Preclinical evaluation of investigational radiopharmaceutical RISAD-P intended for use as a diagnostic and molecular radiotherapy agent for prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: The androgen receptor (AR) plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. 5-Radioiodo-3'-O-(17ß-succinyl-5α-androstan-3-one)-2'-deoxyuridin-5'-yl phosphate (RISAD-P) is an AR-targeting reagent developed for noninvasive assessment of AR and proliferative status of the AR-expressing tumors, and for molecular radiotherapy with Auger electron-emitting radionuclides. In this study, the preclinical toxicity and targeting potential of RISAD-P was evaluated. METHODS: Effects of nonradioactive ISAD-P and RISAD-P labeled with (123) I, (124) I, and (125) I were evaluated in male mice. Expanded-acute single dose toxicity studies, hematologic toxicity, liver and kidney function, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and imaging studies were conducted. Imaging and pilot therapy studies were conducted in transgenic mice. RESULTS: RISAD-P is not toxic at doses projected for clinical use. Its tissue distribution compares favorably with the distribution reported for (18) F-dihydrotestosterone derivatives. RISAD-P has excellent prostate cancer targeting properties. One hour after (125) IRISAD-P administration, nearly 10% of the injected dose is associated with prostate tumor. The tumor clearance is biphasic and plateaus between 24 and 48 hr post-injection. The estimated radiation doses calculated for 1 g tumor using the MIRD convention are well within the therapeutic range with values of 170, 250, 1,240 Gy × MBq(-1) × g(-1) for (125) I-, (123) I-, and (124) I-labeled RISAD-P, respectively. The transient uptake of radioactivity is observed in the genitourinary tract and stomach. Without the potassium iodide blockade, thyroid uptake is also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Biodistribution, toxicity, and radiation dosimetry studies suggest that RISAD-P holds characteristics of a promising candidate for imaging of AR expression and tumor proliferation, as well as molecular radiotherapy for metastatic or locally, regionally advanced prostate cancer.

Development and potential clinical impairment of ultra-short-acting neuromuscular blocking agents.

Developing a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that, like succinylcholine, has a rapid onset and a short duration of effect remains a goal of ongoing research. While rocuronium fills a portion of this need, the large doses required for rapid intubation render it a much longer-acting neuromuscular blocking agent. Postoperative residual neuromuscular block (NMB) is an increasingly recognized complication of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. This occurs because of dosing choices for neuromuscular blocking agents and anticholinesterases as well as insensitivity of typically used monitors of depth of NMB. While antagonism of NMB is necessary with partial recovery, it is unnecessary with more complete recovery. Even when monitoring with an accelerograph, reversal of NMB is complicated. In addition to the pharmacodynamics of the individual neuromuscular blocking agents, factors such as timing of anticholinesterase administration, dose of anticholinesterase, concomitant medications, electrolyte abnormalities, and hepatic or renal disease can influence the degree of reversal. Sugammadex works differently than anticholinesterases and, when administered in appropriate doses, can reverse even profound block induced with vecuronium or rocuronium. Two new fumarate neuromuscular blocking agents have a rapid onset of effect and can be reversed at any time by administration of cysteine, which could significantly reduce the risk of postoperative residual NMB.

Infusion requirements and reversibility of rocuronium at the corrugator supercilii and adductor pollicis muscles.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare the infusion rates required to maintain a constant neuromuscular block and the reversibility of rocuronium at the corrugator supercilii muscle (CSM) and the adductor pollicis muscle (APM). METHODS: We randomly allocated 30 female patients into two groups of 15 patients each to monitor neuromuscular block at either the CSM or the APM. After induction of anaesthesia and laryngeal mask insertion, contraction of the CSM to the facial nerve stimulation or that of the APM to the ulnar nerve stimulation was quantified using an acceleromyograph during 1.0-1.5% end-tidal sevoflurane anaesthesia. All the patients received a bolus of 1 mg/kg rocuronium. When the first twitch (T1) of train-of-four (TOF) recovered to 10% of the control, rocuronium infusion was commenced and maintained at T1 of 10% of the control at the CSM or APM for 120 min. Immediately after rocuronium infusion was discontinued, the time required for 0.04 mg/kg neostigmine-facilitated recovery to a TOF ratio of 0.9 was recorded. RESULTS: Rocuronium infusion dose after a lapse of 120 min was significantly larger in the CSM than in the APM [7.1 (2.3) vs. 4.7 (2.6) microg/kg/min; P=0.001]. The time for facilitated recovery was shorter in the CSM than in the APM [11.4 (3.8) vs. 16.2 (6.0) min; P=0.016]. CONCLUSION: A larger rocuronium infusion dose was required to maintain a constant neuromuscular block at the CSM. Neostigmine-mediated reversal was faster at the CSM.

Corrección de la curva dosis-respuesta acumulativa de atracurio y rocuronio / Correction of the cumulative dose-response to atracurium and rocurionium

Introducción: La curva dosis-respuesta acumulativa es un método práctico para evaluar las dosis efectivas de atracurio y rocuronio. Debido a sus características farmacocinéticas, los resultados de dicha curva subestiman la potencia de ambos fármacos en comparación con los que resultan de la administración de dosis únicas. El objetivo de la presente investigación es corregir aquella técnica y hacer las dos estadísticamente equivalentes. Material y métodos: En dos grupos de pacientes electivos se utilizó atracurio o rocuronio para calcular sus potencias por el método de las dosis únicas (n = 45 c/u) o acumulativas (n = 11 c/u). El efecto de cada dosis se determinó por electromiografía, y después de sus transformaciones logaritmo-probits, considerando gamma como la relación probit/log, se obtuvieron las DE 50 y 90 resolviendo la ecuación de Hill para cada sujeto. La técnica acumulativa se corrigió al utilizar las cifras actuales para las dosis y sus efectos, en lugar de los valores acumulativos a partir de la segunda administración. Resultados: Las DE 50 de las técnicas de dosis única, acumulativa y corregida fueron: 172 ± 73, 264 ± 52 y 162 ± 81 mcg/kg respectivamente, cuando se utilizó rocuronio, y 141 ± 61, 193 ± 53 y 141 ± 70 respectivamente, cuando se utilizó atracurio. En el caso de las DE 90 los valores fueron 233 ± 98, 327 ± 65, 254 ± 126 y 222 ± 96, 279 ± 77 y 254 ± 126, en el mismo orden. No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre los métodos de dosis única y corregida, mientras que los valores de las dosis acumulativas fueron significativamente mayores. Discusión y conclusiones: En las condiciones de la presente investigación, una sencilla corrección del método acumulativo reproduce razonable y estadísticamente la potencia del atracurio y del rocuronio evaluada por las dosis únicas.(AU)

Introduction: The cumulative dose-response curve is a practical method to evaluate the effective doses of atracurium and rocuronium. When compared with those obtained by single administrations, the resulting figures underestimate their potency due to pharmacokinetic features. The purpose of this trial is to correct the cumulative technique and to make both statistically equivalent. Material & Methods: Single (n = 45 e/a) or cumulative (n = 11 e/a) doses of atracurium or rocuronium were administered to elective patients and maximal effect assessed by electromyography. A regression line was obtained after log dose-probit effect transformation, and considering gamma as the probit/log ratio, ED 50 and 90 were calculated resolving the Hill equation for each patient. The cumulative technique was corrected by using actual figures instead of cumulative ones, starting at second administration. Results: ED 50 were 172 ± 73, 264 ± 52 y 162 ± 81 mcg/kg as single, cumulative dose or corrected respectively for rocuronium and 141 ± 61, 193 ± 53 y 141 ± 70 for atracurium. ED 90 was 233 ± 98,327 ± 65, 254 ± 126, 222 ± 96, 279 ± 77 y 254 ± 126 in the same order. Non-significant differences between single dose and corrected method were noticed. Cumulative values were significantly larger. Conclusion: In keeping with the conditions of the present trial, a simple correction made to the cumulative method reasonably and statistically reproduces atracurium and rocuronium potencies evaluated by single dose-responses technique.(AU)

IntroduþÒo: A curva dose-resposta acumulativa é um método prático de avaliaþÒo das doses efetivas de atracúrio e rocuronio. Dada suas características farmacocinéticas, os resultados dessa curva subestimam a potÛncia de ambos fármacos em comparaþÒo com os resultados decorrentes da administraþÒo de dose únicas. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é corrigir aquela técnica e tornar as duas estatisticamente equivalentes. Material e métodos: Dois grupos de pacientes eletivos receberam atracúrio ou rocur¶nio com o objetivo de calcular as potÛncias destes fármacos pelo método das doses únicas (n = 45 c/u) ou acumulativas (n = 11 c/u). Foi determinado o efeito de cada dose por eletromiografia, e por transformaþÒo log-probits (considerando gama a relaþÒo probit/log), obtiveram-se as DE 50 e 90 resolvendo a equaþÒo de Hill para cada sujeito. A técnica acumulativa foi corrigida utilizando as cifras atuais para doses e seus efeitos, em lugar dos valores acumulativos, a partir da segunda administraþÒo. Resultados: As DE 50 das técnicas de dose única, acumulativa e corrigida foram: 172 ± 73, 264 ± 52 e 162 ± 81 mcg/kg, respectivamente, quando se utilizou rocur¶nio, e 141 ± 61, 193 ± 53 e 141 ± 70, respectivamente, quando se utilizou atracúrio. No caso das DE 90 os valores foram 233 ± 98, 327 ± 65, 254 ± 126 e 222 ± 96, 279 ± 77 e 254 ± 126, na mesmo ordem. NÒo foram observadas diferenþas significativas entre os métodos (de dose única e corrigida), ao passo que os valores das doses acumulativas foram significativamente maiores. DiscussÒo e conclus§es: Nas condiþ§es da presente pesquisa, uma simples correþÒo do método acumulativo reproduz de forma razoável e estatisticamente as potÛncias do atracúrio e rocuronio avaliadas por doses únicas.(AU)

Corrección de la curva dosis-respuesta acumulativa de atracurio y rocuronio / Correction of the cumulative dose-response to atracurium and rocurionium

Introducción: La curva dosis-respuesta acumulativa es un método práctico para evaluar las dosis efectivas de atracurio y rocuronio. Debido a sus características farmacocinéticas, los resultados de dicha curva subestiman la potencia de ambos fármacos en comparación con los que resultan de la administración de dosis únicas. El objetivo de la presente investigación es corregir aquella técnica y hacer las dos estadísticamente equivalentes. Material y métodos: En dos grupos de pacientes electivos se utilizó atracurio o rocuronio para calcular sus potencias por el método de las dosis únicas (n = 45 c/u) o acumulativas (n = 11 c/u). El efecto de cada dosis se determinó por electromiografía, y después de sus transformaciones logaritmo-probits, considerando gamma como la relación probit/log, se obtuvieron las DE 50 y 90 resolviendo la ecuación de Hill para cada sujeto. La técnica acumulativa se corrigió al utilizar las cifras actuales para las dosis y sus efectos, en lugar de los valores acumulativos a partir de la segunda administración. Resultados: Las DE 50 de las técnicas de dosis única, acumulativa y corregida fueron: 172 ± 73, 264 ± 52 y 162 ± 81 mcg/kg respectivamente, cuando se utilizó rocuronio, y 141 ± 61, 193 ± 53 y 141 ± 70 respectivamente, cuando se utilizó atracurio. En el caso de las DE 90' los valores fueron 233 ± 98, 327 ± 65, 254 ± 126 y 222 ± 96, 279 ± 77 y 254 ± 126, en el mismo orden. No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre los métodos de dosis única y corregida, mientras que los valores de las dosis acumulativas fueron significativamente mayores. Discusión y conclusiones: En las condiciones de la presente investigación, una sencilla corrección del método acumulativo reproduce razonable y estadísticamente la potencia del atracurio y del rocuronio evaluada por las dosis únicas.

Introduction: The cumulative dose-response curve is a practical method to evaluate the effective doses of atracurium and rocuronium. When compared with those obtained by single administrations, the resulting figures underestimate their potency due to pharmacokinetic features. The purpose of this trial is to correct the cumulative technique and to make both statistically equivalent. Material & Methods: Single (n = 45 e/a) or cumulative (n = 11 e/a) doses of atracurium or rocuronium were administered to elective patients and maximal effect assessed by electromyography. A regression line was obtained after log dose-probit effect transformation, and considering gamma as the probit/log ratio, ED 50 and 90 were calculated resolving the Hill equation for each patient. The cumulative technique was corrected by using actual figures instead of cumulative ones, starting at second administration. Results: ED 50 were 172 ± 73, 264 ± 52 y 162 ± 81 mcg/kg as single, cumulative dose or corrected respectively for rocuronium and 141 ± 61, 193 ± 53 y 141 ± 70 for atracurium. ED 90 was 233 ± 98,327 ± 65, 254 ± 126, 222 ± 96, 279 ± 77 y 254 ± 126 in the same order. Non-significant differences between single dose and corrected method were noticed. Cumulative values were significantly larger. Conclusion: In keeping with the conditions of the present trial, a simple correction made to the cumulative method reasonably and statistically reproduces atracurium and rocuronium potencies evaluated by single dose-responses technique.

Introdução: A curva dose-resposta acumulativa é um método prático de avaliação das doses efetivas de atracúrio e rocuronio. Dada suas características farmacocinéticas, os resultados dessa curva subestimam a potência de ambos fármacos em comparação com os resultados decorrentes da administração de dose únicas. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é corrigir aquela técnica e tornar as duas estatisticamente equivalentes. Material e métodos: Dois grupos de pacientes eletivos receberam atracúrio ou rocurônio com o objetivo de calcular as potências destes fármacos pelo método das doses únicas (n = 45 c/u) ou acumulativas (n = 11 c/u). Foi determinado o efeito de cada dose por eletromiografia, e por transformação log-probits (considerando gama a relação probit/log), obtiveram-se as DE 50 e 90 resolvendo a equação de Hill para cada sujeito. A técnica acumulativa foi corrigida utilizando as cifras atuais para doses e seus efeitos, em lugar dos valores acumulativos, a partir da segunda administração. Resultados: As DE 50 das técnicas de dose única, acumulativa e corrigida foram: 172 ± 73, 264 ± 52 e 162 ± 81 mcg/kg, respectivamente, quando se utilizou rocurônio, e 141 ± 61, 193 ± 53 e 141 ± 70, respectivamente, quando se utilizou atracúrio. No caso das DE 90' os valores foram 233 ± 98, 327 ± 65, 254 ± 126 e 222 ± 96, 279 ± 77 e 254 ± 126, na mesmo ordem. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os métodos (de dose única e corrigida), ao passo que os valores das doses acumulativas foram significativamente maiores. Discussão e conclusões: Nas condições da presente pesquisa, uma simples correção do método acumulativo reproduz de forma razoável e estatisticamente as potências do atracúrio e rocuronio avaliadas por doses únicas.

Phenobarbital influence on neuromuscular block produced by rocuronium in rats / Influência do fenobarbital no bloqueio neuromuscular produzido pelo rocurônio em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate in vitro and in vivo neuromuscular blockade produced by rocuronium in rats treated with Phenobarbital and to determine cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 concentrations in hepatic microsomes. METHODS: Thirty rats were included in the study and distributed into 6 groups of 5 animals each. Rats were treated for seven days with phenobarbital (20 mg/kg) and the following parameters were evaluated: 1) the amplitude of muscle response in the preparation of rats exposed to phenobarbital; 2) rocuronium effect on rat preparation exposed or not to phenobarbital; 3) concentrations of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 in hepatic microsomes isolated from rats exposed or not to phenobarbital. The concentration and dose of rocuronium used in vitro and in vivo experiments were 4 µg/mL and 0,6 mg/kg, respectively. RESULTS: Phenobarbital in vitro and in vivo did not alter the amplitude of muscle response. The neuromuscular blockade in vitro produced by rocuronium was significantly different (p=0.019) between exposed (20 percent) and not exposed (60 percent) rats; the blockade in vivo was significantly greater (p=0.0081) in treated rats (93.4 percent). The enzymatic concentrations were significantly greater in rats exposed to phenobarbital. CONCLUSIONS: Phenobarbital alone did not compromise neuromuscular transmission. It produced enzymatic induction, and neuromuscular blockade in vivo produced by rocuronium was potentiated by phenobarbital.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar in vitro e in vivo o bloqueio neuromuscular produzido pelo rocurônio em ratos tratados com fenobarbital e determinar as concentrações de citocromo P450 e b5 em microssomos hepáticos. MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos foram incluídos no estudo e distribuídos em seis grupos de cinco animais cada. Ratos foram tratados por sete dias com fenobarbital (20 mg/kg) e avaliou-se: 1) amplitude das respostas musculares em preparação de ratos expostos ao fenobarbital; 2) o efeito do rocurônio em preparações de ratos expostos ou não ao fenobarbital; 3) as concentrações de citocromo P450 e b5 em microssomos isolados de fígados dos ratos expostos ou não ao fenobarbital. A concentração e dose de rocurônio utilizadas nos experimentos in vitro e in vivo foram respectivamente de 4 µg/mL e 0,6 mg/kg. RESULTADOS: In vitro e in vivo, o fenobarbital não alterou a amplitude das respostas musculares. In vitro, o bloqueio produzido pelo rocurônio foi significativamente diferente (p=0.019) entre expostos (20 por cento) e não expostos (60 por cento); in vivo o bloqueio foi significativamente maior (p=0.0081) nos ratos tratados (93,4 por cento). As concentrações enzimáticas foram significativamente maiores nos ratos expostos ao fenobarbital. CONCLUSÕES: O fenobarbital isoladamente não comprometeu a transmissão neuromuscular. Ocasionou indução enzimática, e in vivo o bloqueio com o rocurônio foi potencializado pelo fenobarbital.

Phenobarbital influence on neuromuscular block produced by rocuronium in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate in vitro and in vivo neuromuscular blockade produced by rocuronium in rats treated with Phenobarbital and to determine cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 concentrations in hepatic microsomes. METHODS: Thirty rats were included in the study and distributed into 6 groups of 5 animals each. Rats were treated for seven days with phenobarbital (20 mg/kg) and the following parameters were evaluated: 1) the amplitude of muscle response in the preparation of rats exposed to phenobarbital; 2) rocuronium effect on rat preparation exposed or not to phenobarbital; 3) concentrations of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 in hepatic microsomes isolated from rats exposed or not to phenobarbital. The concentration and dose of rocuronium used in vitro and in vivo experiments were 4 microg/mL and 0,6 mg/kg, respectively. RESULTS: Phenobarbital in vitro and in vivo did not alter the amplitude of muscle response. The neuromuscular blockade in vitro produced by rocuronium was significantly different (p=0.019) between exposed (20%) and not exposed (60%) rats; the blockade in vivo was significantly greater (p=0.0081) in treated rats (93.4%). The enzymatic concentrations were significantly greater in rats exposed to phenobarbital. CONCLUSIONS: Phenobarbital alone did not compromise neuromuscular transmission. It produced enzymatic induction, and neuromuscular blockade in vivo produced by rocuronium was potentiated by phenobarbital.

Risk of recurarization during retransfusion of autologous blood withdrawn after injection of muscle relaxants: a comparison of rocuronium and mivacurium.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: In the context of acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) recurarization, defined as significant decrease of train-of-four ratio (TOFR) during retransfusion of autologous blood withdrawn after induction of anesthesia, has been described for vecuronium and atracurium. The present study for the first time examined this risk for rocuronium and mivacurium. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, unblinded clinical study. SETTING: University Hospital in Zurich/Switzerland. PATIENTS: 20 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing general anesthesia for major maxillofacial surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol and remifentanil, and rocuronium (0.9 mg kg(-1)) or mivacurium (0.25 mg kg(-1)) was given to facilitate intubation. Thereafter, ANH was started with the removal of 500 mL autologous blood and the subsequent replacement by the same amount of 6% hydroxyethyl starch. The withdrawn blood was stored at 4 degrees C until retransfusion at the end of surgery. MEASUREMENTS: To estimate the risk of recurarization during retransfusion, the degree of recurarization during retransfusion of the autologous blood was assessed mechanomyographically. Plasma levels of rocuronium and mivacurium in the patients' plasma and the autologous blood were determined after its removal and before retransfusion. MAIN RESULTS: The TOFR before retransfusion was 0.97 (range: 0.96 to 0.98) for rocuronium (n = 10) and 0.98 (range: 0.96 to 1.0) for mivacurium (n = 8); n.s. During retransfusion, a slight, but statistically significant reduction of TOFR occurred in one patient in each group. In the mivacurium group, this recurarization occurred 10 minutes after the start of retransfusion; in the rocuronium group, it occurred 20 minutes after retransfusion. The plasma levels of rocuronium and mivacurium in the autologous blood did not change during storage. The plasma concentration of mivacurium in the autologous blood after its removal was 420 +/- 142 microg/L; before retransfusion, it was 384 +/- 147 microg/L. The respective concentrations for rocuronium were 2930 +/- 516 microg/L and 2660 +/- 464 microg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Recurarization during retransfusion may occur with both neuromuscular blocking drugs, mivacurium and rocuronium, when these drugs were injected before the removal of the autologous blood.

Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular dynamics of pipecuronium bromide during coronary artery surgery.

The haemodynamic effects of 200 micrograms.kg-1 pipecuronium and pancuronium were compared under etomidate/piritramide anaesthesia in 20 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery surgery. Following the completion of the haemodynamic measurements (ten minutes), anaesthesia was maintained by etomidate/sufentanil infusion. The mean changes in cardiac output were approximately -19 and -2 per cent and in heart rate -1 and +26 per cent for pipecuronium and pancuronium respectively. Plasma and urine concentrations of pipecuronium were also measured and the pharmacokinetic variables obtained indicated rapid initial decrease in plasma concentration (t1/2 = 7.6 minutes) followed by a longer terminal phase (t1/2 = 161 minutes). The central compartment volume was 102 +/- 24 ml.kg-1 and plasma clearance was 1.8 +/- 0.4 ml.kg-1 min-1. Approximately 56 per cent of the dose was recovered from the urine within 24 hours of administration and about 25 per cent of this was the metabolite, 3-desacetyl pipecuronium. High-dose pipecuronium administration under the anaesthetic regimen employed did not produce deleterious haemodynamic effects. The pharmacokinetic variables after bolus injection of pipecuronium did not deviate from those reported under normothermic conditions.

Comparative potency of pipecuronium bromide and pancuronium bromide.

Cumulative dose-response curves were constructed to determine the comparative potency of pipecuronium and pancuronium. From these, the ED50 and ED95 values were calculated. These were 24.96 micrograms kg-1 and 44.96 micrograms kg-1, respectively, for pipecuronium and 30.42 micrograms kg-1 and 61.12 micrograms kg-1, respectively, for pancuronium.