Anticoccidial activity of Aloe Vera Leafs' aqueous extract and vaccination against Eimeria tenella: pathological study in broilers.

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of an anticoccidial vaccine and the anticoccidial activity of Aloe vera in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella (E. tenella). A total of 225 healthy, sexless, one-day-old broiler chicks (avian48) from a commercial broiler company were randomized into nine experimental groups of 25 chicks. The groups were as follows: Group 1 (control, vaccinated, non-infected), Group 2 (vaccinated and infected with 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts), Group 3 (vaccinated, infected with 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts, and treated with Aloe vera), Group 4 (infected with 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts and treated with Aloe vera), Group 5 (positive control, infected with 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts), Group 6 (challenged with 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts and then treated with amprolium), Group 7 (treated with amprolium), Group 8 (blank control negative group), and Group 9 (treated with Aloe vera gel).Various parameters were evaluated, including clinical signs, growth performance, oocyst shedding, hematological and immunological parameters, and pathological lesion scoring. The results demonstrated that Aloe vera improved growth performance, reduced oocyst shedding, and decreased caecal lesion scores in E. Tenella-infected broiler chicks. The use of Aloe vera in combination with either amprolium or anticoccidial vaccines provided a potential solution to the issues of drug resistance and drug residues.In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights regarding the control of coccidiosis in broilers. Supplementing the chicken diet with Aloe vera had beneficial effects on the pathogenicity and infectivity of E. tenella, making it a cost-effective alternative as an herbal extract with no adverse side effects for coccidiosis control. These findings suggest that Aloe vera can be considered a potential candidate for inclusion in broiler diets for effective coccidiosis control.

Persea americana extract protects intestinal tissue from Eimeria papillata-induced murine Infection.

Coccidiosis is the most prevalent disease-causing widespread economic loss among farm and domestic animals. Currently, several drugs are available for the control of this disease but resistance has been confirmed for all of them. There is an urgent need, therefore, for the identification of new sources as alternative treatments to control coccidiosis. The present work aimed to study the effect of the Persea americana extract (PAE) as an anti-coccidial, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic modulator during murine intestinal Eimeria papillata infection. A total of 25 male mice were divided into five groups, as follows: Group1: Non-infected-non-treated (negative control), Group2: Non-infected-treated group with PAE (500 mg/kg b.w). Group3: Infected-non-treated (positive control), Group4: Infected-treated group with PAE (500 mg/kg b.w.), and Group5: Infected-treated group with Amprolium (120 mg/kg b.w.). Groups (3-5) were orally inoculated with 1 × 103 sporulated E. papillata oocysts. After 60 min of infection, groups (4 and 5) were treated for 5 consecutive days with the recommended doses of PAE and amprolium. The fact that PAE has an anti-coccidial efficacy against intestinal E. papillata infection in mice has been clarified by the reduction of fecal oocyst output on the 5th day post-infection by about 85.41%. Moreover, there is a significant reduction in the size of each parasite stage in the jejunal tissues of the infected-treated group with PAE. PAE counteracted the E. papillata-induced loss of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TCA). E. papillata infection also induced an increase in the apoptotic cells expressed by caspase-3 which modulated after PAE treatment. Moreover, the mRNA expression of the goblet cell response gene, mucin (MUC2), was upregulated from 0.50 to 1.20-fold after treatment with PAE. Based on our results, PAE is a promising medicinal plant with anti-coccidial, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities and could be used as a food additive.

Comparative efficacy of allopathic and herbal drugs in sheep naturally infected with coccidiosis.

Development of anticoccidial resistance and concerns of drug residues have prompted the evaluation of alternatives to allopathic drugs. In current study, anticoccidial effect of amprolium was compared with that of Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale. Ninety (90) sheep, naturally infected with Eimeria spp. and having a minimum oocyst per gram (OPG) count of faeces above 5000 were randomly selected and divided into six groups of 15 animals each. Animals were supplemented with amprolium @ 62.50 mg/kg body weight (bw) (GI), turmeric @ 200 and 300 mg/kg bw (GII and GIII) and ginger @ 200 and 300 mg/kg bw (GIV and GV), orally for 7 days and GVI animals were kept as untreated infected control. Faecal samples were collected on '0' day before treatment and on 8th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after starting treatment and evaluated using Faecal oocyst count reduction test (FOCRT). The efficacy of amprolium was 93.18%, 96.82%, 95.56% and 95.80% on 8th, 14th, 21st and 28th day, after starting treatment. Turmeric @200 mg/kg b.w. showed efficacy of 41.49%, 52.37%, 61.47% and 60.08% and turmeric @ 300 mg/kg bw was 44.92%, 54.32%, 64.21% and 61.95% effective on 8th, 14th, 21st and 28th day, respectively. Ginger @200 mg/kg bw showed efficacy of 38.51%, 53.48%, 55.38% and 55.53% and ginger @ 300 mg/kg bw was 39.65%, 54.81%, 57.18% and 58.22% effective on 8th,14th, 21st and 28th day, respectively. The results justify use of amprolium for clinical coccidiosis while Curcuma longa and Gingiber officinale could be used as natural prophylactic alternatives.

Anticoccidial effects of Ageratum conyzoides.

Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) is folklorically used to treat diseases associated with bleeding. A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides in treating caecal coccidiosis of broilers. Acute toxicity test was done using thirty 28 days old broiler chicks which were divided into six groups of five birds each. The birds were given 250-3000 mg of extract/kg bodyweight orally. Group VI received equal volumes of distilled water. The birds were observed for 24h for signs of toxicity. Twenty-five growing broilers were divided into five groups of five birds each. At 35 days of age, birds in groups A to D were each infected orally with 8000 oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Fifteen days post-infection, groups A and B were treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extract, respectively. Group C received Amprolium in drinking water as 0.012 and 0.006% solutions for 7 days, respectively. Groups D and E were the negative and positive controls. No signs of toxicity were observed during the acute toxicity test. The faecal oocyst per gram of faeces decreased steadily in all the treatment groups until it became zero. The packed cell volumes, weight and red blood cell counts of the treated birds were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the infected untreated control. This confirms its ethnoveterinary use in the treatment of coccidiosis.

Efficacy and toxicity of orally administrated anti-coccidial drugs for innovative treatments of Myxobolus sp. infection in Puntazzo puntazzo.

This study tested drugs and therapeutic compounds to determine effective commercial treatment for fishes infected with myxosporeans. Two series of shore-based experiments and 1 field trial were performed. For the shore-based experiments we used Puntazzo puntazzo (ca. 20 g weight) with kidneys infected with Myxobolus sp. Initially, 6 different doses of Fumagillin, 2 doses of Toltrazuril, and 1 dose of Amprolium, ESB3 and Salinomycin were tested. In the second shore-based experiment, infected fish were treated with Origanum essential oils, Toltrazuril with propylene glycol, Amprolium, and a combination of Salinomycin 12% + Amprolium (SA). In the field trial, P. puntazzo (ca. 165 g) infected with the parasite were treated with SA, Origanum essential oils and Fumagillin. In all trials, the drugs were added to the feed and administered according to the selected regimen. Their efficacy was evaluated in terms of mortality (acceptable level was <3%), pathology and prevalence rate of Myxobolus sp. Lesions were observed only in fish treated with Fumagillin and Toltrazuril. Pathology due to treatment with Fumagillin was observed only at doses > 6 mg kg(-1) body wt for 6 wk in the interstitial renal tissue, where slight inflammation arose. The highest dose tested (25 mg kg(-1)) also produced necrosis in the interstitial tissue, degeneration of the epithelial cells of the tubules and a reduction in melanomacrophage centre numbers. The SA combination proved the most effective treatment for Myxobolus sp. infection of P. puntazzo as (1) the therapeutic regimen and commercial product was not toxic and (2) a significant reduction occurred in the prevalence rate.

[Therapeutic approaches to cryptosporidiosis. A review of the literature]. / Los abordajes terapéuticos de la criptosporidiosis. Revisión de la literatura.

Cryptosporidiosis is a coccidian infection that usually occurs in children an immunocompromised patients. With the AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) epidemic there have been an increased number of clinical cases and still we don't have an optimal therapeutic regimen to eradicate the infection. Since 1907 when the organism was first described, a large amount of anti-infective agents have been used without success. We present herein a review of the new therapeutic approaches, although none of them is satisfactory and new studies are required for the development of an optimal treatment. Symptomatic and nutritional support are the unique treatment we have so far.

Chemotherapy of caecal coccidiosis: efficacy of toltrazuril, sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine and amprolium/ethopabate, given in drinking water, against field isolates of Eimeria tenella.

Treatment with toltrazuril, sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine and amprolium/ethopabate prevented mortality in chickens infected with field isolates of Eimeria tenella. Amprolium/ethopabate was the most effective drug in reducing lesions caused by the parasites. Few oocysts of E tenella were produced in birds medicated with sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine or amprolium/ethopabate and none in those medicated with toltrazuril.

Effect of three coccidiostatics against toxoplasmosis in mice.

Duocoxin, nicrazine and amprol plus showed no therapeutic effect in 50 mice each of which was infected with 25,000 organisms of a virulent Toxoplasma strain.

[Chemoprophylaxis and therapy of coccidiosis in the rock partridge, Alectoris graeca cypriatis]. / Khimioprofilaktika i terapiia na koktsidiozata po keklitsite Alektoris graeca cypriatis.

A number of coccidiostatica--amprolium (Merek Sharp & Dohme), both for the prevention and treatment, DOT Solubile (By-Gulden) and Esb3 (Ciba Geigy) for treatment--were tested with artificially raised rock partridges on an infected farm. The trials were carried out with a total of 12300 young (12-day-old) birds suffering from spontaneous outbreaks of coccidiosis and 60 such birds with experimental coccidiosis. The comparative study on the results obtained revealed that amprolium produced a good prophylactic effect and a low therapeutic one in cases of clinical coccidioses, used at the rate of 125 mg/kg and offered with the forage mixture. DOT at 30 g/10 1 of water had a pronounced therapeutic effect in the course of 5 days. The preparation Esb3 at the rate of 1 g per one liter of water for 3 days was tested in experimentally induced coccidiosis (E. kofoidi). It produced good therapeutic effects with the highest coccidiosis index ever noted on the second day following infection. It can be applied on occasions of E. kofoidi-induced coccidiosis.

[Study of the interrelationships of amprolium-thiamine, Coccidia and coccidiosis in chicks]. / Prouchvane vurkhu vzaimootnosheniiata amprolium-tiamin, koktsidii i koktsidioza po piletata.

A total of 180 birds, divided into 9 groups of 20 each, were used in tests to elucidate the prophylactic value of the coccidiostatic drug Amprolium in the suggested dose of 125 g per ton feed, and given at the rate of a four-fold high dose (500 g/ton), with and without additional amounts of thiamine incorporated into the standard mixtures. It was found that Amprolium could hardly suppress to a full extent the excretion of oocysts in doses which were as high as 500 g/ton. When using additional amounts of thiamine such effect could not be produced. It is believed that thiamine contributes to the lowering of the activity of the preparation as well as to be prolongation of the parasite development in the intestine and the increase in the asexual populations and oocyst excretion by 66 per cent. In cases where poultry farms are infected despite the use of Amprolium it is suggested to make it clear with objectivity to what extent coccidiosis is due to the resistance phenomenon or the lowering in the activity of the preparation as a result of the higher concentration of thiamine in the feed mixture, and to effect the respective correction so as to reach an optimal ration of the components.