RESUMEN
Modern day Saudi Arabia occupies the majority of historical Arabia, which may have contributed to ancient waves of migration out of Africa. This ancient history has left a lasting imprint in the genetics of the region, including the diverse set of tribes that call Saudi Arabia their home. How these tribes relate to each other and to the world's major populations remains an unanswered question. In an attempt to improve our understanding of the population structure of Saudi Arabia, we conducted genomic profiling of 957 unrelated individuals who self-identify with 28 large tribes in Saudi Arabia. Consistent with the tradition of intra-tribal unions, the subjects showed strong clustering along tribal lines with the distance between clusters correlating with their geographical proximities in Arabia. However, these individuals form a unique cluster when compared to the world's major populations. The ancient origin of these tribal affiliations is supported by analyses that revealed little evidence of ancestral origin from within the 28 tribes. Our results disclose a granular map of population structure and have important implications for future genetic studies into Mendelian and common diseases in the region.
Asunto(s)
Árabes/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Grupos de Población/genética , África/epidemiología , Arabia/epidemiología , Árabes/historia , Asia/epidemiología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Proyecto Mapa de Haplotipos , Haplotipos/genética , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Endogamia , Masculino , Grupos de Población/historia , Análisis de Componente Principal , Arabia Saudita/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
For centuries, a large number of people living in the southwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula and eastern Africa have chewed the fresh leaves and twigs of the plant Catha edulis Forsk, more commonly known as khat, for its psychostimulatory effect. The main active compound in khat is cathinone, whose synthetic derivatives form a part of the new psychoactive substances list. This review summaries the prevalence of khat use, its harvesting and consumption, the biosynthetic pathway in khat, the mechanism of action, the results from animal and human studies, and its dependence potential. It is unlikely that khat use will be prohibited in countries where it is traditionally consumed and socially acceptable unlike in other countries of the world where both the importation and the consumption of khat and cathinone is banned. Khat users being mainly Muslims prohibited from using alcohol or other drugs probably represent the largest global number of mono-drug users of an amphetamine-like stimulant. Thus, khat use represents a unique situation and a neglected area of research in Africa.
Asunto(s)
Catha/efectos adversos , Catha/fisiología , África/epidemiología , Alcaloides/farmacología , Anfetaminas/farmacología , Arabia/epidemiología , Humanos , Masticación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
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