RESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate whether lactating Hu sheep's dietary protein levels could generate dynamic effects on the performance of their offspring. Twelve ewes with similar parity were fed iso-energy diets which contained different protein levels (P1: 9.82%, P2: 10.99%) (n = 6), and the corresponding offspring were divided into SP1 and SP2 (n = 12). At 60 days, half of the lambs were harvested for further study: the carcass weight (p = 0.043) and dressing percentage (p = 0.004) in the SP2 group were significantly higher than SP1. The acetic acid (p = 0.007), propionic acid (p = 0.003), butyric acid (p < 0.001) and volatile fatty acids (p < 0.001) in rumen fluid of SP2 were significantly lower than SP1. The expression of MCT2 (p = 0.024), ACSS1 (p = 0.039) and NHE3 (p = 0.006) in the rumen of SP2 was lower than SP1, while the HMGCS1 (p = 0.026), HMGCR (p = 0.024) and Na+/K+-ATPase (p = 0.020) was higher than SP1. The three dominant phyla in the rumen are Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The membrane transport, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism of SP1 were relatively enhanced, the replication and repair function of SP2 was relatively enhanced. To sum up, the increase of dietary protein level significantly increased the carcass weight and dressing percentage of offspring and had significant effects on rumen volatile fatty acids, acetic acid activation and cholesterol synthesis related genes. HIGHLIGHTSIn the early feeding period, the difference in ADG of lambs was mainly caused by the sucking effect.The increase in dietary protein level of ewes significantly increased the carcass weight and dressing percentage of offspring.The dietary protein level of ewes significantly affected the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and genes related to acetic acid activation and cholesterol synthesis in the rumen of their offspring.The membrane transport, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism of the offspring of ewes fed with a low protein diet were relatively enhanced.The replication and repair function of the offspring of ewes fed with a high protein diet was relatively strengthened.
Asunto(s)
Lactancia , Rumen , Embarazo , Animales , Ovinos , Femenino , Rumen/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles , Acetatos/análisis , Acetatos/metabolismo , Proteínas en la Dieta/análisis , Proteínas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/análisis , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Colesterol/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Leche/química , Suplementos DietéticosRESUMEN
Adoxophyes honmai, a serious pest of tea plants, prefers to lay eggs on mature tea leaves rather than young leaves. Here, we examined a hypothesis that Ascogaster reticulata, an egg-larval parasitoid of A. honmai, increases the likelihood of encountering host egg masses by searching mature tea leaves when host-derived cues are not available. In a dual-choice bioassay using a four-arm olfactometer, A. reticulata preferred odor from intact, mature leaves versus young leaves. Based on volatile analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified 5 and 10 compounds from mature and young leaf volatiles, respectively. The 5 components in the extract from intact mature leaves included (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-ß-ocimene, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), and methyl salicylate. When each individual compound, or quaternary and quintenary blends of them, ratios of which were adjusted to match those of mature leaf volatiles, were provided, parasitoids preferred the full mixture and the quaternary blend devoid of DMNT to the solvent control. Methyl salicylate, one of the components of preferred blends, was not detected among young leaf volatiles. We concluded that the volatile composition of tea leaves changes, depending on their maturity, and that this composition affects foraging behavior of the parasitoid, which is closely related to the host herbivore's oviposition preference.
Asunto(s)
Camellia sinensis/química , Himenópteros/parasitología , Odorantes/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Acetatos/análisis , Acetatos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/análisis , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/metabolismo , Alquenos/análisis , Alquenos/metabolismo , Animales , Camellia sinensis/metabolismo , Ecosistema , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Larva/parasitología , Mariposas Nocturnas/parasitología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Salicilatos/análisis , Salicilatos/metabolismo , Terpenos/análisis , Terpenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
So far, the occurrence of the flavor constituent 1-phenylethyl acetate in a natural source has not been unambiguously confirmed. The present work provides the detailed identification of 1-phenylethyl acetate from clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry) buds. In addition, headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed further occurrence of 1-phenylethyl acetate in cocoa pulp and grape hyacinth flowers. A total of 15.2 g of essential oil was recovered from 7.2 kg of clove buds by simultaneous distillation-extraction followed by vacuum distillation. The distillate obtained was fractionated by silica column chromatography, whereby a significant enrichment of 1-phenylethyl acetate was achieved. The fraction containing the target analyte was further purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, resulting in a final purity of â¼93.0%, yielding a total of 1 to 2 mg of 1-phenylethyl acetate. Identification of the isolated compound was achieved by GC/MS, infrared spectroscopy, enantioselective GC, isotope ratio MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Enantioselective GC/MS analysis revealed an enantiomeric excess of 60% (1S)-(-)-1-phenylethyl acetate in the isolate. The δ13CV-PDB value of -32.5 ± 0.5 was in accordance with that of C3-plants and other constituents found in genuine clove extracts.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/análisis , Aromatizantes/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Syzygium/química , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Estructura Molecular , Odorantes/análisis , Aceites Volátiles/químicaRESUMEN
Ethnobotanical field surveys revealed the use of fruits of Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. for treating diabetes, burns, bronchial asthma, constipation, kidney stones, and rheumatic pains and as a sedative in Turkish folk medicine. This study aimed to verify the efficacy of the fruits of O. ficus indica experimentally and to define components responsible for the activity using bioassay-guided procedures. The crude methanolic extract of the fruits was sequentially fractionated into five subextracts: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. Further experiments were carried out on the most active subextract, that is, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subextract, which was further subjected to fractionation through successive column chromatographic applications on Sephadex LH-20. For activity assessment, each extract or fraction was submitted to bioassay systems; traction test, fireplace test, hole-board test, elevated plus-maze test, and open-field test were used for sedative and anxiolytic effects, and a thiopental-induced sleeping test was used for the hypnotic effect. Among the subextracts obtained from the methanolic extract, the EtOAc subextract showed significant sedative and anxiolytic effects in the bioassay systems. From the EtOAc subextract, major components were isolated, and their structures were determined as isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside using spectral techniques. In conclusion, this study confirmed the claimed use of the plant against anxiety in Turkish folk medicine.
Asunto(s)
Ansiolíticos/administración & dosificación , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/administración & dosificación , Opuntia/química , Acetatos/análisis , Animales , Ansiolíticos/aislamiento & purificación , Ansiolíticos/farmacología , Fraccionamiento Químico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Etnobotánica , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/aislamiento & purificación , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/farmacología , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
The in vitro antioxidant effects of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts isolated from Hericium coralloides were investigated. Overall, the ethyl acetate extract of H. coralloides (HcEAE) showed better antioxidant activity in vitro than the petroleum ether and ethanol extracts (HcPEE and HcETE, respectively) of H. coralloides. A comprehensive investigation of the antioxidant activity of the HcEAE in vitro indicated that it possessed superior antioxidant activity, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.93, 1.84, 1.59, and 0.6 mg/mL against DPPH, hydroxyl, ABTS+, and superoxide (O2- ) radicals, respectively. To assess in vivo antioxidant activity, three different doses of HcEAE were orally administered in a D-galactose-induced aged mouse model. Administration of HcEAE significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and lowered the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in brains and sera of mice in a dose-dependent manner. A histopathology assessment indicated that the HcEAE could ameliorate the anile condition of the model mice. These results suggest that the HcEAE has potent antioxidant activity and could minimize the occurrence of age-associated disorders associated with free radicals.
Asunto(s)
Agaricales/química , Envejecimiento , Antioxidantes/análisis , Extractos Celulares/farmacología , Acetatos/análisis , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Alcanos/análisis , Animales , Catalasa/análisis , Extractos Celulares/química , Etanol , Radicales Libres/análisis , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Masculino , Ratones , Superóxido Dismutasa/análisisRESUMEN
The present study was conducted to check the comparative qualities of essential oils prepared by hydrodistillation (HD) and supercritical fluid techniques. It constitutes the first attempt to investigate the chemical composition of Daucus carota subsp. maritimus extracts using supercritical fluid technology (SFE) as an environmentally clean innovative method of extraction. The effect of pressure on the nature of extractable substances from wild carrot has been performed at a constant temperature of 50⯰C and two different pressures (100 and 300â¯bar). The experimental results showed that pressure had a significant enhancing effect on the fluid transport properties and therefore on yield values. The extraction yield increases from 1.167 to 2.986% while increasing pressure. The chemical compositions of the essential oils prepared by HD and SFE were analyzed on the basis of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Thus, we noticed that all analyzed samples were enriched in geranyl acetate and ßbisabolene, and that the quantities of different identified substances were extremely sensitive to the extraction method and to the pressure variation in case of SFE.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía con Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Daucus carota/química , Aceites Volátiles/aislamiento & purificación , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Acetatos/análisis , Acetatos/aislamiento & purificación , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/análisis , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/aislamiento & purificación , Sesquiterpenos Monocíclicos/análisis , Sesquiterpenos Monocíclicos/aislamiento & purificación , Aceites Volátiles/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/análisis , PresiónRESUMEN
This study focused on the impact of esters on the perception of floral aroma in rose essential oil. Various aromatic reconstitutions were prepared, consisting of 10 alcohols and 9 esters, all the concentrations found in rose essential oil. Sensory analysis by the triangular tests revealed the interesting behavior of certain compounds among the 9 esters following their addition or omission. The results tend to highlight the important role of ethyl octanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate, citronellyl acetate, geranyl acetate, and 2-phenethyl acetate of esters in rose essential oil. The "olfactory threshold" (OT) of the 5 esters, the floral reconstitution and the mixtures of ester and floral reconstitution were evaluated in alkanes solution. Through the Feller's additive model analysis, it was found that the presence of ethyl octanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate, and citronellyl acetate led to a significant in decrease the OT of the mixtures, whereas geranyl acetate raised the OT. The floral reconstitution in alkanes solution was supplemented with the 5 esters at high, medium, and low concentration, then analyzed by quantitative descriptive analysis. It was revealed that ethyl octanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate, and citronellyl acetate adding overall aroma, and geranyl acetate masking the overall aroma perception in a model floral mixture. Sensory profiles highlighted changes in the perception of aroma nuances in the presence of the 5 esters, with specific perceptive interactions, and reported on the graph based on two parameters [σâ¯=â¯f(τ)]. This paper provided a reference for the flavourists.
Asunto(s)
Ésteres/análisis , Odorantes/análisis , Aceites Volátiles/análisis , Rosa/química , Acetatos/análisis , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/análisis , Adolescente , Adulto , Caprilatos/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Monoterpenos/análisis , Alcohol Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Alcohol Feniletílico/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Soluciones , Gusto , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The objective of this study is to explore the preventive effects of ethyl acetate fraction from Citrus aurantium leaf extract (EACA), associated with its phytochemical content, against the toxic impacts of acute exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in the liver of adult rats. HPLC analysis of ethyl acetate fraction from extract C. aurantium revealed eight compounds. Administration of a single dose of CCl4 caused hepatoxicity as monitored by an increase in lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and in protein carbonyl level but a decrease in antioxidant markers in the liver tissue. The pre-treatment with EACA; significantly prevented the increased plasma levels of hepatic markers and lipid levels induced by CCl4 in rats. Furthermore, this fraction ameliorated biochemical and histological parameters as compared to CCl4-treated group. Our results suggest that C. aurantium contains promising substances to counteract the CCl4 intoxication and can be efficient in the prevention of hepatotoxicity complications.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Tetracloruro de Carbono/toxicidad , Citrus/química , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Acetatos/análisis , Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/citología , Hígado/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Masas , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Fenoles/análisis , RatasRESUMEN
In this work, we present the development of a method for the determination of acetate and formate in vegetable oils by ion chromatography with conductometric detection following their extraction from samples using a diluted KOH solution. The extraction procedure was optimized using a multivariate approach. The application of a 24 full factorial design showed that the mass of sample, extraction time, and KOH concentration presented significant influence on the extraction of both acetate and formate, whereas the temperature presented little influence on the process. As a result, we set the extraction temperature at 22⯰C and performed the multivariate optimization of the other variables using a Doehlert design. The optimum conditions were: 4.8â¯g of sample, 8â¯mmolâ¯L-1 KOH solution and 19â¯min extraction time. Six samples of vegetable oils (soybean, corn, canola, sunflower and olive) were analyzed and recovery tests provided recovery percentages in the range of 82-118%.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/análisis , Cromatografía/métodos , Formiatos/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a sustainable and promising technology for phosphorus removal from wastewater. The efficiency of this technology, however, is often discounted due to the insufficient carbon sources in influent. In this work, the effect of acetate to glycerol ratio on the EBPR performance was evaluated. The experimental results showed when the ratio of acetate to glycerol decreased from 100/0% to 50/50%, the EBPR efficiency increased from 90.2% to 96.2%. Further decrease of acetate to glycerol ratio to 0/100% decreased the efficiency of EBPR to 30.5%. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated appropriate increase of glycerol benefited to increase the relative abundance of phosphate accumulating organisms. Further investigation revealed the proper addition of glycerol increased the amount of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis, and then produced sufficient energy for oxic luxury phosphorus in the subsequent oxic phase.
Asunto(s)
Fósforo/metabolismo , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Aguas Residuales/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Acetatos/análisis , Ácido Acético , Reactores Biológicos , Carbono , Glicerol/análisis , Glucógeno , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Fósforo/análisis , Polihidroxialcanoatos , Polifosfatos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
This paper reports a full evaporation (FE) headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) method for the determination of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in bio-oil (i.e. methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid and furfural). The method uses a 4µL sample of bio-oil in a headspace vial (ca. 20mL). Complete evaporation of the compounds was achieved after seven minutes at 90°C. The method showed good precision and accuracy for methanol, ethanol, acetone and acetic acid. The recovery of furfural was low (74.3%). The results showed that the protocol can be applied for the determination of methanol, ethanol, acetone and acetic acid in bio-oil. Detection limits ranged from 0.13 to 0.16µg. Acetic acid was the dominant analyte in the heavy bio-oil and light bio-oil analysis (113. 3 and 85.1µgmg-1, respectively), followed by methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The polymerisation of furfural was suspected as the cause of its poor quantification.
Asunto(s)
Eucalyptus , Aceites de Plantas/análisis , Polifenoles/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Acetatos/análisis , Acetona/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases/métodos , Etanol/análisis , Furaldehído/análisis , Metanol/análisisRESUMEN
The present study reports the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oil extracted from the leaves and tender branches of Hypericum gaitii Haines (Hypericaceae) - an endemic plant of Eastern India. On hydrodistillation, the fresh leaves and tender parts of H. gaitii yielded 0.43% (v/w) of pale yellowish essential oil. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 40 compounds, which represent 96.9% of the total oil. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (79.3%) predominated followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (12.6%). Of these, α-pinene (69.5%), ß-caryophyllene (10.5%), sabinene (5.6%), myrcene (3.0%) and geranyl acetate (2.0%) were the main constituents. Antioxidant activities of oil were evaluated by three different systems namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and reducing power assay. Essential oil exhibited moderate antioxidant activities compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Hypericum/química , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Acetatos/análisis , Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Antioxidantes/química , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , India , Monoterpenos/análisis , Aceites Volátiles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos , Sesquiterpenos/análisis , Terpenos/análisisRESUMEN
Dissipation kinetics of tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin and its acid metabolite residues were studied in tea under tropical field conditions using GC-MS (SIM). The average recoveries ranged from 80.7% to 105.8%, with a RSD of <9.3%. Dissipation rate for both doses applied followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives in green leaves in the range of 2.8-3.3 and 2.9-3.3 days; ranges in processed tea were 2.7-3.6 days for trifloxystrobin and 3.0-3.1 days for tebuconazole. The trifloxystrobin residues were not transferred into the tea infusion during the infusion process; tebuconazole did transfer, in the range of 14.3-18.9%. As the theoretical maximum residue contributions on tea from initial deposits were found to be less than the maximum permissible intake values, at the recommended application dose a withdrawal period of 23 days before consumption should be applied to reduce risk.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/análisis , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Iminas/análisis , Estrobilurinas/análisis , Té/química , Triazoles/análisis , CinéticaRESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the fermentation quality and nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages based on desert wormwood (DW) combined with early stage corn (ESC) as forage and determine an optimum formula. Desert wormwood and ESC were harvested, chopped, and mixed with other ingredients according to a formula, packed into laboratory silos at densities of 500-550 g/L, and stored in the dark for 60 days. The DW proportions in the forage of TMR were 1, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and 0, based on fresh weight. As the proportion of DW decreased, the pH also decreased (P < 0.05), while lactic acid, lactic acid/acetic acid, crude protein, starch, and the in vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber increased (P < 0.05). Ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen in the TMR silages with DW proportions of 0.75, 0.25 and 0 in the forage was more than 10%. These results indicated that the quality of the TMR silage containing DW alone as forage was poor, TMR silages containing DW proportions of 0.75 and 0.25, and ESC alone, in the forage were not well preserved. The optimum TMR silage formula contained a DW proportion of 0.5 in the forage.
Asunto(s)
Artemisia , Fermentación , Valor Nutritivo , Ensilaje , Zea mays , Acetatos/análisis , Amoníaco/análisis , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ácido Láctico/análisis , Nitrógeno/análisis , Proteínas/análisis , Ensilaje/análisis , Almidón/análisis , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
An undesirable consequence of disinfection is the formation of chemical contaminants known as disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Chronic exposure to DBPs has been linked to adverse health effects. The occurrence of DBPs in chlorinated pools filled with seawater (such as thalassotherapy pools and pools in spas) has received little attention so far. The present study evaluated the speciation and levels of disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pools filled with seawater and treated with chlorine. Water and air samples were collected from three indoor swimming pools located in Southern France. Several classes of DBPs including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and trihaloacetaldehydes were analyzed in water. Halogenated volatile organic compounds were analyzed in air. Extractable organic halides (EOX) contents were determined using combustion/micro-coulometry system. The speciation of DBPs identified in the three pools was predominantly brominated. The mean (arithmetic) concentration of bromoform, dibromoacetic acid, tribromoacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile and bromal hydrate in the three pools was 79.2, 72.9, 59.9, 26.9 and 10.0µg/L, respectively. By weight, HAAs represented the most abundant chemical class followed by THMs. In air, bromoform was the most abundant THM occurring at a mean concentration of 133.2µg/m3 in the three pools. The mean EOX level was 706µgCl-/L for the three pools. In average, the quantified DBPs accounted for only 14% of EOX, thus 86% of EOX remained unknown. Further research is warranted to identify the unknown DBPs.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Desinfección , Halogenación , Piscinas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Acetatos/análisis , Acetonitrilos/análisis , Cloro , Desinfectantes , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Hidrocarburos Halogenados/análisisRESUMEN
Rhizoma Alpinia officinarum (Hance) Farw, Zingiberaceae (AO), a ginger family herb exhibiting stimulant and a carminative bioactivity, is widely used in European and Asian countries as spicy condiment and medicinal uses. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is the main pungent taste of native Wasabi (Wasabia japonica). The cytotoxicity of AITC has been implicated in thymus, adrenals, and white blood cells. Considering food safety, apparently a safer substitute for wasabi is worthy commercialized. Previously, we found AO crude paste to be rather feasible for use as a "Wasabi-substitute" in fresh meat and cold salads. A process linking cold ethyl acetate (EtAc) extraction with silica gel adsorption and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) (mobile phase, 75% methanol) was used to isolate galangal acetate, the Wasabi-like taste constituent. AO contained abundant galangal acetate (3.84 ± 0.07%) compared to A. galangal (0.57 ± 0.16%), and as already confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), galangal acetate was particularly thermally labile. The steam distilled essential oil (SDEO) of AO (0.14% on wet basis) contained 80 compounds (number of component, %): monoterpene hydrocarbon (21, 13.83%); oxygenated monoterpene (17, 27.08%); sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (20, 31.03%), and oxygenated sesquiterpene (20, 21.85%), respectively. However, no spicy wasabi-like constituent remained in SDEO. Alternatively, n-hexane, EtAc, and methanol extracts of AO all showed potent DPPH- and superoxide anion-scavenging activity. Conclusively, SDEO although contains 80 volatiles, galangal acetate is absent due to thermal instability. Galangal acetate exhibits pleasant "Wasabi-like taste" for which we have successively developed an integrated process for mass production.
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Acetatos/análisis , Alpinia/química , Manipulación de Alimentos , Aceites Volátiles/análisis , Rizoma/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Asia , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Hexanos/química , Isotiocianatos/análisis , Metanol/química , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , GustoRESUMEN
Genes encoding pectic enzymes were introduced to wild-type potato Karnico. Cell wall materials were extracted from Karnico and transgenic lines expressing ß-galactosidase (ß-Gal-14 mutant) or rhamnogalacturonan lyase (RGL-18 mutant). After sequential extraction, ß-Gal-14 hot buffer-soluble solids (HBSS) of pectin contained 54% less galactose than Karnico HBSS, representing shorter galactan side chains. The individual pectin populations of ß-Gal-14 HBSS showed different modifications extended to the two sub-populations as obtained by ion-exchange chromatography. Compared to wild-type, RGL-18 HBSS contained 27% more galacturonic acid and 55% less Gal on fresh potato weight basis, which was due to the removal of galactan-rich rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) segments. All pectin populations of RGL-18 showed consistently low levels of RG-I segments. Transgenic modification showed side effects on the methyl-esterification and acetyl substitution of RGL-18 HBSS (DM=53, DA=21), but not of the ß-Gal-14 HBSS in comparison to wild-type (DM=29, DA=54).
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Pectinas/metabolismo , Polisacárido Liasas/genética , Solanum tuberosum/genética , Transgenes , beta-Galactosidasa/genética , Acetatos/análisis , Pared Celular/enzimología , Galactosa/química , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Polisacárido Liasas/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The plant, Chrysophyllum albidum is indigenous to Nigeria and its stem-bark has wide application in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections and oxidative stress related diseases. The aim of the study was to isolate the chemical constituents responsible for the antioxidant and antibacterial activity from the stem-bark of the plant in order to justify some of its ethnomedicinal uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crude extract of stem-bark of Chrysophyllum albidum obtained from 80% ethanol was successively partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol. The solvent fractions and isolated compounds were tested for antioxidant property using 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Antibacterial activities were also assessed by means of agar-diffusion and broth micro dilution methods. EtOAc fraction was repeatedly fractionated on column chromatography to afford four compounds and their chemical structures were established using NMR (1D and 2D) and MS. RESULTS: Chromatographic fractionation of EtOAc fraction with the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities afforded stigmasterol (1),: epicatechin (2),: epigallocatechin (3): and procyanidin B5 (4).: Procyanidin B5 isolated for the first time from genus Chrysophyllum demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.8 µM and 11.20 µM in DPPH and nitric oxide assays respectively and equally demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli (MIC 156.25 µg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 156.25 µg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 625 µg/mL) and Bacillus subtilis (MIC 156.25 µg/mL). CONCLUSION: The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of epicatechin, epigallocatechin and procyanidin B5 isolated from Chrysophyllum albidum stem-bark validate the folkloric uses.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Etanol/aislamiento & purificación , Corteza de la Planta/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Tallos de la Planta/química , Sapotaceae/química , 1-Butanol/análisis , Acetatos/análisis , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Etanol/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , NigeriaRESUMEN
In this paper, the chemical composition of ethyl acetate parts of seed melon were studied by using ethanol re-flux method, extraction method, and isolated by column chromatography oversilica gel and Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC. The structures of the separated compounds were identified by physical-chemical methods and spectral data such as MS, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, etc. 12 compounds were got from the plant including one new compound, 4-hydroxymet-hyl-2-methoxyphenyl 1-O-ß-D-[6'-O-(4â³-hydroxybenzoyl)-glucopyranoside] (1) and 11 known compounds, uracil (2), thymine (3), 2'-deoxyuridine (4), 7,8-dimethylalloxazine (5), indole-3-carboxylic acid (6), ß-adenosine (7), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (8), p-coumaric acid (9), cucumegastigmanesâ (10), 3'-methoxyl-quercetin-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (11) and 3,3'-dimethyloxy-4,4'-dihydroxy-9,9'-monoepoxy lignan (12).
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/análisis , Cucurbitaceae/química , Fitoquímicos/análisis , SemillasRESUMEN
External dosing of sweetmeat waste (SMW) dosing into exhausted upflow packed bed bioreactor (PBR) resulted in prompt reactivation of SO4(2-) removal. Different SMW concentrations in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/SO4(2-) ratios (1, 2, 4 and 8) were introduced into four identical PBR where process stability was found within 3 weeks of operation. SO4(2-) removal was proportional to COD/SO4(2-) ratios up to 4 at which maximum sulfate removal (99%) was achieved at a rate of 607 mg/d. The value of COD consumption:SO4(2-)removal was much higher at ratio 4 than 8 whereas, ratio 2 was preferred over all. Net effluent acetate concentration profile and total microbial population attached to the reactor matrices were corresponding to COD/SO4(2-) ratio as 4>8>2>>1. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) population was found to be inversely proportional to COD/SO4(2-) ratio in which acetate oxidizing SRB and fermentative bacteria were the dominant.