Genetic structure and population diversity of Phytophthora infestans strains in Pacific western Canada.

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is an economically important disease of potato and tomato worldwide. In Canada, an increase in late blight incidence and severity coincided with changes in genetic composition of P. infestans. We monitored late blight incidence on tomato and potato in Pacific western and eastern Canada between 2019 and 2022, identified genotypes of P. infestans, and examined their population genetic diversity. We identified four major existing genotypes US11, US17, US8, and US23 as well as 25 new genotypes. The US11 genotype was dominant in Pacific western Canada, accounting for 59% of the total population. We discovered the US17 genotype for the first time in Canada. We revealed a higher incidence of late blight and quite diverse genotypes of P. infestans in Pacific western Canada than in eastern Canada. We found high genetic diversity of P. infestans population from Pacific western Canada, as evidenced by the high number of multilocus genotypes, high values of genetic diversity indices, and emergence of 25 new genotypes. Considering the number of disease incidence, the detection of diverse known genotypes, the emergence of novel genotypes, and the high number of isolates resistant to metalaxyl-m (95%) from Pacific western Canada, the region could play a role in establishing sexual recombination and diverse populations, which could ultimately pose challenges for late blight management. Therefore, continuous monitoring of P. infestans populations in Pacific western region and across Canada is warranted. KEY POINTS: • Genotypes of P. infestans in Pacific western were quite diverse than in eastern Canada. • We discovered US17 genotype for the first time in Canada and identified 26 novel genotypes. • Approximately 95% of P. infestans isolates were resistant to metalaxyl-m.

Continuity and discontinuity in evolutionary processes with emphasis on plants.

The present work is aimed to review the concepts of continuity and discontinuity in the reproductive processes and their impact on the evolutionary outcome, emphasizing on the plant model. Let be stated that evolutionary changes need to pass down generation after generation through the cellular reproductive mechanisms, and these mechanisms can account for changes from single nucleotide to genome-wide mutations. Patterns of continuity and discontinuity in sexual and asexual species pose notorious differences as the involvement of the cellular genetic material from single or different individuals, the changes in the ploidy level, or the independence between nuclear and plastid genomes. One relevant aspect of the plant model is the open system for pollen donation, which can be driven from every male flower to every female flower in the neighborhood, as well as the facilitated seed dispersal patterns, that may break or restore the contact between populations. Three significative processes are distinguishable, syngenesis, anagenesis, and cladogenesis. The syngenesis refers to the reproduction between individuals, either if they pertain to the same species, from different populations or even from different species. The anagenesis refers to the pursuit of all the possible rearrangements of genes and alleles pooled in a population of individuals, and the cladogenesis represents the absence of reproduction that leads to differentiation. Recent developments on the genomic analysis of single cells, single chromosomes and fragments of homologous chromosomes could bring new insights into the processes of the evolution, in generational time and in a broad spectrum of spatial/geographic extents.

Sensomics-Assisted Characterization of Fungal-Flowery Aroma Components in Fermented Tea Using Eurotium cristatum.

Fermented tea (FT) using a single Eurotium cristatum strain can produce a pleasant fungal-flowery aroma, which is similar to the composite aroma characteristic of minty, flowery, and woody aromas, but its molecular basis is not yet clear. In this study, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry were applied to isolate and identify volatiles from the FT by E. cristatum. The application of an aroma extract dilution analysis screened out 43 aroma-active compounds. Quantification revealed that there were 11 odorants with high odor threshold concentrations. Recombination and omission tests revealed that nonanal, methyl salicylate, decanoic acid, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, α-terpineol, phenylacetaldehyde, and coumarin were the major odorants in the FT. Addition tests further verified that methyl salicylate, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, and coumarin were the key odorants for fungal-flowery aroma, each corresponding to minty, woody, and flowery aromas, respectively. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde and coumarin were newly found odorants for fungal-flowery aroma in FT, and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde had not been reported as a tea volatile compound before. This finding may guide future industrial production optimization of FT with improved flavor.

Effect of shaking manners on floral aroma quality and identification of key floral-aroma-active compounds in Hunan black tea.

Shaking is a key process effecting the floral aroma of Hunan black tea (HBT). In this study, the aroma composition of HBTs shaken in the early withering stage (ES1, ES1 + LS1, and ES2), shaken in the late withering stage (LS1), and not shaken (NS), and the identification of main floral aroma compounds were analyzed using sensory evaluation combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), and aroma recombination experiments. Sensory evaluation results showed that the floral aroma of HBT shaken in the early withering stage was with high intensity, whereas HBT shaken in the late withering stage had low-intensity floral aroma. GC-MS identified a total number of 81 differential volatile compounds in HBT, including 30 esters, 18 aldehydes, 15 alcohols, 12 terpenes, 4 ketones, and 2 nitrogen-containing compounds. Further screening of important floral aroma differential compounds was performed using sensory-guided, odor activity value (OAV), and GC-O analysis, which identified three critical floral aroma differential compounds. Eventually, absolute quantification analysis and aroma recombination experiments confirmed that indole and methyl jasmonate were the most critical compounds of HBT determining floral aroma intensity. The findings of this study provide valuable guidance for the production of HBT with rich floral aroma attributes.

The Temporal and Geographical Dynamics of Potato Virus Y Diversity in Russia.

Potato virus Y, an important viral pathogen of potato, has several genetic variants and geographic distributions which could be affected by environmental factors, aphid vectors, and reservoir plants. PVY is transmitted to virus-free potato plants by aphids and passed on to the next vegetative generations through tubers, but the effects of tuber transmission in PVY is largely unknown. By using high-throughput sequencing, we investigated PVY populations transmitted to potato plants by aphids in different climate zones of Russia, namely the Moscow and Astrakhan regions. We analyzed sprouts from the tubers produced by field-infected plants to investigate the impact of tuber transmission on PVY genetics. We found a significantly higher diversity of PVY isolates in the Astrakhan region, where winters are shorter and milder and summers are warmer compared to the Moscow region. While five PVY types, NTNa, NTNb, N:O, N-Wi, and SYR-I, were present in both regions, SYRI-II, SYRI-III, and 261-4 were only found in the Astrakhan region. All these recombinants were composed of the genome sections derived from PVY types O and N, but no full-length sequences of such types were present. The composition of the PVY variants in the tuber sprouts was not always the same as in their parental plants, suggesting that tuber transmission impacts PVY genetics.

Characterization of the key odorants in floral aroma green tea based on GC-E-Nose, GC-IMS, GC-MS and aroma recombination and investigation of the dynamic changes and aroma formation during processing.

To characterize the key odorants of floral aroma green tea (FAGT) and reveal its dynamic evolution during processing, the volatile metabolites in FAGT during the whole processing were analyzed by integrated volatolomics techniques, relative odor activity value (rOAV), aroma recombination, and multivariate statistical analysis. The volatile profiles undergone significant changes during processing, especially in the withering and fixation stages. A total of 184 volatile compounds were identified (∼53.26% by GC-MS). Among them, 7 volatiles with rOAV > 1 were identified as characteristic odorants of FAGT, and most of these compounds reached the highest in withering stage. According to the formation pathways, these key odorants could be divided into four categories: fatty acid-derived volatiles, glycoside-derived volatiles, amino acid-derived volatiles, and carotenoid-derived volatiles. Our study provides a comprehensive strategy to elucidate changes in volatile profiles during processing and lays a theoretical foundation for the targeted processing of high-quality green tea.

Characteristic aroma-active components of fried green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) through flavoromics analysis.

Green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is a perennial herb with a characteristic allium aroma. Meanwhile, fried green onion oil has a rich flavor that is popular in traditional Chinese cuisine. In this work, the key aroma components of fried green onion oil were focused via flavoromics analysis. The oil samples had a low score of a green aroma but a high score of salty, greasy aromas. Whereafter, a total of 36 aroma-active substances with flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 1 to 6561 were identified in fried green onion oil, while 42 were detected in fried green onion residue with FD factors ranging from 1 to 19683. Additionally, the recombination and omission tests revealed that furaneol, dimethyl trisulfide, allyl methyl trisulfide, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, etc., were the key aroma compounds in fried green onion oil. Furthermore, the observation of the reaction of thioethers at high temperatures revealed that dimethyl disulfide undergoes polymerization to form dimethyl trisulfide. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the standardization and industrial production of Chinese cuisine.

The hydrophilic extract from a new tomato genotype (named DHO) kills cancer cell lines through the modulation of the DNA damage response induced by Campthotecin treatment.

Introduction: DNA double-strand breaks are the most toxic lesions repaired through the non-homologous and joining (NHEJ) or the homologous recombination (HR), which is dependent on the generation of single-strand tails, by the DNA end resection mechanism. The resolution of the HR intermediates leads to error-free repair (Gene Conversion) or the mutagenic pathways (Single Strand Annealing and Alternative End-Joining); the regulation of processes leading to the resolution of the HR intermediates is not fully understood. Methods: Here, we used a hydrophilic extract of a new tomato genotype (named DHO) in order to modulate the Camptothecin (CPT) DNA damage response. Results: We demonstrated increased phosphorylation of Replication Protein A 32 Serine 4/8 (RPA32 S4/8) protein in HeLa cells treated with the CPT in combination with DHO extract with respect to CPT alone. Moreover, we pointed out a change in HR intermediates resolution from Gene Conversion to Single Strand Annealing through the modified DNA repair protein RAD52 homolog (RAD52), DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1 (ERCC1) chromatin loading in response to DHO extract, and CPT co-treatment, with respect to the vehicle. Finally, we showed an increased sensitivity of HeLa cell lines to DHO extract and CPT co-treatment suggesting a possible mechanism for increasing the efficiency of cancer therapy. Discussion: We described the potential role of DHO extract in the modulation of DNA repair, in response to Camptothecin treatment (CPT), favoring an increased sensitivity of HeLa cell lines to topoisomerase inhibitor therapy.

An Expansion of the Endoplasmic Reticulum that Halts Autophagy is Permissive to Genome Instability.

The links between autophagy and genome stability, and whether they are important for lifespan and health, are not fully understood. We undertook a study to explore this notion at the molecular level using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. On the one hand, we triggered autophagy using rapamycin, to which we exposed mutants defective in preserving genome integrity, then assessed their viability, their ability to induce autophagy and the link between these two parameters. On the other hand, we searched for molecules derived from plant extracts known to have powerful benefits on human health to try to rescue the negative effects rapamycin had against some of these mutants. We uncover that autophagy execution is lethal for mutants unable to repair DNA double strand breaks, while the extract from Silybum marianum seeds induces an expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that blocks autophagy and protects them. Our data uncover a connection between genome integrity and homeostasis of the ER whereby ER stress-like scenarios render cells tolerant to sub-optimal genome integrity conditions.

The characteristic of the key aroma-active components in white tea using GC-TOF-MS and GC-olfactometry combined with sensory-directed flavor analysis.

BACKGROUND: White tea has become more and more popular with consumers due to its health benefits and unique flavor. However, the key aroma-active compounds of white tea during the aging process are still unclear. Thus, the key aroma-active compounds of white tea during the aging process were investigated using gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) combined with sensory-directed flavor analysis. RESULTS: A total of 127 volatile compounds were identified from white tea samples with different aging years by GC-TOF-MS. Fifty-eight aroma-active compounds were then determined by GC-O, and 19 of them were further selected as the key aroma-active compounds based on modified frequency (MF) and odor activity value (OAV). CONCLUSION: Aroma recombination and omission testing confirmed that 1-octen-3-ol, linalool, phenethyl alcohol, geraniol, (E)-ß-ionone, α-ionone, hexanal, phenylacetaldehyde, nonanal, (E, Z)-(2,6)-nonadienal, safranal, γ-nonalactone and 2-amylfuran were the common key aroma-active compounds to all samples. Cedrol, linalool oxide II and methyl salicylate were confirmed peculiar in new white tea, while ß-damascenone and jasmone were peculiar in aged white tea. This work will offer support for further studies on the material basis of flavor formation of white tea. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Characterization of the key odor-active compounds in different aroma types of Fu brick tea using HS-SPME/GC-MSO combined with sensory-directed flavor analysis.

Fu brick tea (FBT) is popular for its unique 'fungal flower' aroma, however, its key odor-active compounds are essentially unknown. In this study, the odor-active compounds of "stale-fungal" aroma (CJX), "fresh-fungal" aroma (QJX), and "fermentation-fungal" aroma (FJX) types FBT were extracted and examined by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatographyolfactometry (GC-O). A total of 43 volatile and 38 odor-active compounds were identified by these methods. Among them, the content of dihydroactindiolide (4596-13189 µg/L), (E)-linalool oxide (2863-6627 µg/L), and benzyl alcohol (4992-6859 µg/L) were highest. Aroma recombination experiments further verified that these odor-active compounds could be simulated the overall aroma profile of FBT successfully. Furthermore, omission experiments confirmed that 15, 20, and 15 key odor-active compounds in CJX, QJX, and FJX FBT, respectively. This study will provide a theoretical basis for comprehensively understanding the formation of characteristic aromas in FBT.

Universal Genetic Testing vs. Guideline-Directed Testing for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes Among Traditionally Underrepresented Patients in a Community Oncology Program.

Background Detection of pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) has implications for cancer screening, prognosis, treatment selection, clinical trial enrollment, and family testing. Published guidelines provide indications for PGV testing, determined by clinical and demographic factors, but their applicability in an ethnically and racially diverse community hospital population is unknown. This study describes the diagnostic and incremental yield of universal multi-gene panel testing in a diverse population in a community cancer practice. Methods We completed a prospective study of proactive germline genetic sequencing among patients with solid tumor malignancies at a community-based oncology practice in downtown Jacksonville, FL, between June 2020 and September 2021. The patients were unselected for cancer type, stage, family history, race/ethnicity, and age. PGVs identified using an 84-gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) tumor genomic testing platform were stratified by penetrance. National Comprehensive Cancer Networks (NCCN) guidelines determined incremental PGV rates. Results Two hundred twenty-three patients were enrolled, with a median age of 63 years, 78.5% female. 32.7% were Black/African American, and 5.4% were Hispanic. 39.9% of patients were commercially insured, Medicare/Medicaid insured 52.5%, and 2.7% were uninsured. The most common cancers in this cohort were breast (61.9%), lung (10.3%), and colorectal (7.2%). Twenty-three patients (10.3%) carried one or more PGVs, and 50.2% carried a variant of uncertain significance (VUS). Though there was no significant difference in the rate of PGVs based on race/ethnicity, African Americans were numerically more likely to have a VUS reported than whites (P=0.059). Eighteen (8.1%) patients had incremental clinically actionable findings that practice guidelines would not have detected, which was higher in non-whites. Conclusions In this racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse cohort, universal multi-gene panel testing (MGPT) increased diagnostic yield over targeted guideline-informed testing. Rates of VUS and incremental PGV were higher in non-white populations.

Molecular Analysis of the Global Population of Potato Virus S Redefines Its Phylogeny, and Has Crop Biosecurity Implications.

In 2020, 264 samples were collected from potato fields in the Turkish provinces of Bolu, Afyon, Kayseri and Nigde. RT-PCR tests, with primers which amplified its coat protein (CP), detected potato virus S (PVS) in 35 samples. Complete CP sequences were obtained from 14 samples. Phylogenetic analysis using non-recombinant sequences of (i) the 14 CP's, another 8 from Tokat province and 73 others from GenBank; and (ii) 130 complete ORF, RdRp and TGB sequences from GenBank, found that they fitted within phylogroups, PVSI, PVSII or PVSIII. All Turkish CP sequences were in PVSI, clustering within five subclades. Subclades 1 and 4 were in three to four provinces, whereas 2, 3 and 5 were in one province each. All four genome regions were under strong negative selection constraints (ω = 0.0603-0.1825). Considerable genetic variation existed amongst PVSI and PVSII isolates. Three neutrality test methods showed PVSIII remained balanced whilst PVSI and PVSII underwent population expansion. The high fixation index values assigned to all PVSI, PVSII and PVSIII comparisons supported subdivision into three phylogroups. As it spreads more readily by aphid and contact transmission, and may elicit more severe symptoms in potato, PVSII spread constitutes a biosecurity threat for countries still free from it.

Comparison of PARPi efficacy according to homologous recombination deficiency biomarkers in patients with ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the BRCA1/2 (BRCA) genes are associated with response to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi). In addition, there are different homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) biomarkers available in clinical practice [e.g., genome-wide loss-of-heterozygosity (gLOH) and myChoice® score] that identify patients who can benefit from PARPi. Inconsistencies in biomarkers used in PARPi clinical trials make it challenging to identify clinically relevant predictive biomarkers. This study aims to compare clinically available HRD biomarkers in terms of benefits from PARPi. METHODS: We performed database search for phase II or III randomized clinical trials comparing PARPi versus chemotherapy, and meta-analysis using generic inverse variance and a Random Effects model. Patients were classified according to their HRD status: (I) BRCAm (patients with BRCA mutation of germline or somatic origin); (II) non-BRCA HRD [patients BRCA wild-type (wt) with another HRD biomarker-gLOH or myChoice®]; and (III) homologous recombination proficiency (HRP) (BRCAwt and without HRD biomarkers). From those that were BRCAwt, we compared myChoice®+ with gLOH-high. RESULTS: Five studies (3,225 patients) analyzing PARPi in first line setting were included. Patients with BRCAmut had progression-free survival (PFS) with hazard ratio (HR) 0.33 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30-0.43]; patients with non-BRCA HRD had a PFS HR 0.49 (95% CI: 0.37-0.65), and patients with HRP had a PFS HR 0.78 (95% CI: 0.58-1.03). Eight studies (5,529 patients) with PARPi including first line and recurrence settings were included. BRCAmut had PFS HR 0.37 (95% CI: 0.30-0.48), BRCAwt & HRD 0.45 (95% CI: 0.37-0.55) and HRP 0.70 (95% CI: 0.57-0.85). Patients with BRCAwt & myChoice® ≥42 had PFS HR 0.43 (95% CI: 0.34-0.56), similar to patients with BRCAwt & gLOH-high with PFS HR 0.42 (95% CI: 0.28-0.62). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HRD derived significantly more benefit from PARPi when compared to patients with HRP. The benefit of PARPi in patients with HRP tumors was limited. Careful cost-effectiveness analysis, and alternative therapies or clinical trial enrollment should strongly be considered for patients with HRP tumors. Among patients with BRCAwt, a similar benefit was found in patients with gLOH-high and those myChoice®+. The clinical development of further HRD biomarkers (e.g., Sig3) may help identify more patients who benefit from PARPi.

Amino acids at position 5 in the peptide/MHC binding region of a public virus-specific TCR are completely inter-changeable without loss of function.

Anti-viral T-cell responses are usually directed against a limited set of antigens, but often contain many T cells expressing different T-cell receptors (TCRs). Identical TCRs found within virus-specific T-cell populations in different individuals are known as public TCRs, but also TCRs highly-similar to these public TCRs, with only minor variations in amino acids on specific positions in the Complementary Determining Regions (CDRs), are frequently found. However, the degree of freedom at these positions was not clear. In this study, we used the HLA-A*02:01-restricted EBV-LMP2FLY -specific public TCR as model and modified the highly-variable position 5 of the CDR3ß sequence with all 20 amino acids. Our results demonstrate that amino acids at this particular position in the CDR3ß region of this TCR are completely inter-changeable, without loss of TCR function. We show that the inability to find certain variants in individuals is explained by their lower recombination probability rather than by steric hindrance.

Variation in Volatile Compounds of Raw Pu-Erh Tea upon Steeping Process by Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Characterization of the Aroma-Active Compounds in Tea Infusion Using Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry-Mass Spectrometry.

Steeping process is an important factor for aroma release of tea, which has rarely been investigated for the aroma changes of raw Pu-erh tea (RAPT). In addition, the comprehensive aroma characteristics identification of RAPT infusion is necessary. In this study, GC-IMS coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) was used to clarify the difference of volatile profiles during the steeping process of RAPT. Furthermore, the volatiles contained in the RAPT infusion were extracted by three pretreatment methods (HS-SPME, SBSE, and SAFE) and identified using GC-O-MS. According to the odor activity value, 28 of 66 compounds were categorized as aroma-active compounds. Aroma recombination and omission experiments showed that "fatty", "green", "fruity", and "floral" are considered to be the main aroma attributes of RAPT infusion with a strong relationship with 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-octenal, ß-ionone, linalool, etc. This study will contribute a better understanding of the mechanism of the RAPT steeping process and volatile generation.

Sensory-Guided Identification and Characterization of Kokumi-Tasting Compounds in Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.).

The chemical substances responsible for the kokumi taste of green tea infusion are still unclear. Here, we isolated the kokumi compound-containing fractions from green tea infusion through ultrafiltration, and the major kokumi compounds were characterized as γ-Glu-Gln and γ-Glu-Cys-Gly (GSH) through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The results indicated that peptides and amino acids were essential compounds in the kokumi-enriched fractions for conducting the sense of kokumi. L-theanine had an enhancing effect on the kokumi taste of green tea infusion, which was confirmed in the sensory reconstitution study. Thus, peptides, especially γ-Glu-Gln and GSH, are the major kokumi compounds in green tea infusion, which has the potential of improving the flavor of tea beverages.

Decoding the Specific Roasty Aroma Wuyi Rock Tea (Camellia sinensis: Dahongpao) by the Sensomics Approach.

Aroma extract dilution analysis was performed on volatile fractions extracted from a freshly prepared Dahongpao (DHP) tea infusion using solvent-assisted flavor evaporation, yielding 65 odor-active domains with flavor dilution factors ranging between 32 and 32,768. In addition, six aromatic substances were captured by headspace analysis. Quantitation of 54 compounds by an internal standard method and stable isotope dilution assays revealed that the concentrations of 32 odorants exceeded their respective orthonasal odor threshold values in tea infusion. The results of odor activity values (OAVs) suggested that 2-metylbutanal (malty) and γ-hexalactone (coconut-like) had the highest OAVs (248 and 154). Eight odorants including γ-hexalactone (OAV 154), methyl 2-methylbutanoate (59), phenylacetic acid (7.2), acetylpyrazine (5.7), 2-methoxyphenol (3.4), p-cresol (2.7), 2,6-diethylpyrazine (2.7), and vanillin (1.8) were newly identified as key odorants in DHP tea infusion. An aroma recombination model in a non-volatile matrix extracted from tea infusion satisfactorily mimicked the overall aroma of DHP tea infusion, thereby confirming the identification and quantitative experiments. Omission experiments verified the obvious significance of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (OAV 91), 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (19), 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one (13), and acetylpyrazine (5.7) as key odorants for the special roasty and caramel-like aroma of DHP tea.

Characterization of Warmed-Over Flavor Compounds in Surimi Gel Made from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry, Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis, Aroma Recombination, and Omission Studies.

The warmed-over flavor (WOF) in surimi gels was characterized by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, aroma extract dilution analysis, aroma recombination, and omission studies. Surimi gels with different WOF levels were prepared by different gelling temperatures, and surimi gels heated at 90, 100, and 121 °C were considered as the samples with light, strong, and medium WOF, respectively. Based on the quantification and odor activity values, 14 aldehydes, 2 ketones, 3 alcohols, 2 benzene-containing compounds, 2 N-containing compounds, 3 S-containing compounds, 3 lactones, undecanoic acid, and 4-methylphenol were recombined to build a spiked model for surimi gels with the strongest WOF, which showed the highest similarity with the original sample. Finally, a triangle test involving omission of the aroma compounds from the spiked model proved that the WOF in surimi gels was attributed to (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-decenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, 2,3-pentanedione, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-propylpyridine, benzothiazole, 2-methoxybenzenethiol, and 2-furfurylthiol.

Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on a New Class of Doubly Concerted Companion Dyes.

To develop efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), concerted companion (CC) dyes XW60-XW63 constructed from the covalent linkage of a strapped porphyrin dye unit and an organic dye unit have been reported to exhibit panchromatic absorption and excellent photovoltaic performance. However, these CC dyes only afforded moderate VOC values of ca. 763 mV, demonstrating relatively weak antiaggregation ability, which remains an obstacle for further enhancing the photovoltaic behavior. To address this problem, we herein develop porphyrin dyes XW77-XW80 with the macrocycles wrapped with alkoxy chains of various lengths (OC6H13-OC22H45) and the corresponding CC dyes XW81-XW84 containing these porphyrin dye units. Interestingly, the new CC dyes XW81-XW83 exhibit increasing VOC from 745 to 784 mV with the chain lengths extended from C6 to C18, and a lowered VOC of 762 mV was obtained for XW84 when the chain length was further extended to C22. As a result, XW83 afforded the highest PCE of 12.2%, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the record efficiency for the iodine electrolyte-based solar cells sensitized with a single dye. These results can be rationalized by the so-called doubly concerted companion (DCC) effects, that is, the two subdye units exhibit not only complementary absorption but also concerted antiaggregation with the long wrapping chains on the porphyrins unit simultaneously protecting the porphyrin macrocycle and the neighboring organic subdye unit, thus affording panchromatic absorption and strong antiaggregation and anticharge-recombination ability. These results provide a new approach for constructing a class of DCC dyes to achieve high-performance DSSCs without using any antiaggregating coadsorbent or absorption-enhancing cosensitizer.