La interrupción legal del embarazo en Argentina / The legal termination of pregnancy in Argentina

En el contexto de la publicación por parte del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación de Argentina del Protocolo para la atenciónintegral de las personas con derecho a la interrupción legal del embarazo (ILE), resumido y comentado en este mismonúmero de EVIDENCIA, este comentario editorial ofrece: 1) una perspectiva amplia de lo que significa el aborto, desde lamirada estrictamente biologicista hasta definiciones basadas en el enfoque de género; 2) una descripción de los diferentesmarcos jurídicos respecto del aborto que imperan actualmente en Latinoamérica y Argentina, haciendo especial hincapiéen lo concerniente a las ILE; 3) información epidemiológica sobre la mortalidad materna en Argentina y la asociada alaborto inseguro; 4) estadísticas sobre la realización de ILE en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.Dada la situación actual de aislamiento social preventivo obligatorio en el marco de la pandemia de Covid-19, conside-ramos quienes integramos equipos de salud debemos estar más atentos/as que nunca a las situaciones de violenciapotencial que podrían suceder en este contexto, para dar las respuestas pertinentes -entre las que se incluyen las ILE-, alas víctimas de embarazos no deseados consecutivos a situaciones de coerción. (AU)

In the context of the publication by the Argentine Ministry of Health of the Protocol for the comprehensive care of people withthe right to legal termination of pregnancy (LTP), summarized and commented on in this same issue of EVIDENCIA, thiseditorial article offers: 1) a broad perspective of what abortion means, from a strictly biological point of view to definitionsbased on the gender approach; 2) a description of the different legal frameworks regarding abortion that currently prevailin Latin America and Argentina, with special emphasis on LTP; 3) epidemiological information on maternal mortality inArgentina and that associated with unsafe abortion; 4) statistics on the realization of LTP in the Autonomous City ofBuenos Aires, Argentina.Given the current situation of mandatory preventive social isolation in the framework of the Covid-19 pandemic, we considerthat those of us who are part of health teams should be more alert than ever to situations of potential violence that couldoccur in this context, to give the relevant responses - including LTP- to victims of unwanted pregnancies following coercivesituations. (AU)

Reprodução, sexualidade e poder: as lutas e disputas em torno do aborto e da contracepção no Rio de Janeiro, 1890-1930 / Reproduction, sexuality and power: the struggles and disputes over abortion and contraception in Rio de Janeiro, 1890-1930

Este artigo analisa o debate de médicos acerca do aborto, da virada do século XIX até os anos 1930, sobretudo na Academia Nacional de Medicina. Considerado um crime, o aborto era visto como algo que ameaçava o domínio dos maridos sobre as esposas e o controle dos atos médicos em relação ao corpo feminino. As parteiras, tidas como as divulgadoras das técnicas médicas de interrupção da gravidez, foram combatidas como grave ameaça à ordem de gênero constituída. Foram analisadas dez teses da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, os boletins da Academia Nacional de Medicina e matérias publicadas nos jornais Correio da Manhã e O Globo.

This article examines the debate among physicians over abortion, from the turn of the nineteenth century through to the 1930s, especially in the Academia Nacional de Medicina (National Academy of Medicine). Considered a crime, abortion was seen as something that threatened the dominance of husbands over wives and the control over medical practice in relation to the female body. Midwives, seen as the propagators of the techniques of medical termination of pregnancy, were opposed as a serious threat to the established gender order. Ten theses of the Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro were analyzed, as well as the bulletins of the Academia Nacional de Medicina and articles published in the Correio da Manhã and O Globo newspapers.

The history of abortion-related acts and current issues in Japan.

In Japan abortion is categorized into two types by law; one is illegal feticide and the other is legal abortion. The present criminal law forbids feticide in principle and the life of a fetus is protected. However, abortion can be practiced under the "Eugenic Protection Act" established in 1948 (currently referred to as the "Maternal Protection Act"), and is readily available in Japan. In this paper, I have traced the historical origins of abortion law and attempted to clarify the problems related to the current laws relating to artificial abortion. As a result, the existence of contradictions between attitudes toward the life of the fetus and that of the mother, women's right to self determination, and women's rights under current legislation has been clarified.

El alcance del derecho a la vida en relación con el concebido según el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos

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Salud y población : cuestiones sociales pendientes

Esta compilación reúne diversos trabajos que tienen una relevancia indudable para la discusión de la política de salud en Argentina: y . : decisiones en torno a la fecundidad y al trabajo - . Un del comportamiento reproductivo de mujeres de alta y baja paridez - . Uso de métodos anticonceptivos entre las mujeres pobres del - y . El estudio de la participación del varón en la salud reproductiva - . Legislaciones sobre aborto: un análisis comparado - . Mortalidad por suicidio en la ciudad de Buenos Aires 1980-1995 - , , y . Utilización y gasto en servicios de salud según educación, clase social e ingreso, en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires - Findling, L. La de las obras sociales: una mirada sobre la reforma desde los actores involucrados - . Nuevo perfil sindical, . El caso de - . Diferencias y semejanzas entre las campañas de promoción de la salud y promoción del consumo - y otros. Los modelos político-comunicativos del sida y el en Argentina 1991-93 - . Identidades y complejo vih/sida - . Percepciones de los jefes de guardia de un hospital acerca de su trabajo - y . La salud reproductiva en las representaciones y prácticas de los servicios públicos de salud - . Los jóvenes y el riesgo - . Jóvenes, instituciones y malestar personal acerca de la producción social de problemas biopsic ológicos en adolescentes que reciben tratamiento hospitalario - . El suicidio juvenil en la Argentina

Induced abortion in Indonesia.

Induced abortion is one of the most difficult sociomedical problems facing the Indonesian government. While well-known in traditional society, the practice was discouraged by all Indonesian religious groups, and forbidden by the Dutch colonial authorities. Although abortion was technically illegal under the criminal code, a judicial interpretation in the early 1970s permitted medical professionals to offer the procedure so long as they were discreet and careful. The numbers of medical abortions carried out in Indonesia rose dramatically, and there was evidence of matching declines in the incidence of morbidity and mortality caused by dangerous illegal procedures. Medical and community groups campaigned for a more liberal abortion law to protect legal practitioners and stamp out illegal traditional practices. Their efforts appeared to bear fruit in the draft Health Law, but when the law was passed by the legislature in late 1992, the issue was again clouded by contradictions and inconsistencies.

PIP: This review of induced abortion services provides insights into the historical development of services and the ambivalent position of the law towards abortion in Indonesia. There is and had been a demand for abortion services. Abortion is performed with the approval of government, and religious (Muslim), and community leaders. A strong regulatory code is set by professional associations. The Health Law passed in late 1992 was intended to protect legal practitioners but instead created ambiguities by forbidding abortion when in violation of legal, religious, and ethical norms and 2) permitting the medical procedure by trained physicians for the purpose of saving the life of a pregnant woman or the fetus. The law does not clarify the mechanism for resolving situations when norms are inconsistent or in conflict. Pregnancy services are offered by traditional practitioners (illegal provider), midwives and nurse-midwives (illegal provider), general practitioners and physician specialist (usually illegal providers), and obstetricians and gynecologists. Demand for abortion services has grown due to the pressure to delay marriage, the restriction to 2 children, the desire for small families, and the increase in unwanted pregnancy among the unmarried. Traditional methods of abortion include "pijat" or kneading and punching of the abdomen by traditional birth attendants or healers, "jamu" or herbal remedies which are ingested, and "jamu sticks" which are inserted into the vagina and cervix. Physicians use dilation and curettage, menstrual regulation, vacuum curettage (the mostly widely used method), saline injections, and prostaglandin suppositories. Ru486 is under consideration only and has not yet been accepted or used. There were an estimated 750,000 to 1 million abortions performed per year or a ratio of 16.7-22.2 abortions/100 live births in 1989. The consequences of induced abortion determined by practitioners in Indonesia are physical effects (bleeding, infection, cervical damage, and mortality) and psychological effects. There are undesirable effects from illegal abortion, and, without clear reform. the issue will become political and the demand for abortion will increase. The medical professional associations, voluntary family planning groups, and women's groups are pressing for reform, but the government is fearful and not responding.