Position statement of the Polish Academy of Sciences Committee Human Nutrition Science on the principles for the nutrition of children aged 1-3 years.

The Position Statement on the principles of nutrition for children aged 1-3 years emphasizes that proper nutrition of children at this age determines their optimal psychometric development and has beneficial effects on the process nutritional programming, which reduces the risk of diet-related diseases in adulthood. Continued breastfeeding in the post-infancy period, together with the proper introduction of complementary foods, supplies all the nutritional needs of the child. A varied selection of food products is important to balance out the diet of a child in the context of energy and nutrient needs. Attention should be paid to products not recommended for frequent consumption, due to the possibility of the early development of improper eating habits that can lead to undesirable health consequences. Due to the potential risk of deficiency, adequate intake of iron, iodine, calcium and vitamin D, as well as of n-3 PUFAs (which is often insufficient) should be provided. Adequate dietary energy and protein intake protects children against protein-energy undernutrition and is crucial for their proper growth and development. An important element in the assessment of the development of children involves monitoring their nutritional status and physical development by systematically measuring their body weight and length/height and analyzing their weight gain. It is necessary to diagnose the causes of being underweight/overweight in children. Physical activity (such as outdoor walks, plays, and games) and healthy sleep hygiene are recommended. Physical activity, an adequate number of hours of sleep, and the quality of sleep in early childhood may improve immunity, reduce the risk of excessive weight gain, and consequently reduce the risk of obesity later in life. Other issues discussed include the functioning of the digestive system as one of the determinants of the nutrition of young children, basics of proper nutrition, risk of nutrient deficiencies and development of proper eating habits in early childhood.

Nutrition and Wound Care.

Nutrition is an important component of health and well-being. A compromised nutritional status has been linked to increased risk for wound development, difficulty managing, and decreased wound healing rate. Malnutrition contributes to an immunocompromised system, reduced collagen synthesis, and diminished tensile strength during the wound healing process. This is why assessment and optimization of nutritional status should be incorporated as part of a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals with wounds. The nutrition care plan must include individualized interventions designed to address the individual's nutrition diagnosis. This article reviews the role of nutrition in wound prevention, management, and treatment.

Low Reported Adherence to the 2019 American Diabetes Association Nutrition Recommendations among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Indicating the Need for Improved Nutrition Education and Diet Care.

Patient adherence to guidelines is important for improved outcomes and prognosis. Nevertheless, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) do not comply with the recommendations regarding medication, physical activity, diet or self-care. The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess the level of adherence to the dietary recommendations issued by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) among patients with T2DM in Komotini, Greece. A total of 162 adults with T2DM (64.7 ± 10.6 years old), of which 41.4% were men, were recruited from the Sismanoglio Hospital and participated in the study. The level of adherence to individual recommendations issued by the ADA was assessed using yes/no questions. The overall adherence rate to the guidelines was low (41.2%). According to the multivariable analysis, age and medication therapy were identified as contributors to the compliance rate. No differences were noted in the total compliance rate between patients of different religious denominations (Muslims/Christians). Patients on oral antidiabetic agents (OAA) were more adherent compared with those on insulin therapy. A mere 3.7% of the participants had received nutrition education by a registered dietitian, 9.9% were following an individualized diet plan to improve glycemia, and 3.1% had set specific energy goals to reduce body weight. These findings are indicative of the need for the delivery of improved nutrition education.

Management of Cancer Cachexia and Guidelines Implementation in a Comprehensive Cancer Center: A Physician-Led Cancer Nutrition Program Adapted to the Practices of a Country.

CONTEXT: Cancer-associated cachexia is correlated with survival, side-effects, and alteration of the patients' well-being. OBJECTIVES: We implemented an institution-wide multidisciplinary supportive care team, a Cancer Nutrition Program (CNP), to screen and manage cachexia in accordance with the guidelines and evaluated the impact of this new organization on nutritional care and funding. METHODS: We estimated the workload associated with nutrition assessment and cachexia-related interventions and audited our clinical practice. We then planned, implemented, and evaluated the CNP, focusing on cachexia. RESULTS: The audit showed a 70% prevalence of unscreened cachexia. Parenteral nutrition was prescribed to patients who did not meet the guideline criteria in 65% cases. From January 2009 to December 2011, the CNP team screened 3078 inpatients. The screened/total inpatient visits ratio was 87%, 80%, and 77% in 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Cachexia was reported in 74.5% (n = 2253) patients, of which 94.4% (n = 1891) required dietary counseling. Over three years, the number of patients with artificial nutrition significantly decreased by 57.3% (P < 0.001), and the qualitative inpatients enteral/parenteral ratio significantly increased: 0.41 in 2009, 0.74 in 2010, and 1.52 in 2011. Between 2009 and 2011, the CNP costs decreased significantly for inpatients nutritional care from 528,895€ to 242,272€, thus financing the nutritional team (182,520€ per year). CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the great benefits of implementing nutritional guidelines through a physician-led multidisciplinary team in charge of nutritional care in a comprehensive cancer center.

Guidance for supplemental enteral nutrition across patient populations.

Enteral nutrition is preferred over parenteral nutrition as a result of the greater safety of enteral nutrition therapy and comparative convenience. A wide variety of enteral nutrition products have been developed, including disease-specific products to help manage the nutritional needs of patients with kidney failure, liver failure, lung disease, diabetes, and other conditions. An assessment of each patient's nutritional needs and digestive function should be conducted prior to initiation of enteral nutrition therapy. Other considerations in determining the appropriate route and method of enteral nutrition administration include the time and nursing involvement required for administration, potential complications of medication administration, and concerns related to pancreatic dysfunction in certain groups. Tailored guidelines and treatment considerations are reviewed in this manuscript the application of enteral nutrition in various patient populations.

Review of nutrition guidelines relevant for adolescents in low- and middle-income countries.

The economic and social well-being of any country will one day depend on its current adolescent population. To provide a good foundation for healthy adolescent development, healthy diet, along with physical activity and adequate nutrients, is necessary. Therefore, addressing the nutrition needs of adolescents could be an important step toward breaking the vicious cycle of intergenerational malnutrition, chronic diseases, and poverty. These problems could be addressed with timely recognition and appropriately delivered interventions. Our aim here is to review the existing guidelines on various aspects of nutrition interventions for adolescents and young women. We review all of the major existing guidelines on adolescent nutrition. We were able to find 18 guideline bodies that covered some form of nutritional advice in guidelines that targeted adolescents. Although the guidelines that focus specifically on this age group are limited in scope, we also extrapolated recommendations from guidelines focused on adults, women of reproductive age, and pregnant women, which were based on evidence that included populations of adolescent girls. We were able to extract and synthesize specific directives for nutrition in adolescents, macro- and micronutrient supplementation, exercise, obesity, and nutrition during preconception, pregnancy, and the postconception period.

Adherence to dietary guidelines as a protective factor against chronic or recurrent depressive symptoms in the French SU.VI.MAX cohort.

Several studies have suggested that a healthier overall diet was associated with a lower risk of depression, which is one of the main causes of disability worldwide. Our objective was to investigate the prospective association of adherence to dietary guidelines at midlife, measured by the French Programme National Nutrition Santé-Guideline Score (PNNS-GS), with chronic or recurrent depressive symptoms. The association between the PNNS-GS and chronic or recurrent depressive symptoms was evaluated among participants of the French Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) cohort with available data on the PNNS-GS at baseline (1994-1996) and on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) in 1996-1997 and follow-up (2007-2009) (n=3328). Chronic or recurrent depressive symptoms were defined by a CES-D score ≥16 at baseline and follow-up. Odds ratios (OR) and 95%-confidence intervals (95%-CI) were estimated across quartiles (Q) of the PNNS-GS, using logistic regression models. In our study, 10.1% of the participants (n=335) had chronic or recurrent depressive symptoms. After adjustment for potential confounders, the PNNS-GS was inversely associated with chronic or recurrent depressive symptoms: ORQ4 vs. Q1: 0.42 (95%-CI: 0.29, 0.60). Modelling the PNNS-GS as a continuous variable yielded similar results: OR for a 1-point increment in the PNNS-GS: 0.86 (95%-CI: 0.80, 0.92). In conclusion, higher adherence to French dietary guidelines at midlife was associated with a lower rate of chronic or recurrent depressive symptoms, which suggests that these recommendations may be highly relevant, not only to avoid chronic diseases, but also for the overall well-being.