Investigation of the effect of music listened to by patients with moderate dental anxiety during restoration of posterior occlusal dental caries.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this randomized controlled study was to investigate the effect of music therapy during restorative dental treatments on patients with moderate dental anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy patients were determined to have moderate dental anxiety by the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and were divided randomly into two groups (n = 35). The first group did not listen to music during their restorative treatment (control group), and the second group listened to music of their choice (experimental group). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature were measured three times for each patient: once before the treatment, once after their dental caries were removed, and once at the end of the treatment. Salivary cortisol samples were taken from each patient before and after the treatment. The MDAS was re-administered to the patients at the end of the treatment, and the data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Only the diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.042) and the MDAS scores of the experimental group (P = 0.001) were significantly lower than the control group at the end of the treatment. CONCLUSION: While music listening did not have an effect on the physiologic parameters of the patients during restorative treatment, it decreased the MDAS scores of the patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although music therapy did not affect the physiological parameters during the restorative dental treatment, it may help to reduce patients' self reported anxiety level.

Effect of Acupressure on Dental Anxiety in Children: a Pilot Study for a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Anxiety is an important problem in children in dental clinics. Acupressure may be a useful tool to assist in dental procedures in anxious children. Objectives: This pilot study was performed to examine the effects of acupressure on dental anxiety in children undergoing restorative procedures. Methods: Fourteen children aged 7-10 years and with at least one primary molar with caries on the dentine were included in the study. The participants also needed to score at least one point on the modified Venham Picture Test (VPTm) for the determination of anxiety. The children were randomly allocated to two groups: group A - non-documented points for the reduction of anxiety and induction of relaxation; group B - documented points (EX-HN3, Shen Men of auricular acupuncture). The anxiety scale was administered on three occasions: prior to the application of acupressure; immediately after sitting in the dental chair to undergo restorative treatment; and after removal of acupressure at the end of the restorative procedure. Heart rate (HR) was measured when each child sat in the dental chair, after the removal of carious tissue, and after the removal of acupressure. Results: After the procedure, HR (as an indicator of anxiety) was statistically significantly lower in group B than group A (p = 0.02). However, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding anxiety before and during the restorative procedure (VPTm and HR: p > 0.05). Conclusion: The children who received acupressure on documented points for the reduction of anxiety had a significantly lower HR after the restorative procedure. No significant between-group difference was found regarding anxiety measured using a psychometric evaluation (VPTm).

Management strategies for adult patients with dental anxiety in the dental clinic: a systematic review.

Anxiety is an adaptive emotional response to potentially threatening or dangerous situations; moderated by the sympathetic nervous system. Dental anxiety is common and presents before, during or after dental treatment. The physiological response includes an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and cardiac output. Consequently, extensive distress leads to avoidance of dental treatment and multiple failed appointments, impacting both oral and general health. Dental anxiety can generate a variety of negative consequences for both the dentist and the patient. Evidence-based strategies are essential for mitigating and relieving anxiety in the dental clinic. Psychotherapeutic behavioural strategies can modify the patient's experience through a minimally invasive approach with nil or negligible side effects, depending on patient characteristics, anxiety level and clinical situations. These therapies involve muscle relaxation, guided imagery, physiological monitoring, utilizing biofeedback, hypnosis, acupuncture, distraction and desensitization. Pharmacological intervention utilizes either relative analgesia (nitrous oxide), conscious intravenous sedation or oral sedation, which can have undesirable side effects, risks and contraindications. These modalities increase the cost and availability of dental treatment.

Seeing the person before the teeth: A realist evaluation of a dental anxiety service in Norway.

Patients with a trauma history, whether sexual abuse or torture, or dental phobia, tend to avoid dental services due to severe dental anxiety. Subsequently, they experience poor oral health, lower quality of life, and poorer general health. In Norway, a specific service (torture, abuse, and dental anxiety [TADA]) targets these patients' dental anxiety through cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) prior to dental restoration. By exploring patients' experiences with TADA services using a realist evaluation approach, this paper aims to increase our understanding of how this type of service addresses patients' dental anxiety in terms of its mechanisms and contextual factors. Interviews with TADA patients (n = 15) were analysed through a template analysis driven by context-mechanism-outcome heuristics. The analysis revealed that patients value a dental practitioner who provides a calm and holistic approach, positive judgements and predictability elements that lean towards a person-centred care approach. Provided this, patients felt understood and cared for, their shame was reduced, self-esteem emerged, and control was gained, which led to alleviation of dental anxiety. Therefore, our findings suggest that combining CBT with a person-centred care approach helps alleviate patients' dental anxiety. This provides insights into how dental services could be executed for these patients.

Laser acupuncture and intravascular laser irradiation of blood for management of pediatric dental anxiety.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of laser acupuncture and intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) for managing anxiety in pediatric dentistry. Eighty-four children recruited at a university dental clinic were randomly assigned to three groups: the Sham group (n = 27) underwent sham laser irradiation of three acupuncture points, the ILIB group (n = 25) underwent 10 min of ILIB, and the laser acupuncture group (LAC, n = 32) underwent 40 s of laser acupuncture over points VG20 (Baihui), PC6 (Neiguan), and the Oppression Point. The results suggest that ILIB and laser acupuncture are feasible alternatives for managing dental anxiety in children.

Effects of music listening to reduce preprocedural dental anxiety in special needs patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dental anxiety is particularly problematic for individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), resulting in a greater reluctance to undergo dental procedures and exacerbating poor oral health. Drugs commonly used for dental anxiety have undesirable side effects and may not be preferred by patients and guardians. Alternative methods for managing dental anxiety are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of music listening on anxiety levels of patients with IDD awaiting dental procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A convenience sample of 15 patients with IDD listened to piano music for 10 min before scheduled outpatient dental procedures. Preprocedural dental anxiety levels as measured by Revised ADAMS scores, pulse rates, and blood pressures were compared pre and post music listening. Participants' premedication requirements for the procedure with music listening was compared to their respective previously scheduled procedure with no music listening. RESULTS: Post music listening, patients demonstrated reduced anxiety levels as evidenced by lower Revised ADAMS scores (p = 0.001), mean arterial pressures (p = 0.09), pulse rates (p = 0.02), and reduced premedication requirements. CONCLUSION: Study results suggest that music listening offers an effective, nonpharmacologic alternative to reducing preprocedural dental anxiety in patients with IDD.

Hipnose no controle do medo e da ansiedade em odontopediatria: revisão integrativa da literatura / Hypnosis in the control of pain and anxiety in pediatric dentistry: an integrative literature review

Objetivo: Analisar a literatura científica acerca da eficácia da hipnose como técnica de gestão comportamental para reduzir a dor e/ou a ansiedade no tratamento odontopediátrico. Metodologia: A partir da pergunta norteadora "Qual é a efetividade da hipnose no manejo comportamental de crianças durante o tratamento odontológico?", foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados BVS, Cochrane Library, Google Acadêmico e PubMed, seguindo uma estratégia de combinação das palavras-chave "Odontopediatria" (Pediatric Dentistry), "Hipnose em Odontologia" (Hypnosis, Dental) e "Ansiedade ao tratamento odontológico" (Dental Anxiety). Não houve restrição com relação ao ano de publicação, idioma ou local em que o estudo foi realizado. A seleção dos estudos foi realizada em três etapas: por meio do processo de leitura dos títulos e resumos, exclusão de artigos duplicados e obtenção e leitura dos artigos completos selecionados. Resultados: De um total de 40 artigos encontrados, quatro foram selecionados, sendo incluídos manualmente mais dois numa busca manual nas referências dos artigos identificados e optou-se por acrescentar duas pesquisas. Desta forma, as referências dos artigos selecionados tornaram-se fontes de identificação de novos artigos, após conferência da lista de referências dos artigos incluídos, totalizando seis artigos analisados. Essas pesquisas foram conduzidas em diversos países como México, Índia, França, Turquia e Estados Unidos. Trezentas e quarenta e uma crianças foram analisadas, com idade variando de quatro a 16 anos. A hipnose, na maioria das pesquisas, foi avaliada antes e durante o procedimento odontológico anestésico local. A frequência cardíaca e a saturação de oxigênio foram medidas utilizadas para avaliar a ansiedade dos pacientes e a resistência física, entre outras ferramentas, foi utilizada para avaliar a dor em três pesquisas. Conclusão: A hipnose diminuiu significativamente a frequência cardíaca, a resistência física (principalmente o choro), a ansiedade e a dor em procedimentos de injeção anestésica local, e aumentou significativamente a cooperação dos pacientes Odontopediátricos, no entanto são necessários mais estudos randomizados sobre esse tema, com padronização metodológica, considerando o alto risco de viés encontrado nas pesquisas.

Aim: To analyze the scientific literature about the effectiveness of hypnosis as a behavior-al management technique used to reduce pain and/or anxiety in the pediatric treatment. Methods: Based on the guiding question "What is the effectiveness of hypnosis in the man-agement of children's behavior during dental treatment?", a bibliographic search was car-ried out on the BVS, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases by com-bining the keywords "Pediatric Dentistry", "Hypnosis, Dental", and "Dental Anxiety". There was no restriction concerning year of publication, language, or place. The selection of studies was carried out in three stages: through the process of reading the titles and ab-stracts, by excluding duplicate articles, and obtaining and reading the selected full articles. Results: Out of 40 articles found, we selected four. Two articles were then included manu-ally, totaling six articles.The surveys were conducted in several countries, such as Mexico, India, France, Turkey, and the United States. Three hundred and forty-one children, aged from four to 16 years old, were analyzed. Hypnosis, in most studies, was assessed before and during the local anesthetic dental procedure. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were used to assess patients' anxiety, and physical resistance, among other tools, was used to as-sess pain in three studies. Conclusion: Hypnosis significantly reduced heart rate, physical resistance (mainly crying), anxiety, and pain in local anesthetic injection procedures. Also, it significantly increased the cooperation of pediatric patients; however, more randomized studies on this topic, with methodological standardization, are necessary considering the high risk of bias found in the studies.

The effects of lavender aromatherapy on stress and pain perception in children during dental treatment: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Reducing dental anxiety is a major aspect of childmanagement in dental visits. This crossover randomized clinical trial was designed to determine the effect of lavender aromatherapy on anxiety level during dental treatment and pain perception during dental injection in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four children aged 7-9 years received restorative treatment with lavender aromatherapy in the intervention session and without aroma in the control session. Salivary cortisol and pulse rate were measured to evaluate child's anxiety level and the Face Rating Scale (FRS) was used for assessing the pain perception during injection in both visits. RESULTS: The treatment effect on salivary cortisol, pulse rate, and FRS score was -8.01 ± 0.92 nmol/l, -11.17 ± 1.28 (in minutes), and -2.00 ± 0.41 respectively, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Lavender aromatherapy can decrease dental anxiety and experienced pain in dental setting.

Effect of music at 432 Hz and 440 Hz on dental anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction: a randomized clinical trial.

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of music at 432 Hz, 440 Hz, and no music on the clinical perception of anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction. Methodology A parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted. Forty-two patients (average age: 23.8±7.8 years, 27 women) with a moderate level of anxiety were distributed in three groups: use of music for 15 minutes at a frequency of 432 Hz (n=15), at 440 Hz (n=15) and a control group without music (n=12). The CORAH Dental Anxiety Scale and salivary cortisol levels, estimated by the solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were measured and compared before and after the music intervention between groups (two-way ANOVA-Tukey p<0.05, RStudio). Results Significantly lower anxiety level values were observed at 432 Hz (8.7±2.67) and 440 Hz (8.4±2.84) compared to the control group (17.2±4.60; p<0.05). The salivary cortisol level at 432 Hz (0.49±0.37 µg/dL) was significantly lower than 440 Hz (1.35±0.69 µg/dL) and the control group (1.59±0.7 µg/dL; p<0.05). Conclusion The use of music significantly decreased clinical anxiety levels, and the frequency of 432 Hz was effective in decreasing salivary cortisol levels before tooth extraction.

Can lavender oil inhalation help to overcome dental anxiety and pain in children? A randomized clinical trial.

Aromatherapy with essential oils can be used to relieve children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between psychological and physiologic findings after lavender oil inhalation among children assigned to undergo tooth extraction. A total of 126 children aged between 6 and 12 years were enrolled in the study. The groups were randomly divided into control and lavender groups. The lavender group inhaled 100% lavender oil for 3 min before the interventions, the control group received no prior application. Psychological assessments were made using face image scale (FIS), Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) and Wong-Baker pain rating scale (WBS). Physiologic changes were assessed using vital signs evaluations. All parameters were noted prior to applications, after inhalation, anesthesia injection, and tooth extraction. The lavender group showed significant lower anxiety and pain scores after tooth extraction (p < 0.05). Significantly lower levels of blood pressures and a significant pulse rate drop were found after inhalation in the lavender group. A statistically significant increase in heart rate was observed after anesthesia injection and tooth extraction in the control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Lavender oil can be preferred as a treatment of choice in routine pediatric dentistry.Trial registration number: NCT04115891 (Lavender Oil Inhalation Help to Overcome Dental Anxiety Among Children)What is Known:• Dental anxiety is the most common factor that causes children to have difficulty with the dentist and their parents during treatment.• Aromatherapy with essential oils can be used to relieve children.What is New:• Aromatherapy with lavender oil relieves the child by reducing the level of anxiety and facilitates dental treatment.• During surgical procedures such as local anesthesia and tooth extraction, lavender oil inhalation decreases pain levels of children.

Effect of music at 432 Hz and 440 Hz on dental anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of music at 432 Hz, 440 Hz, and no music on the clinical perception of anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction. Methodology A parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted. Forty-two patients (average age: 23.8±7.8 years, 27 women) with a moderate level of anxiety were distributed in three groups: use of music for 15 minutes at a frequency of 432 Hz (n=15), at 440 Hz (n=15) and a control group without music (n=12). The CORAH Dental Anxiety Scale and salivary cortisol levels, estimated by the solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were measured and compared before and after the music intervention between groups (two-way ANOVA-Tukey p<0.05, RStudio). Results Significantly lower anxiety level values were observed at 432 Hz (8.7±2.67) and 440 Hz (8.4±2.84) compared to the control group (17.2±4.60; p<0.05). The salivary cortisol level at 432 Hz (0.49±0.37 μg/dL) was significantly lower than 440 Hz (1.35±0.69 μg/dL) and the control group (1.59±0.7 μg/dL; p<0.05). Conclusion The use of music significantly decreased clinical anxiety levels, and the frequency of 432 Hz was effective in decreasing salivary cortisol levels before tooth extraction.

FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN BRAIN ACTIVITY AFTER HYPNOSIS: Neurobiological Mechanisms and Application to Patients with a Specific Phobia-Limitations and Future Directions.

Studies of brain-plasticity changes in hypnosis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron-emission-tomography (PET) and electroencephalography (EEG) were reviewed. The authors found evidence in those studies that hypnosis is a powerful and successful method for inhibiting the reaction of the fear circuitry structures. Limitations of the studies were critically discussed, and implications for future research were made. The authors are currently using a portable fNIRS apparatus to integrate the scanning device into real life situations in medical practice. Their aim is to disentangle the neuronal mechanisms and physiological correlates in patients with severe fear of medical treatments when directly confronted with anxiety-provoking stimuli and to assess the effects of a brief hypnosis. Drawing on evidence from several technological modalities, neuroimaging and physiological studies pave the road to a better scientific understanding of neural mechanisms of hypnosis.

Progressive muscle relaxation therapy to relieve dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial.

Dental anxiety causes patients to refuse or delay treatment, which may exacerbate oral diseases. The aim of the current randomized controlled trial was to determine whether progressive muscle relaxation therapy could relieve dental anxiety. The trial included 68 periodontal patients with dental anxiety scores of ≥13 who were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group (n = 34 per group). The intervention group was administered progressive muscle relaxation therapy for 20 min and oral health education for 15 min before periodontal treatment once per week for 4 wk. The control group was provided with oral health education only, for the same duration. Changes in dental anxiety, depression symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, and salivary cortisol were evaluated 4 wk and 3 months after the intervention. The intervention group exhibited statistically significantly greater reductions in dental anxiety scores than did the control group at the 4-wk (-3.82 vs. -0.89) and 3-month (-4.22 vs. -0.28) assessments. They also exhibited significantly greater reductions in depression symptoms, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and salivary cortisol levels at both time-points. Progressive muscle relaxation therapy relieves tension and anxiety in dental patients.

[Effect of psychological nursing based on relaxation training for the psychological state in patients with impacted third molar removal surgery].

Objective: To discuss the effect of psychological nursing based on relaxation training for the psychological state in patients with impatced third molar removal surgery. Methods: A total of one hundred patients with impacted third molar removal surgery were selected from June 2015 to June 2017 in People's Liberation Army No. 105 hospital. According to the nursing method, all patients were divided into psychological intervention group and the control group, 50 cases in each group, the control group was given routine nursing intervention and the psychological intervention group was given psychological nursing intervention based on relaxation training. Results: The after intervention Corah's modified dental anxiety scale (6.3±1.2), Stouthard dental fear scale (62.9±6.5) scores and heart rate [(76.4±5.2) bpm], systolic blood pressure [(102.5±6.3) mmHg], diastolic blood pressure [(75.3±3.1) mmHg] levels of psychological group were significantly lower than those of the control group. The once removal success rate, intraoperative relaxation sense rate of psychological group were significantly higher than those of the control group, the teeth extraction time of psychological group was significantly lower than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.013, P=0.003). Conclusions: Psychological nursing intervention based on relaxation training can effectively improve the mental state and stress state of patients with impacted third molar removal surgery, which is beneficial to the process of the surgery.

Non-pharmacological interventions for reducing mental distress in patients undergoing dental procedures: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis investigates the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in adults undergoing dental procedures under regional or general anesthesia compared to standard care alone or an attention control group on the reduction of mental distress, pain, and analgesic use. DATA SOURCES: To identify relevant papers a comprehensive literature search was carried out in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO (last search August 2017). Additionally, lists of references of relevant articles and previous reviews were checked. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Full Text Database was screened to identify any unpublished material. STUDY SELECTION: A total of 29 eligible randomized controlled trials were included, comprising a total of 2.886 patients. Included trials investigated the effects of hypnosis, enhanced information, relaxation, music, or cognitive-behavioral approaches including distraction. RESULTS: Random effects meta-analyses revealed significant positive treatment effects on the reduction of mental distress (g = 0.58, CI 95% [0.39; 0.76]). Effects on pain relief (g = 0.00, CI 95% [-0.28; 0.28]) and the reduction of analgesic use (g = 0.26, CI 95% [-0.22; 0.73]) were not significant. Because effects on mental distress were substantially heterogeneous, subgroup analyses were run yielding significantly larger effects for studies with low risk of bias compared to studies with high or unclear risk of selection and attrition bias. No significant differences appeared between various types of non-pharmacological interventions. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, benefits of non-pharmacological interventions on reducing mental distress were demonstrated with largest effects being shown for hypnosis. However, further high quality trials are needed to strengthen the promising evidence. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that non-pharmacological interventions may be beneficial for reducing mental distress in patients undergoing dental procedures and could thus be considered as valuable adjunct to standard care.

Efecto de la música barroca en el nivel de ansiedad de pacientes de 5 a 10 años de edad, durante el tratamiento odontológico en el centro especializado en formación odontológica de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo de Chiclayo, 2017 / Effect of baroque music on the anxiety level of patients from 5 to 10 years of age, during the dental treatment at the center specializing in dental training at the Santo Toribio Catholic University of Mogrovejo de Chiclayo, 2017

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la música barroca en el nivel de ansiedad de pacientes de 5 a 10 años de edad, durante el tratamiento odontológico en el Centro Especializado en Formación Odontológica (CEFO) de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo (USAT) de Chiclayo, 2017. El diseño de este estudio fue de tipo cuasiexperimental, longitudinal y prospectivo. La población de estudio fue determinada mediante los criterios de inclusión y exclusión de la muestra. El instrumento para la evaluación de las variables del estudio fue: la escala de imagen facial (FIS). El análisis de datos se realizó con el software estadístico SPSS versión 24.0. Se utilizó estadística inferencial para presentar la información de las variables y covariables, mediante tablas y gráficos. La prueba estadística utilizada fue la U de Mann Whitney33 con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, aceptando la hipótesis alterna p<0.05. Al evaluar los niveles de ansiedad del grupo experimental se presentó ansiedad leve (82%) y leve moderada (18%); el grupo control obtuvo ansiedad leve (27%), leve moderada (54%), moderada (14%) y moderada severa (5%). En conclusión, la aplicación de la música barroca en niños de 5 a 10 años de edad, durante el tratamiento odontológico disminuyó los niveles de ansiedad.

WITHDRAWN: Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment.

BACKGROUND: Managing children is a challenge that many dentists face. Many non-pharmacological techniques have been developed to manage anxiety and behavioural problems in children, such us: 'tell, show & do', positive reinforcement, modelling and hypnosis. The use of hypnosis is generally an overlooked area, hence the need for this review. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review attempted to answer the question: What is the effectiveness of hypnosis (with or without sedation) for behaviour management of children who are receiving dental care in order to allow successful completion of treatment?Null hypothesis: Hypnosis has no effect on the outcome of dental treatment of children. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), and PsycINFO. Electronic and manual searches were performed using controlled vocabulary and free text terms with no language restrictions. Date of last search: 11th June 2010. SELECTION CRITERIA: All children and adolescents aged up to 16 years of age. Children having any dental treatment, such as: simple restorative treatment with or without local anaesthetic, simple extractions or management of dental trauma. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information regarding methods, participants, interventions, outcome measures and results were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two review authors. Authors of trials were contacted for details of randomisation and withdrawals and a quality assessment was carried out. The methodological quality of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was assessed using the criteria described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.0.2. MAIN RESULTS: Only three RCTs (with 69 participants) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis and meta-analysis were not possible due to insufficient number of studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Although there are a considerable number of anecdotal accounts indicating the benefits of using hypnosis in paediatric dentistry, on the basis of the three studies meeting the inclusion criteria for this review there is not yet enough evidence to suggest its beneficial effects.

Effects of music intervention on anxiety and pain reduction in ambulatory maxillofacial and otorhinolaryngology surgery: a descriptive survey of 27 cases.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to determine patients' opinion regarding listening to music before an ambulatory maxillofacial surgery and effects on anxiety and pain reduction. METHODS: This study was conducted on outpatients having a maxillofacial surgery between December 2015 and April 2016 at Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye hospital (France). Patients listened with headphones to an easy-listening music in the operation theater before the first ambulation. A questionnaire including a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and anxiety was given to participants. The primary endpoint was to determine patients' opinion regarding listening to music before surgery. Secondary endpoints were to determine VAS pain mean, VAS anxiety mean before surgery, VAS anxiety mean after surgery, and if patients wanted to listen to their own playlist. We decided to compare VAS anxiety and pain mean between patients who accepted to listen to music (ALM) and who refused to listen to music (RLM). RESULTS: Nineteen patients ALM and 8 patients RLM to music. 78.9% of patients considered that listening to music before surgery decreased their anxiety. In patients who ALM, the mean (standard deviation, SD) of VAS pain after surgery was 3.42 (1.95), the mean (SD) of VAS anxiety before surgery was 3.1 (2.3), and the mean (SD) of VAS anxiety was 1.21 (0.85). There was a statistically significantly difference of the VAS anxiety mean (SD) before surgery between patients who ALM 3.10 (2.30) and who RLM 6.12 (1.88) (p = 0.005). There was a statistically significantly difference of the VAS anxiety mean (SD) after surgery between patients who ALM 1.21 (0.85) and who RLM 2.62 (1.30) (p = 0.009). Fifty percent of the patients wanted to choose their own music. CONCLUSION: Music seems to reduce anxiety before maxillofacial surgery. An interventional randomized study is needed to demonstrate the positive impact of music on anxiety before maxillofacial surgery.

Tratamientos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos para la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico / Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for anxiety to the dental treatment

Introducción: la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico afecta de manera importante la salud bucal del individuo, ya que los pacientes evitan los tratamientos dentales así como interfieren el desempeño del profesional a la hora de brindar la atención. Por lo expuesto se hace importante el manejo de las alternativas para este fenómeno como forma de controlar o eliminar dicha alteración. Objetivo: determinar los tratamientos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos para la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico. Métodos : se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los tipos de manejos ante la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico publicados en el 2010 hasta noviembre de 2015 en un periodo de 3 meses. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda específicamente de artículos científicos. Se obtuvieron 135 trabajos que abordaban tratamientos de esta alteración, excluyendo aquellos que manejaban tratamientos en pacientes especiales o con fobias, quedando finalmente 102 trabajos. De estos últimos se tomaron 59 por ser considerados a criterio del autor artículos con mayor descripción de la temática a investigar. Análisis e integración de la información: existen diversas alternativas de tratamientos para la ansiedad. Las no farmacológicas abordan técnicas o métodos como musicoterapia, audiovisuales, realidad virtual, hipnosis, entre otras, las cuales son muy usadas por los profesionales. Por otra parte, los tratamientos farmacológicos manejan fundamentalmente como medicamentos de elección las benzodiacepinas y el óxido nitroso mezclado con oxígeno; es el midazolam el que la literatura muestra como más usado por sus buenos resultados. Las combinaciones de los farmacológicos y no farmacológicos son eficaces también. Conclusiones : el uso de medios audiovisuales como la musicoterapia, la realidad virtual así como audiovisuales son los tratamientos no farmacológicos más empleados ante este fenómeno. Por otra parte, el midazolam y el óxido nitroso en combinación con oxígeno constituyen...(AU)

Introduction: dental anxiety significantly affects the individual´s oral health because patients avoid dental treatment and obstruct the dentist in his performance when providing care. Therefore, it is important to manage alternatives to face this phenomenon as a way of controlling or eliminating it. Objective: to determine the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for dental anxiety. Methods: a literature review on the types of maneuvers to face dental anxiety published from 2010 to November 2015 was made. This search was specifically directed to scientific articles. One hundred and thirty five articles that addressed treatment of this disorder were found, excluding those presenting treatments for special patients or with phobias, and the final number was 102 papers. From the latter, 59 were taken to be considered according to the author´s criteria because they thoroughly described the study subject. Data analysis and integration: there are several alternative treatments for anxiety including the non-pharmacological methods such as music therapy, audiovisuals, virtual reality, hypnosis, among others, which are widely used by dental professionals. Moreover, pharmacological treatments mainly use drugs of choice such as benzodiazepines and nitrous oxide mixed with oxygen, being Midazolam the most used due to its good results. The combinations of both types of treatment are also effective. Conclusions: the use of music therapy, virtual reality and audiovisuals are the most used non-pharmacological treatments before this phenomenon. Midazolam and nitrous oxide in combination with oxygen are the most commonly used pharmacological treatments for dental anxiety, mainly in children(AU)

Tratamientos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos para la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico / Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for anxiety to the dental treatment

Introducción: la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico afecta de manera importante la salud bucal del individuo, ya que los pacientes evitan los tratamientos dentales así como interfieren el desempeño del profesional a la hora de brindar la atención. Por lo expuesto se hace importante el manejo de las alternativas para este fenómeno como forma de controlar o eliminar dicha alteración. Objetivo: determinar los tratamientos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos para la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico. Métodos : se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los tipos de manejos ante la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico publicados en el 2010 hasta noviembre de 2015 en un periodo de 3 meses. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda específicamente de artículos científicos. Se obtuvieron 135 trabajos que abordaban tratamientos de esta alteración, excluyendo aquellos que manejaban tratamientos en pacientes especiales o con fobias, quedando finalmente 102 trabajos. De estos últimos se tomaron 59 por ser considerados a criterio del autor artículos con mayor descripción de la temática a investigar. Análisis e integración de la información: existen diversas alternativas de tratamientos para la ansiedad. Las no farmacológicas abordan técnicas o métodos como musicoterapia, audiovisuales, realidad virtual, hipnosis, entre otras, las cuales son muy usadas por los profesionales. Por otra parte, los tratamientos farmacológicos manejan fundamentalmente como medicamentos de elección las benzodiacepinas y el óxido nitroso mezclado con oxígeno; es el midazolam el que la literatura muestra como más usado por sus buenos resultados. Las combinaciones de los farmacológicos y no farmacológicos son eficaces también. Conclusiones : el uso de medios audiovisuales como la musicoterapia, la realidad virtual así como audiovisuales son los tratamientos no farmacológicos más empleados ante este fenómeno. Por otra parte, el midazolam y el óxido nitroso en combinación con oxígeno constituyen los tratamientos farmacológicos más utilizados para la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico, y su aplicación en niños resulta más marcada(AU)

Introduction: dental anxiety significantly affects the individual´s oral health because patients avoid dental treatment and obstruct the dentist in his performance when providing care. Therefore, it is important to manage alternatives to face this phenomenon as a way of controlling or eliminating it. Objective: to determine the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for dental anxiety. Methods: a literature review on the types of maneuvers to face dental anxiety published from 2010 to November 2015 was made. This search was specifically directed to scientific articles. One hundred and thirty five articles that addressed treatment of this disorder were found, excluding those presenting treatments for special patients or with phobias, and the final number was 102 papers. From the latter, 59 were taken to be considered according to the author´s criteria because they thoroughly described the study subject. Data analysis and integration: there are several alternative treatments for anxiety including the non-pharmacological methods such as music therapy, audiovisuals, virtual reality, hypnosis, among others, which are widely used by dental professionals. Moreover, pharmacological treatments mainly use drugs of choice such as benzodiazepines and nitrous oxide mixed with oxygen, being Midazolam the most used due to its good results. The combinations of both types of treatment are also effective. Conclusions: the use of music therapy, virtual reality and audiovisuals are the most used non-pharmacological treatments before this phenomenon. Midazolam and nitrous oxide in combination with oxygen are the most commonly used pharmacological treatments for dental anxiety, mainly in children(AU)