RESUMEN
Abstract The consumption of inadequately thermally treated fish is a public health risk due to the possible propagation of Anisakis larvae. The present study demonstrated the physiological and histopathological changes that accompanied an oral inoculation of crude extracts from fresh and thermally treated Anisakis Type II (L3) in rats. Worms were isolated from a marine fish and examined and identified using light and scanning electron microscopy. The study was performed in 6 rat groups: control (I), garlic oil (GO) inoculated (II), fresh L3 inoculated (III), thermally treated L3 inoculated (IV), fresh L3 + GO inoculated (V), and a thermally treated L3 + GO inoculated (VI) groups. Rats inoculated with fresh and thermally treated L3 showed abnormal liver and kidney functions associated with the destruction of normal architecture. GO produced a protective effect in rat groups inoculated with L3 extracts + GO via the amelioration of liver and kidney functions, which was confirmed by the marked normal structure on histology. Cooking of L3-infected fish induced severe alterations compared to uncooked fish. The administration of garlic before and after fish eating is recommended to avoid the dangerous effect of anisakids, even if they are cooked.
Resumo O consumo de peixe inadequadamente tratado termicamente representa um risco para a saúde pública, com a possibilidade da propagação de larvas de Anisakis. O presente estudo demonstrou as alterações fisiológicas e histopatológicas acompanhadas de inoculação oral de extractos brutos de Anisakis tipo II (L3) frescos e termicamente tratados em ratos. Os vermes foram isolados de um peixe marinho, examinados e identificados por microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. O estudo foi conduzido em 6 grupos de ratos: controle (I), óleo de alho (GO) inoculado (II), L3 fresco inoculado (III), L3 tratado termicamente inoculado (IV), L3 fresco + GO inoculado (V), e um grupo L3 + GO tratado termicamente inoculado (VI). Observou-se que ratos inoculados com L3 fresco e tratados termicamente mostraram funções hepáticas e renais anormais, associadas à destruição da sua arquitetura normal. GO produziu um efeito protector em grupos de ratos inoculados com extractos L3 + GO através da melhoria das funções do fígado e dos rins, o que foi confirmado pela estrutura normal marcada da sua histologia. A cozedura de peixes infectados com L3 induziu alterações mais graves do que os peixes não cozidos. Recomenda-se a administração de alho antes e depois do consumo de peixe, para evitar o efeito perigoso dos anisakids, mesmo que sejam cozidos.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratas , Sulfuros/farmacología , Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Anisakiasis/prevención & control , Anisakiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Compuestos Alílicos/uso terapéutico , Compuestos Alílicos/farmacología , Sulfuros/uso terapéutico , Parasitología de Alimentos , Ratas Wistar , Culinaria , Peces/parasitología , Larva , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Developing effective and eco-friendly antiparasitic drugs and insecticides is an issue of high importance nowadays. In this study, we evaluated the anthelminthic and insecticidal potential of the leaf essential oil obtained from Origanum syriacum against the L3 larvae of the parasitic nematode Anisakis simplex and larvae and adults of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Tests on A. simplex were performed by standard larvicidal and penetration assays, while mosquito toxicity was assessed relying on larvicidal, tarsal contact, and fumigation tests. To shed light on the possible mode of action, we analyzed the oil impact as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This oil was particularly active on L3 larvae of A. simplex, showing a LC50 of 0.087 and 0.067 mg mL-1 after 24 and 48 h treatment, respectively. O. syriacum essential oil was highly effective on both larvae and adults of C. quinquefasciatus, showing LC50 values of 32.4 mg L-1 and 28.1 µg cm-2, respectively. Its main constituent, carvacrol, achieved larvicidal LC50(90) of 29.5 and 39.2 mg L-1, while contact toxicity assays on adults had an LC50(90) of 25.5 and 35.8 µg cm-2, respectively. In fumigation assays, the LC50 was 12.1 µL L-1 after 1 h and decreased to 1.3 µL L-1 in 24 h of exposure. Similarly, the fumigation LC50 of carvacrol was 8.2 µL L-1 after 1 h of exposure, strongly decreasing to 0.8 µL L-1 after 24 h of exposure. These results support the folk usage of Lebanese oregano as an antiparasitic agent, providing new insights about its utilization for developing new effective and eco-friendly nematocidal and insecticidal products.
Asunto(s)
Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Culex/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Origanum/química , Animales , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Cimenos/farmacología , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Mosquitos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Anisakidosis is caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods containing viable Anisakis larvae. Several natural extracts, oils, essential oils, and their compounds have been tested against Anisakis. In this study the effectiveness of Tunisian olive oil with different spices or plants (cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, laurel, and rosemary) was tested against Anisakis larvae type 1. RESULTS: For the in vitro test, larvae were submerged separately in the oils mentioned above and observed to check viability. Cinnamon oil was the most effective against parasites with lethal time (LT) scores being LT50 = 1.5 days and LT100 = 3 days, followed by rosemary. Laurel, cardamom, and ginger oils were less effective. For the ex vivo experiment, cinnamon, and rosemary oils were tested in anchovy fillets, previously artificially parasitized. Cinnamon was the most effective against parasites (dead after 4 days) as compared to rosemary (7 days). CONCLUSION: The use of cinnamon and rosemary-flavored olive oil in the industrial marinating process can be considered as an efficient alternative to the freezing process required by European Regulation EC No 853/2004 to devitalize Anisakis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Productos Pesqueros/parasitología , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceite de Oliva/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Animales , Anisakis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cinnamomum zeylanicum/química , Peces , Manipulación de Alimentos , Conservación de Alimentos/instrumentación , Conservantes de Alimentos/análisis , Zingiber officinale/química , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aceites Volátiles/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/análisis , Rosmarinus/químicaRESUMEN
Anisakiasis is a fish-borne parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, as well as cephalopods, contaminated by third instar larvae (L3) of species belonging to the genus Anisakis (Anisakidae). Origanum compactum is a small herbaceous aromatic plant endemic to Spain and Morocco. In Morocco, the plant is used under infusion to treat heart diseases and intestinal pains or as preservative for foodstuffs. This is the first time that the O. compactum essential oil is tested against the parasitic nematode Anisakis simplex. The phytochemical analysis by GC-MS revealed carvacrol (50.3%) and thymol (14.8%) as the major oil constituents. The essential oil and its major constituents carvacrol and thymol were tested against A. simplex L3 larvae isolated from blue whiting fish (Micromesistius poutassou). A. simplex mortality (%) after 24 and 48 h of treatment at 1 µl/ml was 100%, with a low LD50 compared with other essential oils and extracts, and the penetration in the agar assay was also reduced, if compared with control wells. The oil, as well as its major constituents, demonstrated a dose-dependent larvicidal activity. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase through a colorimetric assay in 96-well plates was used to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism as this enzyme plays a key role in nematodes neuromuscular function. Interestingly, O. compactum essential oil, carvacrol and thymol inhibited the enzyme, confirming that this could be one of the mechanisms involved in the anthelmintic activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that O. compactum essential oil is reported as a larvicidal agent against A. simplex L3 larvae.
Asunto(s)
Anisakiasis/veterinaria , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Origanum/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Animales , Anisakiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Anisakiasis/parasitología , Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Cimenos , Peces/parasitología , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Monoterpenos/análisis , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites de Plantas/química , España , Timol/análisisRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Anisakis Dujardin 1845 (Anisakidae) nematodes can cause gastrointestinal and allergic diseases when humans eat raw or undercooked seafood containing larvae. There is currently no drug available in the market against this parasitic disease, and the study of plant-derived molecules could be useful in the discovery of effective compounds. OBJECTIVE: This research assesses the biocidal activity of a range of essential oils (EOs) from some Mediterranean plants against larvae found in the musculature of fresh fish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EOs composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. All the EOs were diluted at 5% v/v in olive oil to cover the fish with the solutions for 24 h. The larvae that abandoned the muscle and the larvae obtained from the artificial digestion of the fish were collected. Controls were carried out in parallel. Furthermore, Wistar rats were infected with the live larvae collected from the in vitro trials in order to find any larvae that may have penetrated the gastrointestinal wall. RESULTS: Between 60.8% and 87.6% of parasites treated with EOs abandoned the fish muscle, and the highest in vitro mortality rate was achieved with oregano EO (53.9%). Rats previously treated with oregano, cumin and Spanish lavender EOs showed no detectable lesions in the digestive tract due to the infection with larvae. CONCLUSIONS: Oregano (Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae) and Spanish lavender (Lavender stoechas L. Lamiaceae) EOs could be used as promising ingredients in the development of products for the control of anisakiasis.
Asunto(s)
Anisakiasis/prevención & control , Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Antinematodos/farmacología , Cuminum/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Origanum/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Animales , Anisakiasis/parasitología , Anisakis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Antinematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Peces , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Lavandula , Región Mediterránea , Aceites Volátiles/aislamiento & purificación , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Plantas Medicinales , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Anisakis simplex is a foodborne pathogen that can produce human infections and allergic reactions due to the high consumption of raw fish. The seeds of Myristica fragans (Myristicaceae), popularly known as nutmeg, are worldwide used as a culinary spice due to its flavour and properties in food preservation. A nutmeg extract was prepared, analyzed, screened for cytotoxicity and tested against Anisakis simplex L3 larvae. In order to detect the biologically active constituents of the extract, myristicin was tested on the larvae. An acetylcholinesterase inhibition bioassay was also carried out to investigate the antihelmintic mechanism of action. Our results demonstrate that nutmeg exerts antihelmintic effects on Anisakis simplex, being myristicin one of the active compounds. The extract induced a high rate of dead anisakis at concentrations between 0.5 and 0.7 mg/ml without being considered cytotoxic; however, an inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was discarded as the molecular mechanism involved in the activity.
Asunto(s)
Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Antinematodos/farmacología , Compuestos de Bencilo/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Dioxolanos/farmacología , Myristica/química , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Derivados de Alilbenceno , Animales , Anisakis/enzimología , Anisakis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Gadiformes/parasitología , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/enzimología , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Pirogalol/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Therapy against anisakiasis requires invasive techniques to extract L3 , and an effective drug against this nematode is needed. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of peppermint essential oil (EO) and its main components against the parasite in comparison to albendazole, a drug currently prescribed to treat anisakiasis. METHODS: We conducted in vitro experiments and studied an experimental model simulating the human infection in Wistar rats. We used polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism to identify A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii and determine any differences in their pathogenicity and susceptibility to the treatments. RESULTS: The in vitro and in vivo experiments both showed that the larvicidal activity of peppermint EO, menthol, menthone and menthyl acetate is higher than that of albendazole. Large stomach lesions were observed in 46.7% of the albendazole-treated rats, whereas no gastrointestinal lesions were detected in those treated with peppermint EO, menthol, menthyl acetate or menthone. CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model, treatment with peppermint EO or its main components was more effective than was treatment with albendazole. Lesions were more frequently produced by A. simplex s.s. larvae than by A. pegreffii larvae.
Asunto(s)
Albendazol/uso terapéutico , Anisakiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Mentha piperita/química , Aceites Volátiles/uso terapéutico , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Albendazol/farmacología , Animales , Anisakiasis/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Mentol/farmacología , Mentol/uso terapéutico , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Ratas Wistar , Especificidad de la Especie , Estómago/efectos de los fármacos , Estómago/patologíaRESUMEN
Anisakiasis is an important food-borne disease especially in countries with high fish consumption. The increase of cases of human disease and the virtual absence of effective treatments have prompted the research on new active compounds against Anisakis larvae. As well known, the disease is related to the consumption of raw or almost raw seafood products, but also marinated and/or salted fishery products, if the processing is insufficient to destroy nematode larvae can represent a risks for the consumers. In the light of the biocidal efficacy against different pathogens demonstrated for various essential oils, the aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TEO) against anisakidae larvae. The TEO at 10% and 5% concentration in oil sunflower seeds, caused in vitro the death of all larvae within 14 h, with cuticle and intestinal wall damages. The results obtained showing a significant activity against Anisakis larvae, suggest further investigation on TEO as a larvicidal agent and on its potential use in the industrial marinating process.
Asunto(s)
Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Thymus (Planta)/química , Animales , Anisakis/ultraestructura , Peces , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Alimentos Marinos/parasitología , Aceite de GirasolRESUMEN
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. cv. Rosa-plena (Nelumbonaceae), commonly known as lotus, is a perennial aquatic plant grown and consumed throughout Asia. All parts of N. nucifera have been used for various medicinal purposes in oriental medicine. From the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. cv. Rosa-plena (an aquatic plant), liriodenine (1), lysicamine (2), (-)-anonaine (3), (-)-asimilobine (4), (-)-caaverine (5), (-)-N-methylasimilobine (6), (-)-nuciferine (7), (-)-nornuciferine (8), (-)-roemerine (9), 7-hydroxydehydronuciferine (10) and cepharadione B (11) were isolated and identification and anthelmintic activities of aporphine was evaluated against Anisakis simplex and Hymenolepis nana. This study found that the above constituents killed H. nana or reduced their spontaneous movements (oscillation/peristalsis). However, the above constituents at various concentrations demonstrated no larvicidal effect or ability to halt spontaneous parasite movement for 72 h against A. simplex, respectively. In addition, according to an assay of cestocidal activity against H. nana and nematocidal activity against A. simplex, we found that the above compounds showed greater lethal efficacy on H. nana than against A. simplex. Further investigation showed that these above constituents have effects against peroxyl radicals under cestocidal effect. Together, these findings suggest that these constituents of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. cv. Rosa-plena might be used as anthelmintic agents against H. nana.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Aporfinas/farmacología , Hymenolepis nana/efectos de los fármacos , Nelumbo/química , Alcaloides/aislamiento & purificación , Alcaloides/farmacología , Animales , Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Anisakis/fisiología , Antihelmínticos/aislamiento & purificación , Aporfinas/aislamiento & purificación , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Hymenolepis nana/fisiología , Movimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/química , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Alpinia oxyphylla is a common remedy in traditional Chinese medicine. Yakuchinone A is a major constituent of A. oxyphylla and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and gastric protective activities. METHODS: Antioxidant and antitumor characteristics of yakuchinone A in skin cancer cells as well as novel mechanisms for the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, cestocidal activities against Hymenolepis nana adults, and nematocidal activities against Anisakis simplex larvae are investigated. RESULTS: Yakuchinone A presents the ability of the removal of DPPH·and ABTS+ free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Yakuchinone A suppresses intracellular lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation in 3 T3-L1 cells and the expressions of leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Yakuchinone A induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation in skin cancer cells. The inhibition of cell growth by yakuchinone A is more significant for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cells than for melanoma (A375 and B16) and noncancerous (HaCaT and BNLCL2) cells. Treatment BCC cells with yakuchinone A shows down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax, and an increase in cleavage poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). This suggests that yakuchinone A induces BCC cells apoptosis through the Bcl-2-mediated signaling pathway. The anthelmintic activities of yakuchinone A for A. simplex are better than for H. nana. CONCLUSIONS: In this work, yakuchinone A exhibits antioxidative properties, anti-adipocyte differentiation, antitumor activity, and anthelmintic activities against A. simplex and H. nana.
Asunto(s)
Alpinia/química , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Guayacol/análogos & derivados , Adipocitos/citología , Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Adipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Antihelmínticos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Guayacol/química , Guayacol/farmacología , Humanos , Hymenolepis nana/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The increase in diagnosed cases of anisakiasis and the virtual absence of effective treatments have prompted the search for new active compounds against Anisakis L(3) larvae. The biocidal efficacy against different pathogens shown by various essential oils (EO) led us to study the Matricaria chamomilla EO and two of its main components (chamazulene and α-bisabolol) against the L(3) larvae of Anisakis type I. The activity of M. chamomilla EO, chamazulene and α-bisabolol was established by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The EO (125µg/ml) caused the death of all nematodes, which showed cuticle changes and intestinal wall rupture. In the in vivo assays, only 2.2%±1.8 of infected rats treated with M. chamomilla EO showed gastric wall lesions in comparison to 93.3%±3.9 of control. Chamazulene was ineffective, while α-bisabolol showed a high activity to that of the EO in vitro tests but proved less active in vivo. These findings suggest that the larvicidal activity may result from the synergistic action of different compounds of M. chamomilla EO. Neither of the tested products induces irritative damage in the intestinal tissues. In conclusion, M. chamomilla EO is a good candidate for further investigation as a biocidal agent against Anisakis type I.
Asunto(s)
Anisakiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Azulenos/farmacología , Matricaria/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Animales , Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Antinematodos/farmacología , Evaluación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Flores/química , Humanos , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Sesquiterpenos Monocíclicos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , EspañaRESUMEN
In this study, we investigated the anthelmintic activity of [10]-shogaol, [6]-shogaol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-gingerol, compounds isolated from the roots of Zingiber officinale L., Zingiberaceae (ginger), against Anisakis simplex. The above compounds kill or reduce spontaneous movement in A. simplex larvae. The maximum lethal efficacy of [10]-shogaol and [10]-gingerol was approximately 80% and 100%, respectively. We further examined the time course of compound-induced loss of mobility in A. simplex. The results showed that various concentrations of [10]-shogaol, [6]-shogaol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-gingerol have maximum effects on loss of spontaneous movement from 24 to 72 h. In addition, the time course of mortality and the percentage of loss of spontaneous movements were ascertained to determine the minimum effective doses of [10]-gingerol and [10]-shogaol. [10]-Gingerol exhibited a larger maximum larvicidal effect and greater loss of spontaneous movement than [10]-shogaol and albendazole. In addition, these constituents of Zingiber officinale showed effects against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and peroxyl radicals. These constituents of Zingiber officinale are responsible for its larvicidal activity against A. simplex.
Asunto(s)
Anisakiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Anisakis/efectos de los fármacos , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Catecoles/farmacología , Alcoholes Grasos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Zingiber officinale/química , Albendazol/farmacología , Albendazol/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Compuestos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Catecoles/uso terapéutico , Alcoholes Grasos/uso terapéutico , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Peróxidos/metabolismo , Picratos/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Raíces de PlantasRESUMEN
Different natural monoterpenes (geraniol, citronellol, citral, carvacrol, cuminaldehyde and eugenol) are studied in vitro against Anisakis simplex s.l. L3 larvae, employing perillaldehyde as a reference substance. Final concentrations used were: 12.50, 6.25 and 3.12 microg/ml for each of the tested products. The parameters average survival, survival 50 and maximum survival were determined at 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours after the start of the experiment. All tested products, except eugenol, were active at the highest concentration (12.50 microg/ml). The damage caused to A. simplex s.l. L3 was by examining histological sections. The antioxidant activity of the tested products by DPPH free radical scavenging does not appear to be associated with their larvicide activity against A. simplex s.l. L3.