RESUMEN
Resumen Introducción. El ADN antiguo que se extrae de los restos óseos humanos permite analizar la composición genética de las poblaciones precolombinas y determinar las dinámicas poblacionales que dieron origen a la diversidad de las poblaciones contemporáneas. Objetivo. Determinar la diversidad genética y la relación con otras comunidades contemporáneas y antiguas de América, de los restos óseos asociados al Templo del Sol en Sogamoso, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 13 individuos pertenecientes al periodo precolombino muisca (siglos IX-XVI d. C.), provenientes de los alrededores del Templo del Sol en Sogamoso, Boyacá, Andes orientales colombianos. Se amplificó el ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) y se determinaron los polimorfismos de la longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP) para los cuatro haplogrupos amerindios (A, B, C y D). Además, se amplificaron y analizaron los marcadores autosómicos, incluida la amelogenina, y los marcadores de los polimorfismos de repeticiones cortas en tándem (Short Tandem Repeat, STR) del cromosoma Y. Resultados. El haplogrupo A fue el linaje mitocondrial más frecuente en esta población, seguido de los haplogrupos B y C; no se detectó el haplogrupo D. Los análisis de variación genética indicaron una diversidad semejante a la de las poblaciones pertenecientes a la familia lingüística chibcha, contemporánea en Colombia y Centroamérica. Se logró hacer la determinación molecular del sexo de los individuos estudiados y compararla con los datos osteológicos. Con una sola excepción, los datos bioantropológicos y moleculares concordaron. Conclusiones. Estos resultados aportan nuevos elementos a la hipótesis del origen centroamericano de los grupos chibchas del altiplano cundiboyacense con base en marcadores genéticos, y permitieron establecer el sexo y las relaciones de parentesco.
Abstract Introduction: DNA extracted from ancient human bones allows to analyze the genetic makeup of preColumbian populations and to determine the dynamics that gave rise to the diversity of contemporary populations. Objective: To determine the genetic diversity of skeletal remains associated with the Templo del Sol (Sun Temple) and their relationship with other contemporary and ancient communities of America. Materials and methods: We analyzed 13 individuals belonging to the pre-Columbian Muisca Period (IX-XVI centuries AD) from the vicinities of the Templo del Sol (Sun Temple) (Sogamoso, Boyacá) in the eastern Colombian Andes. Mitochondrial DNA was amplified and RFLPs were performed in order to type the four traditional Amerindian haplogroups (A, B, C and D). In addition, autosomal markers including amelogenin and Y-chromosome STRs were amplified. Results: Among the observed mitochondrial lineages, haplogroup A was the most frequent, followed by haplogroups B and C; no evidence of haplogroup D was found. The genetic variation analysis indicated a similar diversity of pre-Columbian Muiscas to that of contemporary populations belonging to the Chibcha linguistic family from Colombia and Central America. Molecular sexing was accomplished and it was compared to osteological data. With only one exception, anthropological and molecular data were consistent. Conclusions: Our results contribute new genetic elements supporting the hypothesis of Central American origin of the Chibcha groups of the Cundiboyacense plateau, and allowed sex typing and kinship evaluations.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Masculino , Variación Genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Filogenia , Huesos/química , Haplotipos , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Marcadores Genéticos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Colombia , Cromosomas Humanos Y/genética , Amelogenina/genéticaRESUMEN
Enamel is the covering tissue of teeth, made of regularly arranged hydroxyapatite crystals deposited on an organic matrix composed of 90% amelogenin that is completely degraded at the end of the enamel formation process. Amelogenin has a biomineralizing activity, forming nanoparticles or nanoribbons that guide hydroxyapatite deposit, and regenerative functions in bone and vascular tissue and in wound healing. Biotechnological products containing amelogenin seem to facilitate these processes. Here, we describe the production of human amelogenin in plants by transient transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana with constructs carrying synthetic genes with optimized human or plant codons. Both genes yielded approximately 500 µg of total amelogenin per gram of fresh leaf tissue. Two purification procedures based on affinity chromatography or on intrinsic solubility properties of the protein were followed, yielding from 12 to 150 µg of amelogenin per gram of fresh leaf tissue, respectively, at different purity. The identity of the plant-made human amelogenin was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of peptides generated following chymotrypsin digestion. Using dynamic light scattering, we showed that plant extracts made in acetic acid containing human amelogenin have a bimodal distribution of agglomerates, with hydrodynamic diameters of 22.8 ± 3.8 and 389.5 ± 86.6 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of expression of human amelogenin in plants, offering the possibility to use this plant-made protein for nanotechnological applications.
Asunto(s)
Amelogenina/genética , Clonación Molecular , Nanotecnología/métodos , Nicotiana/genética , Amelogenina/biosíntesis , Amelogenina/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Aminoácidos/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Humanos , Espectrometría de Masas , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/genética , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización DesorciónRESUMEN
Saliva components play a crucial role in the integrity of the dental enamel and in caries susceptibility. The saliva characteristics are controlled by many factors, including genetic factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between the genetic variations in genes expressed in enamel development with calcium and phosphorus levels in saliva. We collected 276 unrelated 12-year-old children from private and public schools. Saliva was collected for DNA extraction from oral cells and for measurement of calcium and phosphorus. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry determined calcium and phosphorus levels in whole saliva. Fifteen genetic variations in 9 genes were analyzed. The genotype was determined by real-time polymerase chain reactions. Data were analyzed using Plink with an alpha of 5%. Genetic variations in AMELX, AMNB and ESRRB were associated with the calcium level in saliva (p < 0.05). A borderline association was observed in ENAM allele distribution shown with phosphate level in saliva (p = 0.049). In conclusion, our results are the first to report that genetic variations contribute to calcium and phosphorus levels in saliva.
Asunto(s)
Amelogénesis/genética , Amelogenina/genética , Calcio/análisis , Proteínas del Esmalte Dental/genética , Fósforo/análisis , Receptores de Estrógenos/genética , Saliva/química , Niño , Femenino , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Fenotipo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Espectrofotometría AtómicaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: DNA extracted from ancient human bones allows to analyze the genetic makeup of pre-Columbian populations and to determine the dynamics that gave rise to the diversity of contemporary populations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the genetic diversity of skeletal remains associated with the Templo del Sol (Sun Temple) and their relationship with other contemporary and ancient communities of America. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 13 individuals belonging to the pre-Columbian Muisca Period (IX-XVI centuries AD) from the vicinities of the Templo del Sol (Sun Temple) (Sogamoso, Boyacá) in the eastern Colombian Andes. Mitochondrial DNA was amplified and RFLPs were performed in order to type the four traditional Amerindian haplogroups (A, B, C and D). In addition, autosomal markers including amelogenin and Y-chromosome STRs were amplified. RESULTS: Among the observed mitochondrial lineages, haplogroup A was the most frequent, followed by haplogroups B and C; no evidence of haplogroup D was found. The genetic variation analysis indicated a similar diversity of pre-ColumbianMuiscas to that of contemporary populations belonging to the Chibcha linguistic family from Colombia and Central America. Molecular sexing was accomplished and it was compared to osteological data. With only one exception, anthropological and molecular data were consistent. CONCLUSIONS: Our results contribute new genetic elements supporting the hypothesis of Central American origin of the Chibcha groups of the Cundiboyacense plateau, and allowed sex typing and kinship evaluations.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Variación Genética , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Amelogenina/genética , Huesos/química , Cromosomas Humanos Y/genética , Colombia , Femenino , Marcadores Genéticos , Haplotipos , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Masculino , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To extracted DNA from ancient human teeth dated 3000 years ago unearthed in Xi'an and determine the genders for the individuals. METHODS: Thirty five ancient human teeth were studied. A 'Reverse-root-canal' technique and a Chelex-100 solution were used to extract the DNA. Specific primers for Amelogenin gene were designed for PCR amplification. RESULTS: Genomic DNA was successfully extracted from 30 samples, for which 8 were determined to be males and 22 were females. CONCLUSION: The 'Reverse-root-canal' technique may be used for extracting DNA from ancient human teeth. Genetics method can supplement physical anthropology for determination of sex for ancient samples.