RESUMEN
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Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Angioedema/genética , Angioedema/metabolismo , Hipertensión/diagnóstico , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , 26467/clasificación , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Angioedema/complicaciones , Angioedema/prevención & control , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Infarto del Miocardio/prevención & control , 26467/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/clasificaciónRESUMEN
This article reviews the progress in the field of basic and clinical immunology in 2006, focusing on the articles published in the Journal. The role of Toll-like receptors in the immune response was explored in detail in several articles. The knowledge gained in these investigations is being used to develop strategies that enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases and to have an immunomodulatory effect on allergic diseases. Other components of the innate immunity reported on were the recognition of allergens with lipid-derived motifs by CD1d-restricted T cells and the role of dendritic cells in the development of an allergic response. More than 120 primary immunodeficiencies were defined at a molecular level, and biological agents such as TNF-alpha antagonists and IFN-alpha were shown to have therapeutic use. New anti-HIV drugs that block cell entry were proven to be effective, thus offering alternative therapies to respond to the development of multidrug-resistant HIV strains. The modern understanding of immunologic concepts is helping to elucidate the mechanisms of defense against viruses, bacteria, and parasites; as a result, strategies to improve management and prevention continue to emerge.
Asunto(s)
Alergia e Inmunología/tendencias , Alérgenos/inmunología , Angioedema/genética , Angioedema/prevención & control , Formación de Anticuerpos/fisiología , Antígenos CD1/inmunología , Antígenos CD1/metabolismo , Antígenos CD1d , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Proteína Inhibidora del Complemento C1/uso terapéutico , Hipersensibilidad a las Drogas/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipersensibilidad/inmunología , Inmunidad , Síndromes de Inmunodeficiencia/clasificación , Inmunoterapia , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Infecciones/inmunología , Transducción de Señal , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Vacunas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Cromolyn given a few minutes before exercise significantly protects from exercise-induced asthma in more than 70% of patients, probably through prevention of mediator release and possibly through other mechanisms. Its efficacy is comparable to that of theophylline, alpha-adrenergic blockers, and calcium channel blockers; better than that of atropine and ketotifen; but less than that of inhaled albuterol. Cromolyn seems to be more effective than metaproterenol and theophylline for prevention of late reactions of exercise-induced asthma. The addition of cromolyn markedly improved the results in patients not completely protected by inhaled adrenergic agents. Cromolyn also protects from other triggers like hyperventilation with cold air, ultrasonically nebulized water, and sulfur dioxide. Its prolonged administration causes a reduction in the nonspecific hyperreactivity as shown by tests of histamine inhalation or hyperventilation with cold air. This effect is thought to be a result of cromolyn's protection from allergic-induced increase in nonspecific hyperreactivity, although there is some evidence that it can also occur in nonatopic patients, suggesting a broader protective effect.