l-Glutamine supplementation reduces gastrointestinal permeability and biomarkers of physiological stress in preweaning Holstein heifer calves.

l-Glutamine supplementation improves gastrointestinal and immune function in dairy calves during controlled immune and stress challenges. However, it is unknown whether supplementing milk replacer (MR) with l-glutamine improves preweaning dairy calf health and welfare under production conditions. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementing MR with l-glutamine on gastrointestinal permeability, immune function, growth performance, postabsorptive metabolic biomarkers, and physiological stress response in preweaning dairy calves. In 3 repetitions, Holstein heifer calves (n = 30; 1.5 ± 0.5 d old; 37.1 ± 0.86 kg body weight) were blocked by serum total protein, body weight, and age, and provided MR (3.8 L/calf per d; 24% CP, 17% fat, 12.5% solids) supplemented with l-glutamine (GLN; 10g/kg MR powder; n = 5 calves/repetition) or nonsupplemented (NSMR; n = 5 calves/repetition). Calves were individually housed with ad libitum starter grain and water access until weaning (56.4 ± 0.5 d old). At 1 and 6 wk of age, urinary catheters were placed, and calves were orally dosed with 1 L of chromium (Cr)-EDTA. Urine samples were collected over a 24-h period for Cr output analysis as an in vivo biomarker of gastrointestinal permeability. Blood was collected on study d 1, 5, 7, 14, 21, 42, and 56 to measure white blood cell counts, cortisol, insulin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and neutrophil: lymphocytes. Two study intervals were used in the statistical analyses, representing greater (P1; wk 1-3) and reduced (P2; wk 4-8) enteric disease susceptibility. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.) with calf as the experimental unit. Overall, total urinary Cr output was reduced in GLN versus NSMR calves. Total Cr output was reduced at 1 wk of age in GLN versus NSMR calves, but no differences were detected at 6 wk of age. Neutrophil:lymphocyte was decreased both overall and during P2 in GLN versus NSMR calves, and neutrophil counts tended to be reduced in GLN versus NSMR calves during P2. No MR treatment differences were detected for average daily feed intake, average daily gain, body measurements, postabsorptive metabolic biomarkers, disease scores, and therapeutic treatments between GLN and NSMR calves. In summary, l-glutamine supplementation reduced gastrointestinal permeability and biomarkers of physiological stress in preweaning Holstein heifer calves.

Effect of EDTA enriched diets on farmed fish allergenicity and muscle quality; a proteomics approach.

Fish is one of the most common elicitors of food-allergic reactions worldwide. These reactions are triggered by the calcium-binding muscle protein ß-parvalbumin, which was shown to have reduced immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding capacity upon calcium depletion. This work aimed to reduce gilthead seabream allergenicity using diets supplemented with a calcium chelator. Three experimental feeds were tested, differing in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) supplementation, and its effects on muscle and parvalbumin's IgE-reactivity were analyzed. Chromatographic determination of EDTA showed no accumulation in the muscle and sensory results demonstrated that the lowest concentration did not affect fish quality as edible fish. Proteomics revealed one protein related to muscle contraction with significantly different relative abundance. Immunoblot assays performed with fish-allergic patients sera indicated a 50% reduction in IgE-reactivity upon EDTA presence. These preliminary results provide the basis for the further development of a non-GMO approach to modulate fish allergenicity and improve safety of aquaculture fish.

Antitumor efficacy of EDTA co-treatment with cisplatin in tumor-bearing mice

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used in various medical applications. The aim of this study is to investigate the antitumor efficacy of EDTA alone or with cisplatin (Cis). Fifty male albino mice were used to assess the median lethal dose (LD50) of EDTA via intraperitoneal (i.p) injection. To determine the antitumor activity, fifty female albino mice were divided into five groups as the following; Group 1 (Gp1) was negative control; (Gp2-5) inoculated i.p with 2×106 Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells/mouse. After one day, Gp3, Gp4 and Gp5 injected with Cis (2 mg/kg), EDTA (25 mg/kg) and Cis (2 mg/kg)/EDTA (25 mg/kg) for six days, respectively. At day 14, all groups were sacrificed to assess the tumor profile, liver enzymes (alanine transaminases and aspartate transaminases), kidney function (urea and creatinine) and electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Ca2+). The results showed that the i.p LD50 of EDTA was 250 mg/kg. Treatment with EDTA alone did not show any antitumor activity and did not interfere with the antitumor efficacy of Cis. Biochemical findings revealed that EDTA had mild toxicity on liver and kidneys functions. In summary, EDTA had no antitumor effect and did not alter the Cis efficacy.

Value of post-therapy 177Lu-PSMA images for accurate interpretation of therapy response with 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. / Valor de las imágenes de 177Lu-PSMA post-terapia para una interpretación precisa de la respuesta a la terapia con PET/TC con 68Ga-PSMA.

A 54-year-old man with progressive prostate cancer underwent a 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, which showed lymph node and bone metastases. After 2-cycles of 177Lu-PSMA therapy, the repeated 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT showed decreased radiotracer uptake in lymph node and bones metastases, but there were new lesions which may be compatible with progression or tumour sink-effect. A review of 177Lu-PSMA-therapy images revealed that new lesions in the second PET/CT were the metastatic lesions that progressed after the first PET/CT, and subsequently showed a good response. The patient received additional cycles of 177Lu-PSMA therapy, and the disease regressed further, with a PSA of 0.06ng/ml. Response evaluation of new therapeutic diagnostics (theranostic) agents needs a review of not only diagnostic PET/CT images, but also post-therapy images and laboratory results.

Iron Fortified Complementary Foods Containing a Mixture of Sodium Iron EDTA with Either Ferrous Fumarate or Ferric Pyrophosphate Reduce Iron Deficiency Anemia in 12- to 36-Month-Old Children in a Malaria Endemic Setting: A Secondary Analysis of a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The efficacy of iron fortification against IDA is uncertain in malaria-endemic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a complementary food (CF) fortified with sodium iron EDTA (NaFeEDTA) plus either ferrous fumarate (FeFum) or ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) to combat IDA in preschool-age children in a highly malaria endemic region. This is a secondary analysis of a nine-month cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted in south-central Côte d'Ivoire. 378 children aged 12-36 months were randomly assigned to no food intervention (n = 125; control group), CF fortified with 2 mg NaFeEDTA plus 3.8 mg FeFum for six days/week (n = 126; FeFum group), and CF fortified with 2 mg NaFeEDTA and 3.8 mg FePP for six days/week (n = 127; FePP group). The outcome measures were hemoglobin (Hb), plasma ferritin (PF), iron deficiency (PF < 30 µg/L), and anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL). Data were analyzed with random-effect models and PF was adjusted for inflammation. The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection and inflammation during the study were 44-66%, and 57-76%, respectively. There was a significant time by treatment interaction on IDA (p = 0.028) and a borderline significant time by treatment interaction on iron deficiency with or without anemia (p = 0.068). IDA prevalence sharply decreased in the FeFum (32.8% to 1.2%, p < 0.001) and FePP group (23.6% to 3.4%, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant time by treatment interaction on Hb or total anemia. These data indicate that, despite the high endemicity of malaria and elevated inflammation biomarkers (C-reactive protein or α-1-acid-glycoprotein), IDA was markedly reduced by provision of iron fortified CF to preschool-age children for 9 months, with no significant differences between a combination of NaFeEDTA with FeFum or NaFeEDTA with FePP. However, there was no overall effect on anemia, suggesting most of the anemia in this setting is not due to ID. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01634945).

Treatment of Ni-EDTA containing wastewater by electrocoagulation using iron scraps packed-bed anode.

The unique electrocoagulator proposed in this study is highly efficient at removing Ni-EDTA, providing a potential remediation option for wastewater containing lower concentrations of Ni-EDTA (Ni ≤ 10 mg L-1). In the electrocoagulation (EC) system, cylindrical graphite was used as a cathode, and a packed-bed formed from iron scraps was used as an anode. The results showed that the removal of Ni-EDTA increased with the application of current and favoured acidic conditions. We also found that the iron scrap packed-bed anode was superior in its treatment ability and specific energy consumption (SECS) compared with the iron rod anode. In addition, the packed density and temperature had a large influence on the energy consumption (ECS). Over 94.3% of Ni and 95.8% of TOC were removed when conducting the EC treatment at an applied current of 0.5 A, initial pH of 3, air-purged rate 0.2 L min-1, anode packed density of 400 kg m-3 temperature of 313 K and time of 30 min. SEM analysis of the iron scraps indicated that the specific area of the anode increased after the EC. The XRD analysis of flocs produced during EC revealed that hematite (α-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) were the main by-products under aerobic and anoxic conditions, respectively. A kinetic study demonstrated that the removal of Ni-EDTA followed a first-order model with the current parameters. Moreover, the removal efficiency of real wastewater was essentially consistent with that of synthetic wastewater.

The effects of antioxidants and shelf life conditions on oxidation markers in a sunflower oil salad dressing emulsion (SOSDE).

The effects of levels of antioxidant [gallic acid or ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA)] in a sunflower oil salad dressing emulsion (SOSDE) and shelf life affecting conditions on aroma, anisidine values (AV) and peroxide values (PV) were determined. Aroma differences between products with different concentrations of antioxidants were more apparent for ambient than accelerated stored SOSDEs. Aroma differences were more noted between SOSDEs with different antioxidants than antioxidant concentrations per se. PV differences between accelerated stored SOSDEs with high and low EDTA concentrations were found. AV differences existed between SOSDEs with different gallic acid concentrations for both storage conditions, and for accelerated stored SOSDEs with different EDTA concentrations. The accelerated storage model is more suitable for SOSDEs with metal chelator antioxidants e.g. EDTA, than free radical scavenging antioxidants e.g. gallic acid. PV, AV and aroma of accelerated stored SOSDEs do not clearly predict ambient shelf life.

The plasma gelsolin levels in atopic dermatitis: Effect of atopy ad disease severity

BACKGROUND: Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein with several cellular functions including anti-apoptosis and is reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Apoptosis of keratinocytes has been implicated as a key mechanism of atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine plasma gelsolin (pGSN) levels in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). METHOD: The diagnosis of AD was made according to Hanifin and Rajka criteria. The disease severity was scored by objective SCORAD index by the same allergist. Skin prick testing (SPT), total IgE levels, and eosinophil counts were analyzed. The pGSN levels were determined using ELISA technique. RESULTS: Children aged between 0.5 and 3.0 years were included in the study. The children with AD (AD; n = 84) were analyzed in two groups according to the presence (AD+/Atopy+; n = 54) or absence of SPT positivity (AD+/Atopy−; n = 30). The comparisons were made with a healthy control group matched for age and sex (n = 81). The median (interquartile range) of pGSN levels in AD+/A+, AD+/A− and control groups were 267 μg/ml (236-368), 293 (240-498) and 547 (361-695), respectively (p < 0.001). The difference between the control group and AD sub-groups remained significant after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis failed to reach significance with the disease severity total IgE levels and eosinophil counts. CONCLUSION: This is the first study investigating the association of pGSN levels with AD and disease severity. pGSN levels decreased in AD. These findings suggest that gelsolin may have a role in the disease process in AD patients

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Electrokinetic treatment of an agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals.

The high organic matter content in agricultural soils tends to complex and retain contaminants such as heavy metals. Electrokinetic remediation was tested in an agricultural soil contaminated with Co(+2), Zn(+2), Cd(+2), Cu(+2), Cr(VI), Pb(+2) and Hg(+2). The unenhanced electrokinetic treatment was not able to remove heavy metals from the soil due to the formation of precipitates in the alkaline environment in the soil section close to the cathode. Moreover, the interaction between metals and organic matter probably limited metal transportation under the effect of the electric field. Citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used in the catholyte as complexing agents in order to enhance the extractability and removal of heavy metals from soil. These complexing agents formed negatively charged complexes that migrated towards the anode. The acid front electrogenerated at the anode favored the dissolution of heavy metals that were transported towards the cathode. The combined effect of the soil pH and the complexing agents resulted in the accumulation of heavy metals in the center of the soil specimen.

Replacing electrolytic iron in a fortification-mix with NaFeEDTA increases both iron and zinc availabilities in traditional African maize porridges.

While replacing electrolytic iron with NaFeEDTA in multi-micronutrient fortification-mixes is a popular option, there is no information about the effect on the iron and zinc availabilities in African staple foods. This study evaluated the effects of adding a multi-micronutrient fortification-mix, with no iron, electrolytic iron or NaFeEDTA on the availabilities of iron and zinc from thick and fermented special-grade maize porridges using a Caco-2 cell model. Replacing electrolytic iron with NaFeEDTA significantly (p ⩽ 0.05) increased iron and, importantly zinc, availabilities in both the thick (2.16% vs. 1.45% and 2.51% vs. 2.29%, respectively) and fermented (3.35% vs. 2.66% and 3.04% vs. 2.61%, respectively) porridges. Some of the NaFeEDTA complexes perhaps partially dissociated because of pH changes during simulated digestion, binding with zinc and increasing its availability. NaFeEDTA in a multi-micronutrient fortification-mix, added to less refined, high phytate maize meal, would be more effective than electrolytic iron in addressing both iron and zinc deficiencies in low socio-economic populations of sub-Saharan Africa.

The type of fortificant and the leaf matrix both influence iron and zinc bioaccessibility in iron-fortified green leafy vegetable sauces from Burkina Faso.

Leafy vegetable sauces from Burkina Faso were assessed as a potential vehicle for food fortification. First, iron and zinc bioaccessibility were measured by dialysability method in amaranth and Jew's mallow sauces and in traditional whole dishes consisting of maize paste plus leafy vegetable sauces. Iron dialysability and solubility were higher in amaranth than in Jew's mallow sauce, pointing to a marked effect of the matrix. Iron dialysability was hardly affected by the maize paste contrary to zinc dialysability, which was reduced. Second, iron and zinc bioaccessibility was assessed in the same sauces fortified with NaFeEDTA or iron sulfate. Added iron, i.e. iron supplied by fortification, represented 60% of total iron at the low fortification level and 80% at high level. In amaranth sauces with the high level of fortification using NaFeEDTA and iron sulfate, fractional dialysable iron reached respectively 66% and 26% compared to only 8.1% in the unfortified sauce. Similarly, in Jew's mallow sauces, fractional dialysable iron was 57% and 5% respectively with NaFeEDTA and iron sulfate and less than 1% in the unfortified sauce. Concomitantly, fractional dialysable zinc increased by respectively 20% and 40% in amaranth and Jew's mallow sauces fortified with NaFeEDTA whereas it remained unchanged with iron sulfate. Iron fortification could be an efficient way to greatly increase the available iron content of green leafy vegetable sauces and for this purpose NaFeEDTA is more effective than iron sulfate whatever the food matrix.

Fish sauce, soy sauce, and vegetable oil fortification in Cambodia: where do we stand to date?

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in Cambodia is among the highest in Southeast Asia. Fortification of staple foods and condiments is considered to be one of the most cost-effective strategies for addressing micronutrient deficiencies at the population level. The Government of Cambodia has recognized the importance of food fortification as one strategy for improving the nutrition security of its population. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes efforts under way in Cambodia for the fortification of fish sauce, soy sauce, and vegetable oil. METHODS: Data were compiled from a stability test of Cambodian fish sauces fortified with sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA); analysis of fortified vegetable oils in the Cambodian market; a Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) study of fortified products; and food fortification program monitoring documents. RESULTS: At different levels of fortification of fish sauce with NaFeEDTA, sedimentation and precipitation were observed. This was taken into consideration in the government-issued standards for the fortification of fish sauce. All major brands of vegetable oil found in markets at the village and provincial levels are imported, and most are nonfortified. CONCLUSIONS: Fish sauce, soy sauce, and vegetable oil are widely consumed throughout Cambodia and are readily available in provincial and village markets. Together with an effective regulatory monitoring system, the government can guarantee that these commodities, whether locally produced or imported, are adequately fortified. A communications campaign would be worthwhile, once fortified commodities are available, as the KAP study found that Cambodians had a positive perception of fortified sauces.

Rapid quantification of iron content in fish sauce and soy sauce: a promising tool for monitoring fortification programs.

BACKGROUND: In a number of Southeast Asian countries and China, fish sauce and soy sauce produced at the industrial level are fortified with iron. Unfortunately, the food producers and regulatory agencies implementing fortification programs do not always have the capacity to monitor the programs on an ongoing basis. OBJECTIVE: To assess a new portable device for the quantitative measurement of iron content of fortified sauces that could be used to control fortification levels. METHODS: The linearity, detection limits, and inter- and intraassay variability of this device were assessed on fish sauce and soy sauce fortified with ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, and sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA); the accuracy of the results was determined by comparing them with the results obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Measurements required a minimum incubation time of 1 hour for iron sulfate or iron fumarate and 24 hours for NaFeEDTA. Linearity of the results ranged from 2 to 10 mg iron/L for ferrous sulfate or ferrous fumarate and from 1 to 10 mg iron/L for NaFeEDTA, implying the need for proper dilution, as the iron contents of fortified sauce are usually in the range of 150 to 1,000 mg/L. Depending on incubation time, iron compounds, and sauces, the coefficient of variation (CV) of intraassay precision was between 1.5% and 7.6% and the CV of interassay precision was between 2.9% and 7.4%. Comparison with results from atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed high agreement between both methods, with R = 0.926 and R = 0.935 for incubation times of 1 hour and 24 hours, respectively. The Bland-Altman plots showed limits of agreement between the two methods of +/- 70 mg/L in the range of fortification levels tested (100 to 500 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS; This device offers a viable method for field monitoring of iron fortification of soy and fish sauces after incubation times of 1 hour for ferrous sulfate or ferrous fumarate and 24 hours for NaFeEDTA.

Determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in foods by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

A convenient HPLC method for the quantitative determination of EDTA in foods was developed. EDTA in food samples was easily extracted with water by ultrasonication. After converting to Fe(III) complex in the presence of Fe(III) ions, EDTA was separated on a reversed-phase C30 column and detected with ultraviolet detection (260 nm). Citrate and malate, which are present in many foods, also formed Fe(III) complexes but they did not interfere the chromatographic detection of EDTA. The method allowed determination of EDTA in foods at concentrations as low as 0.01 mmol/kg. Good recoveries (95.2-101%) were obtained by the standard addition method on four samples with high repeatability (RSD, 0.8-3.4%). The method was successfully applied to the analysis of EDTA in carbonated drinks, jellies, canned beans, canned corn and food supplements.

Effect of wheat flour fortified with sodium iron EDTA on urinary zinc excretion in school-aged children.

BACKGROUND: Foods fortified with sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) have been shown to improve iron status in children, but little is known about the effect of this salt on urinary zinc excretion, particularly in children. This is particularly relevant, since zinc deficiency is known to limit growth and development in young children. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of NaFeEDTA-fortified wheat flour on urinary zinc excretion. METHODS: This study was a part of a randomized, controlled trial that was carried out among 6- to 13-year-old iron-depleted schoolchildren (n = 179) who had received either a NaFeEDTA-fortified wheat meal (iron group) or an identical control meal without added iron (control group) for a period of 7 months. Urinary zinc concentration was assessed at the end of the intervention period by spot urine samples. RESULTS: Iron status in the iron group was significantly improved according to measurements of hemoglobin and serum ferritin (p < .001). However, there was no significant difference in urinary zinc excretion between the iron group (median, 38.4 microg/dL; 25th-75th percentiles, 18.2-67.1 microg/dL) and the control group (median, 33.1 microg/dL; 25th-75th percentiles, 12.4-54.2 microg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: Iron fortification of foods with NaFeEDTA does not affect urinary zinc excretion in children.

Fish endocrine disruption responses to a major wastewater treatment facility upgrade.

The urban-water cycle modifies natural stream hydrology, and domestic and commercial activities increase the burden of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as steroidal hormones and 4-nonylphenol, that can disrupt endocrine system function in aquatic organisms. This paper presents a series of integrated chemical and biological investigations into the occurrence, fate, and effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the City of Boulder Colorado's WWTF and Boulder Creek, the receiving stream. Results are presented showing the effects of a full-scale upgrade of the WWTF (that treats 0.6 m(3) s(-1) of sewage) from a trickling filter/solids contact process to an activated sludge process on the removal of endocrine-disrupting compounds and other contaminants (including nutrients, boron, bismuth, gadolinium, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) through each major treatment unit. Corresponding impacts of pre- and postupgrade effluent chemistry on fish reproductive end points were evaluated using on-site, continuous-flow experiments, in which male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed for 28 days to upstream Boulder Creek water and WWTF effluent under controlled conditions. The upgrade of the WWTF resulted in improved removal efficiency for many endocrine-disrupting chemicals, particularly 17ß-estradiol and estrone, and fish exposed to the postupgrade effluent indicated reduction in endocrine disruption relative to preupgrade conditions.

Fortification of wheat flour and maize meal with different iron compounds: results of a series of baking trials.

BACKGROUND: Wheat and maize flour fortification is a preventive food-based approach to improve the micronutrient status of populations. In 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) released recommendations for such fortification, with guidelines on the addition levels for iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and zinc at various levels of average daily consumption. Iron is the micronutrient of greatest concern to the food industry, as some believe there may be some adverse interaction(s) in some or all of the finished products produced from wheat flour and maize meal. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there were any adverse interactions due to selection of iron compounds and, if differences were noted, to quantify those differences. METHODS: Wheat flour and maize meal were sourced in Kenya, South Africa, and Tanzania, and the iron compound (sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate [NaFeEDTA], ferrous fumarate, or ferrous sulfate) was varied and dosed at rates according to the WHO guidelines for consumption of 75 to 149 g/day of wheat flour and > 300 g/day of maize meal and tested again for 150 to 300 g/day for both. Bread, chapatti, ugali (thick porridge), and uji (thin porridge) were prepared locally and assessed on whether the products were acceptable under industry-approved criteria and whether industry could discern any differences, knowing that differences existed, by academic sensory analysis using a combination of trained and untrained panelists and in direct side-by-side comparison. RESULTS: Industry (the wheat and maize milling sector) scored the samples as well above the minimal standard, and under academic scrutiny no differences were reported. Side-by-side comparison by the milling industry did indicate some slight differences, mainly with respect to color, although these differences did not correlate with any particular iron compound. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of iron compounds used, in accordance with the WHO guidelines, do not lead to changes in the baking and cooking properties of the wheat flour and maize meal. Respondents trained to measure against a set benchmark and/or discern differences could not consistently replicate perceived difference observations.

[Determination of sodium iron (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate in iron-fortified soy sauce by reversed-phase ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography].

A novel reversed-phase ion-pair high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for separation and determination of sodium iron (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) in iron-fortified soy sauce. Sample treatment and chromatographic conditions were investigated. After precipitation by methanol, the sample was separated on a Zorbax C8 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm i. d., 5 microm). The mobile phase was 12.5% (v/v) methanol solution containing 0.13% (v/v) tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide and 0.052% (v/v) formic acid ( pH 3.5). NaFeEDTA was detected at 254 nm. The separation was achieved within 30 min with a flow rate of 1.00 mL/min. An iron-fortified soy sauce sample containing 2.00 g/L NaFeEDTA was analyzed for 6 times, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak areas of NaFeEDTA was 0. 89%. The recoveries of NaFeEDTA ranged from 94.15% to 101.5% with the spiked amounts of 0.50 - 4.00 g/L. The detection limit of NaFeEDTA standard solution was 0.03 mg/L. This simple and rapid method with good reproducibility can be used for the determination of NaFeEDTA in iron-fortified soy sauce.

[Capillary zone electrophoretic determination of NaFeEDTA in iron fortified soy sauce].

OBJECTIVE: An analytical method for separation and determination of sodium iron (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) in iron fortified soy sauce by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been developed. METHODS: The electrolyte, which contains 30 mmol/L citric acid, 20 mmol/L Tris, 0.15 mmol/L CTAB and 0.05 mmol/L SDS, was used to improve the peak shape and reduce the retention time at the voltage of - 25.0 kV. The sample can be determined at UV 254 nm after diluted. RESULTS: In this method, which enjoyed a wide linear range and good precision, the RSD (n = 6) was 2.15%, the average recoveries for samples ranged from 94.3% - 101.2% and the detection limit of the NaFeEDTA in iron fortified soy sauce is 4 microg/ml (S/N = 3). CONCLUSION: The results of application of different kinds of soy sauce showed that the method was direct, accurate, fast and simple.

Tratamento endodôntico via retrógrada realizada em dentes de cäes com lesöes periapicais: avaliaçäo histomorfológica da açäo do EDTA e do hidróxido de cálcio aplicados sobre a superfície dentinária apicectomizada e material retrobturador / Retrigrade endodontic treatment performed in dog's teeth with periapical lesions: histomorphologic evaluation of EDTA and calcium hydroxide action over apicectomicized dentinal surface and retrofilling material

Foram utilizados, neste trabalho, 48 raízes de 32 pré-molares superiores e inferiores de 4 cäes adultos jovens, com lesöes periapicais crônicas, induzidas pela exposiçäo da câmara pulpar e canais radiculres ao meio oral, pelo período de 90 dias. Foi objetivo do trabalho estudar o reparo dos tecidos periapicais, após a apicectomia e tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol consistente, situado a 1 mm da superfície dentinária apicectomizada. Foi avaliada, ainda, a aplicaçäo da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio hidrossolúvel sobre o cimento obturador e superfície dentinária apicectomizada, com a aplicaçäo prévia ou näo do ácido etilenodiaminotetracético - EDTA trissódico, por 3 minutos, sobre a superfície dentinária apicectomizada. Todas as raízes, após serem apicectomizadas, receberam o preparo biomecânico, via retrógrada, e retrobturaçäo dos canais radiculares com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol consistente. Em seguida, alguns espécimes sofreram a aplicaçäo de EDTA, por 3 minutos, sobre a superfície apicetomizada. Outros espécimes, após a retrobturaçäo, receberam a aplicaçäo da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio hidrossolúvel sobre o cimento obturador e também sobre a superfície da dentina apicectomizada. Alguns espécimes, após aplicaçäo de EDTA, por 3 minutos, sobre a superfície dentinária, receberam a pasta de hidróxido de cálcio hidrossolúvel sobre o cimento obturador e superfície dentinária. De acordo com os procedimentos realizados, 4 grupos experimentais foram constituídos: Grupo I - Tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol situado a 1 mm aquém da superfície de corte; Grupo II - Tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol situado a 1 mm aquém da superfície de corte e aplicaçäo de EDTA, por 3 minutos, sobre a dentina apicectomizada; Grupo III - Tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol situado a 1 mm aquém da superfície de corte e aplicaçäo da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio sobre o cimento obturdor e sobre a dentina apicetomizada; Grupo IV - Tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol, situado a 1 mm aquém da superfície de corte e aplicaçäo de EDTA sobre a superfície dentinária e da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio sobre o cimento obturador e superfície dentinária ...