Antioxidant Activities of Different Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Market Types by Spectrophotometric Techniques Combined with Chemometrics.

Peanut is rich in oil and protein and has a large content of bioactive constituents consisting of tocopherols, phytosterols, and so on. Generally, Virginia, Spanish, Valencia and Runner market types are grown of peanut. In this study, it is aimed to determine the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of peanuts from four different market types, for the first time, and group them with principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). For PCA, PC1 and PC2 explained 87.655 % of the total variation and, according to the HCA of peanut samples, two main groups were determined. The total phenolic content changed 1.556 to 2.899 mg GAE/g. The lowest value have seen at Spanish merket type to determine the antioxidant activities of peanut samples were maked FRAP and DPPH assay, the lowest FRAP value (8.136 µmol FeSO47H2O/g sample) was seen at Valencia market type, the highest (14.004 µmol FeSO47H2O/g sample) was seen at Virginia market type. It was determined that the total flavonoid, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of the Virginia, Valencia, Spanish, and Runner market types included in the study were different from each other, and the Virginia market type showed superior characteristics compared to the others. The results obtained suggest that Virginia market type may be preferred more especially in peanut cultivation for food uses. It is thought that this study can be a source for future studies by eliminating a deficiency in the literature.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds and by-products in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disorders: A systematic review of clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The main risk factors are hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and increased serum lipids. The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), also known as the groundnut, goober, pindar, or monkey nut, belongs to the Fabaceae family and is the fourth most cultivated oilseed in the world. The seeds and skin of peanuts possess a rich phytochemical profile composed of antioxidants, such as phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids, and phytosterols. Peanut consumption can provide numerous health benefits, such as anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and hypolipidemic effects. Accordingly, peanuts have the potential to treat CVD and counteract its risk factors. PURPOSE: This study aims to critically evaluate the effects of peanuts on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and CVD risk factors based on clinical studies. METHOD: This review includes studies indexed in MEDLINE-PubMed, COCHRANE, and EMBASE, and the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines were adhered to. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included and indicated that the consumption of raw peanuts or differing forms of processed foods containing peanut products and phytochemicals could improve metabolic parameters, such as glycemia, insulinemia, glycated hemoglobin, lipids, body mass index, waist circumference, atherogenic indices, and endothelial function. CONCLUSION: We propose that this legume and its products be used as a sustainable and low-cost alternative for the prevention and treatment of MetS and CVD. However, further research with larger sample sizes, longer intervention durations, and more diverse populations is needed to understand the full benefit of peanut consumption in MetS and CVD.

Influences of biochar with selenite on bacterial community in soil and Cd in peanut.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution in crops seriously affects the ecosystem and human health. Effective measures should be employed to reduce the absorption and accumulation of cadmium in crops. Currently, there are many pieces of research on the application of biochar (BC) and selenium (Se) alone to the remediation of soil Cd pollution; however, few investigations have been devoted to the application of BC and Se together to the remediation of soil Cd pollution. The peanut was taken as the target crop to explore the effects of exogenous selenium and biochar on the remediation of soil Cd pollution. The response of the soil bacterial community to two levels of Cd concentration and its relationship with soil properties and Cd availability are methodically investigated. This study sets two cadmium pollution concentrations of low Cd (5 mg/ kg) and high Cd (20 mg/kg), as well as six treatments: blank, BC, soil Se, soil Se-BC, leaf Se, and leaf Se-BC. The achieved results revealed that both Se and BC could noticeably enhance the yield of peanut seeds and reduce the Cd content in peanut seeds. Among them, Se-BC treatment on soil exhibits the most influence, which reduces the Cd content by 47.86%. Se and BC also affect the physical and chemical properties of soil and remarkably magnify the content of soil available phosphorus, organic matter, soil pH, and soil conductivity. For instance, then effect is detected in the case of applying selenium biochar to soil, leading to an increase of about 64.38%, 72.62%, 2.64%, and 61.15%, respectively, and reducing the content of soil available cadmium by 21.02%. Redundancy analysis confirms that these properties enhance the abundance of dominant bacteria Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi. The correlation analysis also indicates that Saccharimonadales, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and other bacteria with the function of reducing the bioavailability of cadmium in soil reveal a considerable positive correlation with the variations of physical and chemical properties. In general, exogenous Se and BC incorporate to drop the content of available Cd in the soil through direct passivation, passivation caused by soil environmental change, and passivation caused by altering the soil microbial community structure; as a result, the migration and enrichment of Cd in peanut seeds are blocked and reduced. Moreover, the mixed application of BC and soil Se exhibits the best effect.

Functional Proteins from Biovalorization of Peanut Meal: Advances in Process Technology and Applications.

Environmental costs associated with meat production have necessitated researchers and food manufacturers to explore alternative sources of high-quality protein, especially from plant origin. Proteins from peanuts and peanut-by products are high-quality, matching industrial standards and nutritional requirements. This review contributes to recent developments in the production of proteins from peanut and peanut meal. Conventional processing techniques such as hot-pressing kernels, use of solvents in oil removal, and employing harsh acids and alkalis denature the protein and damage its functional properties, limiting its use in food formulations. Controlled hydrolysis (degree of hydrolysis between 1 and 10%) using neutral and alkaline proteases can extract proteins and improve peanut proteins' functional properties, including solubility, emulsification, and foaming activity. Peanut proteins can potentially be incorporated into meat analogues, bread, soups, confectionery, frozen desserts, and cakes. Recently, pretreatment techniques (microwave, ultrasound, high pressure, and atmospheric cold plasma) have been explored to enhance protein extraction and improve protein functionalities. However, most of the literature on physicochemical pretreatment techniques has been limited to the lab scale and has not been analysed at the pilot scale. Peanut-derived peptides also exhibit antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, and anti-thrombotic properties. There exists a potential to incorporate these peptides into high-fat foods to retard oxidation. These peptides can also be consumed as dietary supplements for regulating blood pressure. Further research is required to analyse the sensory attributes and shelf lives of these novel products. In addition, animal models or clinical trials need to be conducted to validate these results on a larger scale.

An overview on extraction, composition, bioactivity and food applications of peanut phenolics.

Peanuts contain a diverse and vast array of phenolic compounds having important biological properties. They are allocated mostly in the seed coat (skin), an industrial waste with minor and undervalued applications. In the last few years, a considerable amount of scientific knowledge about extraction, composition, bioactivities and health benefits of peanut skin phenolics has been generated. The present review was focused on four main aspects: a) extraction methods and technologies for obtaining peanut skin phenolics with an emphasis on green-solvent extraction processes; b) variations in chemical profiles including those due to genetic variability, extraction methodologies and process-related issues; c) bioactive properties, especially antioxidant activities in food and biological systems; d) update of promising food applications. The revision was also aimed at identifying areas where knowledge is insufficient and to set priorities for further research.

Arachidin-1, a Prenylated Stilbenoid from Peanut, Induces Apoptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is unresponsive to typical hormonal treatments, causing it to be one of the deadliest forms of breast cancer. Investigating alternative therapies to increase survival rates for this disease is essential. The goal of this study was to assess cytotoxicity and apoptosis mechanisms of prenylated stilbenoids in TNBC cells. The prenylated stilbenoids arachidin-1 (A-1) and arachidin-3 (A-3) are analogs of resveratrol (RES) produced in peanut upon biotic stress. The anticancer activity of A-1 and A-3 isolated from peanut hairy root cultures was determined in TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436. After 24 h of treatment, A-1 exhibited higher cytotoxicity than A-3 and RES with approximately 11-fold and six-fold lower IC50, respectively, in MDA-MB-231 cells, and nine-fold and eight-fold lower IC50, respectively, in MDA-MB-436 cells. A-1 did not show significant cytotoxicity in the non-cancerous cell line MCF-10A. While A-1 blocked cell division in G2-M phases in the TNBC cells, it did not affect cell division in MCF-10A cells. Furthermore, A-1 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway by activating caspase-9 and PARP cleavage, and inhibiting survivin. In conclusion, A-1 merits further research as a potential lead molecule for the treatment of TNBC.

Effects of Peanut Protein Supplementation on Resistance Training Adaptations in Younger Adults.

Protein supplementation is a commonly employed strategy to enhance resistance training adaptations. However, little research to date has examined if peanut protein supplementation is effective in this regard. Thus, we sought to determine if peanut protein supplementation (PP; 75 total g/d of powder providing 30 g/d protein, >9.2 g/d essential amino acids, ~315 kcal/d) affected resistance training adaptations in college-aged adults. Forty-seven college-aged adults (n = 34 females, n = 13 males) with minimal prior training experience were randomly assigned to a PP group (n = 18 females, n = 5 males) or a non-supplement group (CTL; n = 16 females, n = 8 males) (ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration NCT04707963; registered 13 January 2021). Body composition and strength variables were obtained prior to the intervention (PRE). Participants then completed 10 weeks of full-body resistance training (twice weekly) and PP participants consumed their supplement daily. POST measures were obtained 72 h following the last training bout and were identical to PRE testing measures. Muscle biopsies were also obtained at PRE, 24 h following the first exercise bout, and at POST. The first two biopsy time points were used to determine myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates in response to a naïve training bout with or without PP, and the PRE and POST biopsies were used to determine muscle fiber adaptations in females only. Dependent variables were analyzed in males and females separately using two-way (supplement × time) repeated measures ANOVAs, unless otherwise stated. The 24-h integrated MyoPS response to the first naïve training bout was similar between PP and CTL participants (dependent samples t-test p = 0.759 for females, p = 0.912 for males). For males, the only significant supplement × time interactions were for DXA-derived fat mass (interaction p = 0.034) and knee extensor peak torque (interaction p = 0.010); these variables significantly increased in the CTL group (p < 0.05), but not the PP group. For females, no significant supplement × time interactions existed, although interactions for whole body lean tissue mass (p = 0.088) and vastus lateralis thickness (p = 0.099) approached significance and magnitude increases in these characteristics favored the PP versus CTL group. In summary, this is the second study to determine the effects of PP supplementation on resistance training adaptations. While PP supplementation did not significantly enhance training adaptations, the aforementioned trends in females, the limited n-size in males, and this being the second PP supplementation study warrant more research to determine if different PP dosing strategies are more effective than the current approach.

Performance and Dry Matter Accumulation of Groundnut in an Ultisol Amended with Phosphorus and Lime.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Adequate yield improvement in groundnut may not be achieved in acid sand Ultisol through the application of mineral phosphorus alone, however, a combined application of lime and phosphorus fertilizer may be a better management option in such soils. Hence, this study evaluated the effects of four levels of lime (0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 t ha¹) and four phosphorus (P) levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha¹) on the performance of groundnut (<i>Arachis hypogaea </i>L.) in the humid rainforest of South Eastern Nigeria. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The study was a factorial experiment laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and consisted of sixteen treatment combinations replicated three times each. <b>Results:</b> The result obtained showed that the application of phosphorus fertilizer and lime had a significant (p<0.05) effect on plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, 75 kg ha¹ P and 8.0 t ha¹ lime resulted in the highest growth parameter. Similarly, 75 kg ha¹ P and 8.0 t ha¹ lime significantly improved the number of pods per plant 30.67, pod yield 3.58 t ha¹, biomass yield of 4.68 t ha¹, seed yield of 2.1 t ha¹ and 100 seed weight of 44.58 g, seed yield of groundnut while curtailing the number of unfilled pods 2.33. <b>Conclusion:</b> Application of phosphorus and lime at 75 kg ha¹ P and 8.0 t ha¹ lime is a beneficial agronomic practice that could enhance the productivity of groundnut in the Calabar rainforest zone of Cross River State.

Comprehensive analysis of the anti-glycation effect of peanut skin extract.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are produced during protein glycation and associated with diabetic complications. Peanut skin is rich in procyanidins, which may be used as an inhibitor of glycation. This study evaluated the potential anti-glycation effect of peanut skin extract (PSE) and dissected the underlying mechanism. PSE could effectively inhibit the formation of AGEs in BSA-Glc and BSA-MGO/GO models, with 44%, 37% and 82% lower IC50 values than the positive control (AG), respectively. The inhibitory effect of PSE on BSA glycation might be ascribed to its binding interaction with BSA, attenuated formation of early glycation products and trapping of reactive dicarbonyl compounds. Notably, PSE showed a remarkably stronger inhibitory effect on Amadori products than AG. Furthermore, three new types of PSE-MGO adducts were formed as identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. These findings suggest that PSE may serve as an inhibitor of glycation and provide new insights into its application.

TMT-labeled quantitative proteomic analysis to identify proteins associated with the stability of peanut milk.

BACKGROUND: Peanut milk benefits human health mainly due to its high protein content and suitable amino acid composition. To reveal the molecular mechanism affecting the quality of peanut milk, tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled proteomic analysis was applied to identify the proteome variation between two peanut cultivars that produced peanut milk with the best and worst stability. RESULTS: A total of 478 differentially abundant proteins (fold change >1.2 or <0.83, P < 0.05) were identified. Most of these proteins were located in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts. Correlation analysis showed that RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain-containing protein (17.1 kDa) had a negative relationship with the sedimentation rate of peanut milk and that 22.0 kDa class IV heat shock protein was negatively correlated with the creaming index (P < 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis showed that the molecular function of RRM domain-containing protein (17.1 kDa) was associated with RNA binding and nucleotide binding, and 22.0 kDa class IV heat shock protein was involved in the pathway of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSION: Overall, the differentially abundant proteins in the biological metabolic pathway might offer some potential markers to guide future peanut breeding, especially for the production of peanut milk. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Peanut selenium distribution, concentration, speciation, and effects on proteins after exogenous selenium biofortification.

Fortification of Se is vital importance for both nutritional demand and prevention of Se-deficiency-related diseases. To better understand t selenium distribution, concentration, speciation, its effects on proteins, and cytotoxic activity, the biofortification of exogenous Se in peanut was conducted in this study. Our data have shown that foliar spraying of Se-riched fertilizer was more efficient for biotransformation of inorganic Se to organic Se by peanut plant. Besides, the Se content in peanut was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Our present study also confirmed that SeCys2, MeSeCys, and SeMet were the main Se speciation within peanut proteins. Moreover, the secondary structure and thermostability of peanut protein were altered as a result of the Se treatments, and these alterations could be attributed to the replacements of cysteine and methionine by selenocysteine and selenomethionine, respectively. The Se-enriched peanut protein could significantly inhibit the growth of Caco-2 and HepG2 in a concentration-dependent manner.

Skin-Whitening and Anti-Wrinkle Effects of Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Peanut Shell Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction.

Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions for simultaneous optimization of dependent variables, including DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), tyrosinase activity inhibition (TAI), and collagenase activity inhibition (CAI) of peanut shell extracts. The effects of the main variables including extraction time (5.0~55.0 min, X1), extraction temperature (26.0~94.0 °C, X2), and ethanol concentration (0.0%~99.5%, X3) were optimized. Based on experimental values from each condition, quadratic regression models were derived for the prediction of optimum conditions. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the independent variable was in the range of 0.89~0.96, which demonstrates that the regression model is suitable for the prediction. In predicting optimal UAE conditions based on the superimposing method, extraction time of 31.2 min, extraction temperature of 36.6 °C, and ethanol concentration of 93.2% were identified. Under these conditions, RSA of 74.9%, TAI of 50.6%, and CAI of 86.8% were predicted, showing good agreement with the experimental values. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that peanut shell extract decreased mRNA levels of tyrosinase-related protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 genes in B16-F0 cell. Therefore, we identified the skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle effects of peanut shell extracts at protein as well as gene expression levels, and the results show that peanut shell is an effective cosmetic material for skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle effects. Based on this study, peanut shell, which was considered a byproduct, can be used for the development of healthy foods, medicines, and cosmetics.

Effect of Maturing Stages on Bioactive Properties, Fatty Acid Compositions, and Phenolic Compounds of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Kernels Harvested at Different Harvest Times.

The present study investigated the effects of harvesting time on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, and phenolic compounds of peanut kernels. The moisture content (air-dried basis) of peanut kernels was determined between 4.47% (September 15, 2019) and 7.93% (October 6, 2019), whereas the oil contents changed from 45.95% (October 6, 2019) to 49.25% (September 22, 2019). The total carotenoid, chlorophyll, and phenolic contents were low throughout the harvest, showing differences depending on the harvest time. Total phenolic content changed from 0.28 mg GAE/L (September 29, 2019) to 0.43 mg GAE/L (September 8, 2019), whereas the antioxidant activity varied from 4.42% (August 25, 2019) to 4.70% (September 1, 2019). The dominant fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, depending on the harvest time, followed by stearic, behenic, arachidic, and linolenic acids. The (+)-catechin content ranged from 2.17 mg/L (September 8, 2019) to 5.15 mg/L (September 1, 2019), whereas 1,2-dihydroxybenzene content changed between 2.67 mg/L (October 6, 2019) and 5.85 mg/L (September 29, 2019). The phenolic compound content fluctuated depending on the harvest time. The results showed that peanut kernel and oil had distinctive phenolic profiles and fatty acid contents. The findings of the present study may provide information for the best time to harvest peanut to achieve its maximum health benefits.

Proximate composition, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity of solid state fermented peanut press cake.

The current research was led to assess the influence of solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Aspergillus oryzae (MTCC 3107) on polyphenols, antioxidant activities, and proximate composition from peanut press cake of variety HNG-10. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were calculated for polyphenols quantification whereas DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and metal chelating assay were performed for antioxidant activity. Quantification of polyphenols was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique. Maximum value of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content was found to be 25.55 µM/g GAE, 101.17 µM/g QE, and 245.33 µg/g TAE, respectively. The highest inhibition of free radicals scavenging was noticed on the 5th day of fermentation after that decreased gradually with the increase of fermentation time. Significant increase in fat, i.e. 7.05-12.80% and protein content i.e. 44.05-49.60% was observed. Significant difference in proximate composition of fermented and non-fermented press cake concluded that the progressive role of fermentation improved or transformed physico-chemical properties of substrates.

Structural characterization of calcium-binding sunflower seed and peanut peptides and enhanced calcium transport by calcium complexes in Caco-2 cells.

BACKGROUND: Peptide-Ca complexes can promote Ca absorption. The present study aimed to determine the transport mechanism and structural characteristics of sunflower seed and peanut peptides with high Ca binding capacity with respect to developing third-generation Ca supplements and functional food ingredients. RESULTS: High Ca-binding fractions of 1-3 kDa sunflower seed peptide (SSP4 ) and ≥ 10 kDa peanut peptide (PP1 ) had higher amount of Ca transported than CaCl2 and two hydrolyzed proteins in Caco-2 cells. SSP4 and PP1 were separated by Ca ion metal chelate affinity chromatography, and high Ca-binding fractions were observed for SSP4 -P2 and PP1 -P2 . The amino acid sequences of SSP4 -P2 and PP1 -P2 were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Seven and eight peptides were identified from SSP4 -P2 and PP1 -P2 , respectively. These peptides had molecular weights ranging from 1500 Da to 2500 Da and a large number of characteristic amino acid sequences, such as EEEQQQ, EQ-QQQ-QQ, QQ-QQQQQ, E-EEE, EE-EEQ, RR, Q-QQ-QQQ, EE-EQ-EE-Q, QQ-QQQQ, and Q-QQQQ, where 'E' is glutamic acid and 'Q' is glutamine. CONCLUSION: SSP4 and PP1 can promote Ca transport in Caco-2 cells without affecting cell permeability. The amino acid sequences of SSP4 -P2 and PP1 -P2 with high Ca-binding abilities contain characteristic sequences, such as continuous glutamic acid and glutamine, and have low molecular weights. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Removal of aflatoxin B1 from contaminated peanut oils using magnetic attapulgite.

The efficient magnetic adsorbent (Fe3O4@ATP) was prepared by precipitation through the dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the natural attapulgite (ATP) and then tested as an adsorbent for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) removal from contaminated oils. The adsorbent characterization results revealed that the Fe3O4 were incorporated into the ATP, affording the Fe3O4@ATP composite. This magnetic composite displayed a good ability to eliminate AFB1 from contaminated oils with a removal efficiency of 86.82% using a 0.3% dosage. The Fe3O4@ATP possessed paramagnetic character with a saturation magnetization of 50.86 emu/g, enabling its easy separation from the medium using an external magnet. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model and fitted the Freundlich isotherm well. Moreover, the thermodynamic studies showed that AFB1 adsorption onto Fe3O4@ATP was exothermic and spontaneous. The novelty of this study lies in the fabrication of magnetic composite adsorbents for AFB1 elimination from oils.

Inhibition effect of three common proanthocyanidins from grape seeds, peanut skins and pine barks on maize starch retrogradation.

The inhibition effect of three common proanthocyanidins (PA) on the retrogradation properties of maize starch was investigated (including grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPA), peanut skin proanthocyanidins (PSPA), and pine bark proanthocyanidins (PBPA)). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that PA could significantly decrease the values of melting enthalpy of retrogradation (ΔHr) and the degree of relative crystallinity, suggesting that the starch re-crystallization was retarded by PA. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterizations illustrated that retrograded PA-starch samples formed a looser matrix with less appearance of continuous flakes during storage. Overall, 0.5 %-2.0 % of three PAs exhibited suppression of starch retrogradation after 21-day cooling storage, mainly resulting from the PA-starch interaction. Among them, PSPA showed the most substantial inhibition effect on starch retrogradation, which might be attributed to its structural features. This study suggested that PA could be a new type of inhibitor to suppress starch retrogradation.

Induction of Peanut Allergy Through Inhalation of Peanut in Mice.

Peanut (PN) allergy is a common life-threatening disease; however, our knowledge on the immunological mechanisms remains limited. Here, we describe the first mouse model of inhalation-driven peanut allergy. We administered PN flour intranasally to naïve wild-type mice twice a week for 4 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal challenge with PN extract. Exposure of mice to PN flour sensitized them without addition of adjuvants, and mice developed PN-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a. After challenge, mice displayed lower body temperature and other clinical signs of anaphylaxis. This inhalation model is an ideal system to allow for future examination of immunological mechanisms critical for the development of PN allergy.

The effects of resistance training with or without peanut protein supplementation on skeletal muscle and strength adaptations in older individuals.

Several studies suggest resistance training (RT) while supplementing with various protein supplements can enhance strength and muscle mass in older individuals. However, to date, no study has examined the effects of RT with a peanut protein powder (PP) supplement on these outcomes. Herein, 39 older, untrained individuals (n = 17 female, n = 22 male; age = 58.6 ± 8.0 years; body mass index =28.7 ± 5.8) completed a 6-week (n = 22) or 10-week (n = 17) RT program, where full-body training was implemented twice weekly (ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration NCT04015479; registered July 11, 2019). Participants in each program were randomly assigned to consume either a PP supplement once per day (75 total g powder providing 30 g protein, > 9.2 g essential amino acids, ~ 315 kcal; n = 20) or no supplement (CTL; n = 19). Right leg vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies were obtained prior to and 24 h following the first training bout in all participants to assess the change in myofibrillar protein synthetic rates (MyoPS) as measured via the deuterium-oxide (D2O) tracer method. Pre- and Post-intervention testing in all participants was conducted using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), VL ultrasound imaging, a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scan at the mid-thigh, and right leg isokinetic dynamometer assessments. Integrated MyoPS rates over a 24-h period were not significantly different (p < 0.05) between supplement groups following the first training bout. Regarding chronic changes, there were no significant supplement-by-time interactions in DXA-derived fat mass, lean soft tissue mass or percent body fat between supplementation groups. There was, however, a significant increase in VL thickness in PP versus CTL participants when the 6- and 10-week cohorts were pooled (interaction p = 0.041). There was also a significant increase in knee flexion torque in the 10-week PP group versus the CTL group (interaction p = 0.032). In conclusion, a higher-protein, defatted peanut powder supplement in combination with RT positively affects select markers of muscle hypertrophy and strength in an untrained, older adult population. Moreover, subanalyses indicated that gender did not play a role in these adaptations.

The Mechanism of Extraction of Peanut Protein and Oil Bodies by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of the Cell Wall.

Degradation of the peanut cell wall is a critical step in the aqueous enzymatic extraction process to extract proteins and oil bodies. Viscozyme® L, a compound cell wall degrading enzyme, has been applied as an alternative to protease in the process of aqueous enzymatic extraction, but the mechanism of cell wall enzymolysis remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate the changes in cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin content of the peanut cell wall hydrolyzed by Viscozyme® L. The degree to which the main components of the peanut cell wall, such as trans-1, 2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N,N',N'-acetic acid-soluble pectin (CDTA-soluble pectin), Na2CO3-soluble pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, are degraded is closely related to the extraction of oil bodies and peanut protein at different solid-liquid ratio of powered peanut seed in distilled water, enzyme concentration, enzyme hydrolysis temperature, and enzyme hydrolysis time. The key sites of Viscozyme® L activity on cell wall polysaccharides were explored by comparing the changes in chemical bonds under different extraction conditions using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) absorption bands and principal component analysis (PCA). Viscozyme® L acted on the C-O stretching, C-C stretching, and CH2 symmetrical bending of cellulose, the C-O stretching and O-C-O asymmetrical bending of hemicellulose, and the C-O stretching and C-C stretching of pectin.