Proximate composition, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity of solid state fermented peanut press cake.

The current research was led to assess the influence of solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Aspergillus oryzae (MTCC 3107) on polyphenols, antioxidant activities, and proximate composition from peanut press cake of variety HNG-10. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were calculated for polyphenols quantification whereas DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and metal chelating assay were performed for antioxidant activity. Quantification of polyphenols was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique. Maximum value of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content was found to be 25.55 µM/g GAE, 101.17 µM/g QE, and 245.33 µg/g TAE, respectively. The highest inhibition of free radicals scavenging was noticed on the 5th day of fermentation after that decreased gradually with the increase of fermentation time. Significant increase in fat, i.e. 7.05-12.80% and protein content i.e. 44.05-49.60% was observed. Significant difference in proximate composition of fermented and non-fermented press cake concluded that the progressive role of fermentation improved or transformed physico-chemical properties of substrates.

ß-Mannanase Production Using Coffee Industry Waste for Application in Soluble Coffee Processing.

Soluble coffee offers the combined benefits of high added value and practicality for its consumers. The hydrolysis of coffee polysaccharides by the biochemical route, using enzymes, is an eco-friendly and sustainable way to improve the quality of this product, while contributing to the implementation of industrial processes that have lower energy requirements and can reduce environmental impacts. This work describes the production of hydrolytic enzymes by solid-state fermentation (SSF), cultivating filamentous fungi on waste from the coffee industry, followed by their application in the hydrolysis of waste coffee polysaccharides from soluble coffee processing. Different substrate compositions were studied, an ideal microorganism was selected, and the fermentation conditions were optimized. Cultivations for enzymes production were carried out in flasks and in a packed-bed bioreactor. Higher enzyme yield was achieved in the bioreactor, due to better aeration of the substrate. The best ß-mannanase production results were found for a substrate composed of a mixture of coffee waste and wheat bran (1:1 w/w), using Aspergillusniger F12. The enzymatic extract proved to be very stable for 24 h, at 50 °C, and was able to hydrolyze a considerable amount of the carbohydrates in the coffee. The addition of a commercial cellulase cocktail to the crude extract increased the hydrolysis yield by 56%. The production of ß-mannanase by SSF and its application in the hydrolysis of coffee polysaccharides showed promise for improving soluble coffee processing, offering an attractive way to assist in closing the loops in the coffee industry and creating a circular economy.

Feasibility of exhausted sugar beet pulp as raw material for lactic acid production.

BACKGROUND: Exhausted sugar beet pulp pellets (ESBPP), a sugar industry by-product generated after sugar extraction in the sugar production process, have been used as a raw material for lactic acid (LA) production via hydrolysis and fermentation by Lactobacillus casei. To design a more cost-effective process, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of ESBPP is proposed in the present study. The effects of pH control, nutrient supplementation and solid addition in fed-batch SSF on lactic acid production were investigated. RESULTS: The highest LA concentration (26.88 g L-1 ) was reached in fed-batch SSF at a solid/liquid loading of 0.2 g mL-1 , with pH control (by adding 30 g L-1 CaCO3 to the medium) and nutrient supplementation (by adding 20 mL of MRS medium per 100 mL of buffer). Under these conditions, a maximum productivity of 0.63 g L-1 h-1 was achieved, which is 2.7 times higher than that attained in the control experiment (SSF inoculated at time 0 h). However, a slightly lower LA yield was obtained, revealing the need of an increasing dose of enzymes at high solid loading SSF. CONCLUSION: An efficient fed-batch SSF strategy with pH control and MRS supplementation is described in the present study, attaining higher LA productivity compared to separate hydrolysis and fermentation and SSF. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of oil palm front for the production of 2,3-butanediol.

The present study aims to develop a process for the production of 2,3-butanediol by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of Oil Palm Front (OPF) biomass. The study compares SSF with Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) of oil palm biomass and batch fermentation using glucose. The results showed that SSF is one of the most attractive techniques for the microbial production of 2,3-butanediol using lignocellulosic biomass. The enzymatic digestibility and fermentative efficiency of alkali pre-treated OPF biomass was checked and the role of various experimental parameters like enzyme loading and inoculum loading were optimized. SSF experiments could give 30.74 g/l of BDO in shake flask and 12.53 g/l in 500 ml bioreactor with a productivity of 0.32 and 0.13 g/l/h respectively.

Optimisation of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) for Biobutanol Production Using Pretreated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch.

This study was conducted in order to optimise simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for biobutanol production from a pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Temperature, initial pH, cellulase loading and substrate concentration were screened using one factor at a time (OFAT) and further statistically optimised by central composite design (CCD) using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Approximately 2.47 g/L of biobutanol concentration and 0.10 g/g of biobutanol yield were obtained after being screened through OFAT with 29.55% increment (1.42 fold). The optimised conditions for SSF after CCD were: temperature of 35 °C, initial pH of 5.5, cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g-substrate and substrate concentration of 5% (w/v). This optimisation study resulted in 55.95% increment (2.14 fold) of biobutanol concentration equivalent to 3.97 g/L and biobutanol yield of 0.16 g/g. The model and optimisation design obtained from this study are important for further improvement of biobutanol production, especially in consolidated bioprocessing technology.

Novel two-stage solid-state fermentation for erythritol production on okara-buckwheat husk medium.

An economical model of two-stage solid state fermentation (SSF) (prefermentation stage with Mucor flavus and in situ erythritol fermentation stage with Yarrowia lipolytica) for enhancing erythritol production was investigated. Buckwheat husk (BH) was utilized as inert support for the first time and okara as the substrate. Morphological properties suggested yeast cells were exposed in adequate oxygen leading to high erythritol yield, and enzyme activities analysis indicated M. flavus and Y. lipolytica grew and cooperated well during the two ferment stages. Maximum erythritol production (143.3 mg/gds) was obtained from okara-BH mixture (5:2, w/w) supplemented with 0.01 g/gds NaCl, with an initial moisture content of 60% and pH of 4.0 for 192 h, while undesired mannitol and citric acid were suppressed. Compared with submerged fermentation, two-stage SSF was short period, energy conserving and operable for erythritol production from insoluble wastes, and this is the first report on erythritol production via SSF.

Production of bio-sugar and bioethanol from coffee residue (CR) by acid-chlorite pretreatment.

Nowadays, coffee residue (CR) after roasting is recognized as one of the most useful resources in the world for producing the biofuel and bio-materials. In this study, we evaluated the potential of bio-sugar and bioethanol production from acid-chlorite treated CR. Notably, CR treated three times with acid-chlorite after organic solvent extraction (OSE-3), showed the high monosaccharide content, and the efficient sugar conversion yield compared to the other pretreatment conditions. The OSE-3 (6% substrate loading, w/v) can produce bio-sugar (0.568g/g OSE-3). Also, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) produced ethanol (0.266g/g OSE-3), and showed an ethanol conversion yield of 73.8% after a 72-h reaction period. These results suggest that acid-chlorite pretreatment can improve the bio-sugar and bioethanol production of CR by removing the phenolic and brown compounds.

2-Pyrrolidone synthesis from γ-aminobutyric acid produced by Lactobacillus brevis under solid-state fermentation utilizing toxic deoiled cottonseed cake.

There is an increasing demand of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as drug and food additive, as well as feedstock to produce 2-pyrrolidone, a precursor for the synthesis of nylon 4. 2-Pyrrolidone is a petrochemical and depleting reserve which raises concern for its bio-based production. The study herein describes bio-based economical GABA production from Lactobacillus brevis by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using toxic deoiled cottonseed cake (CSC) as substrate. In general, the use of cottonseed cake remains restricted due to the presence of toxic gossypols. Thus, simultaneous detoxification observed during fermentation also widens the scope of utilization of this residual seedcake for feed use vis-a-vis production of other value added chemicals. The SSF conditions were optimized for maximum GABA production, viz., 19.7 mg/g, CSC of GABA was obtained at 6th day of fermentation with 70 % degradation of gossypols simultaneously. The potential of this bio-based GABA as a platform chemical is demonstrated in the synthesis of 2-pyrrolidone. Thus, a simple and cost-effective strategy for utilizing toxic biomass has been developed as an alternate to chemical synthetic route.

Hybrid SSF/SHF Processing of SO2 Pretreated Wheat Straw-Tuning Co-fermentation by Yeast Inoculum Size and Hydrolysis Time.

Wheat straw is one of the main agricultural residues of interest for bioethanol production. This work examines conversion of steam-pretreated wheat straw (using SO2 as a catalyst) in a hybrid process consisting of a short enzymatic prehydrolysis step and a subsequent simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) step with a xylose-fermenting strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A successful process requires a balanced design of reaction time and temperature in the prehydrolysis step and yeast inoculum size and temperature in the SSF step. The pretreated material obtained after steam pretreatment at 210 °C for 5 min using 2.5 % SO2 (based on moisture content) showed a very good enzymatic digestibility at 45 °C but clearly lower at 30 °C. Furthermore, the pretreatment liquid was found to be rather inhibitory to the yeast, partly due to a furfural content of more than 3 g/L. The effect of varying the yeast inoculum size in this medium was assessed, and at a yeast inoculum size of 4 g/L, a complete conversion of glucose and a 90 % conversion of xylose were obtained within 50 h. An ethanol yield (based on the glucan and xylan in the pretreated material) of 0.39 g/g was achieved for a process with this yeast inoculum size in a hybrid process (10 % water-insoluble solid (WIS)) with 4 h prehydrolysis time and a total process time of 96 h. The obtained xylose conversion was 95 %. A longer prehydrolysis time or a lower yeast inoculum size resulted in incomplete xylose conversion.

Evaluation of the effect of process variables on the fatty acid profile of single cell oil produced by Mortierella using solid-state fermentation.

This article reviews some of the aspects of single cell oil (SCO) production using solid-state fermentation (SSF) by fungi of the genus Mortierella. This article provides an overview of the advantages of SSF for SCO formation by the aforementioned fungus and demonstrates that the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) depend on the type of fermentation media and culture conditions. Process variables that influence lipid accumulation by Mortierella spp. and the profile of the fatty acids are discussed, including incubation temperature, time, aeration, growth phase of the mycelium, particle size of the substrate, carbon to nitrogen ratio, initial moisture content and pH as well as supplementation of the substrate with nitrogen and oil. Finally, the article highlights future research trends for the scaled-up production of PUFAs in SSF.

By-products from the biodiesel chain as a substrate to citric acid production by solid-state fermentation.

In this study, we propose the use of tung cake for the production of organic acids, with an emphasis on citric acid by solid-state fermentation. We evaluated the conditions of production and the by-products from the biodiesel chain as raw materials involved in this bioprocess. First, we standardized the conditions of solid-state fermentation in tung cake with and without residual fat and with different concentrations of glycerine using the fungus Aspergillus niger The solid-state fermentation process was monitored for 7 days considering the biomass growth and pH level. Citric acid production was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Fungal development was better in the crude tung cake, consisting of 20% glycerine. The highest citric acid yield was 350 g kg(-1) of biomass. Therefore, the solid-state fermentation of the tung cake with glycerine led to citric acid production using the Aspergillus niger fungus.

Evaluation of a method using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the determination of statins in macromycetes of the genus Pleurotus cultivated by fermentation processes.

The applicability of high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet light (HPLC-UV) for the determination of the presence of statins in macromycetes of the genus Pleurotus was analyzed. The fungi were obtained by liquid-state fermentation (LSF) using unconventional sources of carbon as substrates and solid-state fermentation (SSF) employing agro industrial wastes. Five statins were used as standards: lovastatin and simvastatin in the lactone form (LOVL and SIML), their corresponding hydro-acidic forms (LOVH and SIMH) and pravastatin (PRA). The following measures were evaluated: the linearity, accuracy and precision, detection limit (DL) and quantification limit (QL). The results demonstrated HPLC-UV to be an effective tool for detecting the presence of statins in extracts of LSF and SSF products. Likewise, it was hypothesized that the strains that were used for the study do not produce statins. This finding highlights the importance of continuing to evaluate other strains of the same genus by using techniques such as HPLC to first separate sufficient quantities of the compounds that were detected using the standard technique but that did not match the retention time (tR) of any of the standards used.

Effect of a GFOD2 variant on responses in total and LDL cholesterol in Mexican subjects with hypercholesterolemia after soy protein and soluble fiber supplementation.

BACKGROUND: Although dietary treatments can successfully reduce blood lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects, individual variation in that response has on occasion been linked to allelic differences. SNP rs12449157 has shown association with HDL-C concentrations in GWAS and falls in the glucose-fructose oxidoreductase domain containing 2 (GFOD2) locus. Of interest, previous data suggest that this SNP may be under environmentally driven selection. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess if rs12449157 may mediate the response of lipid traits to a dietary supplementation (DS) with soy protein and soluble fiber in a Mexican population with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: Forty-one subjects with hypercholesterolemia were given a low saturated fat diet (LSFD) for 1 month, followed by a LSFD+DS that included 25 g of soy protein and 15 g of soluble fiber (S/SF) daily for 2 months. Anthropometric, clinical, biochemical and dietary variables were determined. We analyzed the gene-diet interaction between the GFOD2 genotype, with the minor allele frequency of 0.24, and the DS on total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C concentrations. RESULTS: Hypercholesterolemic subjects with GFOD2 rs12449157 G allele had higher serum TC and LDL-C at the baseline and showed a greater response to the LSCD+S/SF (-83.9 and -57.5mg/dl, respectively) than those with GFOD2 AA genotype (-40.1 and -21.8 mg/dl, respectively) (P=0.006 for TC, 0.025 for LDL-C, respectively). CONCLUSION: The observed differences in allele-driven, diet-induced changes in blood lipids may be the result of a recent environmentally driven selection on the rs12449157 minor allele. Variation in the GFOD2 gene contributes to the genetic basis for a differential response to a cholesterol- or lipid-lowering diet.

Simultaneous enrichment of cereals with polyunsaturated fatty acids and pigments by fungal solid state fermentations.

Four Mucor strains were tested for their ability to grow on four cereal substrates and enriched them with gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and ß-carotene. M. circinelloides CCF-2617 as the best producer accumulated of both GLA and ß-carotene in high amounts during utilization of rye bran/spent malt grains (3:1). The first growth phase was characterized by rapid GLA biosynthesis, while distinct ß-carotene formation was found in the stationary fungal growth. Therefore various cultivation conditions were tested in order to optimize the yield of either GLA or ß-carotene. The fungus grown on cereal substrate supplemented with glucose produced maximal 8.5 mg ß-carotene and 12.1 g GLA in 1 kg fermented substrate, respectively. On the other hand, the highest amount of GLA in the fermented substrate (24.2 g/kg) was achieved when 30% of sunflower oil was employed to the substrate. Interestingly, ß-carotene biosynthesis was completely inhibited when either whey or linseed oil were added to the substrate.