solvents. The extracts were filtered and subjected to phytochemical tests to identify the secondary metabolites. Results: the results of the phytochemical study performed to ethereal, alcoholic, and watery extracts of leaves and stems, showed the existence of several families of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins tannins, and saponins. Conclusions: alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins and tannins are significantly present; they arouse the pharmacological and biological interest because of their possible therapeutic applications

Tamizaje fitoquímico de Scutellaria havanensis Jacq / Phytochemical screening of Scutellaria havanensis JacQ

Introducción: la especie Scutellaria havanensis Jacq., conocida como escudo de La Habana, es una planta endémica de Cuba, empleada para el tratamiento de la escabiosis, como diaforético y febrífugo. Sin embargo, no se han realizado estudios fitoquímicos de esta planta. Objetivo: realizar un tamizaje fitoquímico de los extractos etéreo, metanólico y acuoso de las partes aéreas (hojas y tallos) de la especie Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. Métodos: se recolectaron las partes aéreas frescas y se extrajeron con éter dietílico, metanol y agua. Los extractos se filtraron y se les realizaron las pruebas fitoquímicas de identificación. Resultados: en el extracto etéreo se identificaron alcaloides, coumarinas, triterpenos y esteroides; en los extractos acuoso y metanólico se encontraron alcaloides, grupos aminos, azúcares, flavonoides, quinonas y resinas; mientras que en el extracto acuoso se detectaron saponinas y principios amargos. Conclusiones: Scutellaria havanensis, planta endémica cubana, contiene varios grupos de compuestos como flavonoides, alcaloides, entre otros, que pudieran tener interés farmacológico potencial. Estos resultados constituyen un apoyo para continuar los estudios fítoquímicos y farmacológicos de los diversos extractos(AU)

Introduction: Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. species, known as Escudo de La Habana (Havana skullcap), is an endemic Cuban plant, etnomedically used for the treatment of scabies and as a diaphoretic and a febrifuge. However, no phytochemical study of this plant has been made so far. Objective: to conduct a phytochemical study of the ethereal, methanol and aqueous extracts from aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. species. Methods: fresh aerial parts were harvested and extracts were obtained with diethyl ether, methanol and water. The extracts were filtered and subjected to the phytochemical identification tests. Results: alkaloids, coumarins, triterpenes and steroids were identified in the ethereal extracts, whereas alkaloids, amino groups, sugars, flavonoids, quinones and resins were found in the methanol and aqueous extracts, and saponins and bitter principles in the aqueous extract. Conclusions: Scutellaria havanensis, an endemic Cuban plant, contains several groups of compounds of potential pharmacological interest like flavonoids and alkaloids, among others. These results encourage continuing the phytochemical and pharmacological studies of several extracts(AU)