RESUMEN
Antiseptics are chemical substances that when applied topically onto intact skin, mucous membranes or wounds partially or completely reduces the population of living microorganisms in those tissues. Different types of antiseptics are available - those most commonly used in clinical practice being alcohols, iodinated compounds and chlorhexidine. When using an antiseptic, consideration is required of its spectrum of antimicrobial activity, latency, residual effects, possible interferences of the presence of organic material with the activity of the antiseptic, its side effects, compatibility with other antiseptics, and cost. This article is part of a supplement entitled "Antisepsis in the critical patient", which is sponsored by Becton Dickinson.
Asunto(s)
Alcoholes/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos Locales/farmacología , Compuestos de Yodo/farmacología , Alcoholes/efectos adversos , Antiinfecciosos Locales/efectos adversos , Antiinfecciosos Locales/clasificación , Cationes/efectos adversos , Cationes/farmacología , Clorhexidina/efectos adversos , Clorhexidina/farmacología , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Etanol/efectos adversos , Etanol/farmacología , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/efectos adversos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/uso terapéutico , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Yodo/efectos adversos , Yodo/farmacología , Compuestos de Yodo/efectos adversos , Yodóforos/efectos adversos , Yodóforos/farmacología , Compuestos de Mercurio/farmacología , Propranolol/efectos adversos , Propranolol/farmacología , Sulfadiazina/efectos adversos , Sulfadiazina/farmacología , Triclosán/efectos adversos , Triclosán/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Microbicides are a new tool, still under investigation, which could help prevent infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Increasing evidence shows that the complexity of sexual transmission of viral pathogens requires the identification of compounds able to block the early events during the cycle of viral infection. In this manuscript we provide a comprehensive review of the different microbicide strategies that have been studied or are currently being considered for STI prevention, particularly emphasizing those having the potential to block HIV infection. The manuscript also reviews the complex process that is required to conduct future clinical studies in humans and concludes with a brief discussion of the strategies that could be part of the immediate future in microbicide research.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos Locales/farmacología , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Administración Intravaginal , Administración Rectal , Animales , Antiinfecciosos Locales/química , Antiinfecciosos Locales/clasificación , Antiinfecciosos Locales/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinfecciosos Locales/toxicidad , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Aprobación de Drogas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Herpes Genital/prevención & control , Herpes Genital/transmisión , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/transmisión , Tensoactivos/farmacología , Tecnología Farmacéutica/métodos , Proteínas Virales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Internalización del Virus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Microbicides are a new tool, still under investigation, which could help prevent infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Increasing evidence shows that the complexity of sexual transmission of viral pathogens requires the identification of compounds able to block the early events during the cycle of viral infection. In this manuscript we provide a comprehensive review of the different microbicide strategies that have been studied or are currently being considered for STI prevention, particularly emphasizing those having the potential to block HIV infection. The manuscript also reviews the complex process that is required to conduct future clinical studies in humans and concludes with a brief discussion of the strategies that could be part of the immediate future in microbicide research.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos Locales/farmacología , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Administración Intravaginal , Administración Rectal , Animales , Antiinfecciosos Locales/química , Antiinfecciosos Locales/clasificación , Antiinfecciosos Locales/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinfecciosos Locales/toxicidad , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Aprobación de Drogas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Herpes Genital/prevención & control , Herpes Genital/transmisión , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/transmisión , Tensoactivos/farmacología , Tecnología Farmacéutica/métodos , Proteínas Virales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Internalización del Virus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The aim of this article is to review the properties of compounds available for the control of dental plaque biofilms, and describe their mode of action. The mouth is colonised by a diverse but characteristic collection of micro-organisms, which confer benefit to host. Numerous antiplaque (e.g. surfactants, essential oils) and antimicrobial agents (e.g. bisbiguanides, metal ions, phenols, quaternary ammonium compounds, etc.) have been successfully formulated into toothpastes and mouthrinses to control plaque biofilms. At high concentrations, these agents can remove biofilm and/or kill disease-associated bacteria, while even at sub-lethal levels they can inhibit the expression of pathogenic traits. Successful antimicrobial agents are able to meet the apparently contradictory requirements of maintaining the oral biofilm at levels compatible with oral health but without disrupting the natural and beneficial properties of the resident oral microflora.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos Locales/uso terapéutico , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Placa Dental/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de la Boca/prevención & control , Antisépticos Bucales/uso terapéutico , Antiinfecciosos Locales/química , Antiinfecciosos Locales/clasificación , Placa Dental/microbiología , Humanos , Interacciones Microbianas , Boca/efectos de los fármacos , Boca/microbiología , Enfermedades de la Boca/microbiología , Antisépticos Bucales/químicaRESUMEN
As Americans use botanical medicines in ever-increasing numbers, they are moving beyond capsules and tinctures, and turning to assorted preparations that will complete their herbal medicine chest. According to The Arthritis Foundation, almost 45% of patients apply ointments or rubs for osteoarthritis. Topical preparations have a long history in traditional herbal medicine systems, and make up a significant proportion of the armamentarium of indigenous practitioners. Although contemporary patients are often resistant to the inconvenience of topical preparations, they often will become compliant after a notable success. The nomenclature of these topical preparations, as one would expect, is murky. There are no clear and consistent definitions for the assorted terms, and different sources will use different terms for the same material or process.