Xiaoxuming Decoction Regulates Vascular Function by Modulating G Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Molecular Docking Study.

Xiaoxuming decoction (XXMD) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) that is used for the treatment of stroke in China. Stroke injury damages the cerebral vasculature and disrupts the autoregulation of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, which is crucial for maintaining constant cerebral blood flow (CBF). It has been reported that XXMD exerts a positive effect on cerebral circulation in animal models of stroke. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulatory effect of XXMD on vascular tone, and the interactions among the multiple components of XXMD, remain unclear. In this study, XXMD was found to induce relaxation of the basilar artery rings of rats precontracted by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in vitro, in a dose-dependent manner. The modulation of vascular tone and the process of cerebral ischemia are mediated via the interactions between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their ligands, including 5-HT, angiotensin II (Ang II), and urotensin II (UII). Thus, the potential synergistic effects of the different components of XXMD on the regulation of vasoconstriction and vasodilation were further investigated by molecular docking based on network pharmacology. We constructed and analyzed a database comprising 963 compounds of XXMD and studied the interactions between five vascular GPCRs (5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR), 5-HT1B receptor (5-HT1BR), Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), beta 2-adrenergic receptor (ß2-AR), and UII receptor (UTR)) and the various herbal constituents of XXMD using molecular docking. By constructing and analyzing the compound-target networks of XXMD, we found that Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, and Paeoniae Radix Alba were the three major herbs that contained a large number of compounds with high docking scores. We additionally observed that several constituents of XXMD, including gallotannin, liquiritin apioside, nariutin, 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose, folic acid, and ginsenoside Rb1, targeted multiple vascular GPCRs. Moreover, the interactions between the components of XXMD and the targets related to vascular tone constituted the comprehensive cerebrovascular regulatory function of XXMD and provided a material basis of the vasoregulatory function of XXMD. The study reports the contributions of various components of XXMD to the regulatory effects on vascular tone and provides scientific evidence for the multicomponent and multitargeting characteristics of XXMD.

Role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and inflammatory response of basilar artery smooth muscle cells in subarachnoid hemorrhage of rabbit and immune-modulation by shikonin.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of inflammatory response, oxidative damage and changes of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (sKATP) in basilar artery (BA) smooth muscle cells (SMCS) of rabbits in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model. METHODS: Time course studies on inflammatory response by real-time PCR, oxidative process and function of isolated basilar artery after SAH in New Zealand White rabbits were performed. Basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs) in each group were obtained and whole-cell patch-clamp technique was applied to record cell membrane capacitance and KATP currents. The morphologies of basal arteries were analyzed. Protective effect of shikonin were also determine by same parameters. RESULTS: Inflammatory cytokines levels were highest at 24h compare to 72h after SAH whereas the oxidative damage and cell death marker were at highest peak at 72h. Oxidative damage peak coincided with significant alterations in cell membrane capacitance, KATP currents and morphological changes in basilar arteries. Shikokin pretreatment attenuated early inflammatory response at 24h and associated oxidative damage at 72h. Finally, shikonin attenuated morphological changes in basilar arteries and dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Currents of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in basilar smooth muscle cells decreased after SAH by putative oxidative modification from immediate inflammatory response and can be protected by shikonin pretreatment.

Comparison of the Effects and Mechanism of the Curcumin with Different Drugs in Experimental Vasospasm After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

AIM: Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is the most important complication that effects the mortality and morbidity of patients with intracranial aneurysm. Today, the mechanisms of vasospasm are not understood in spite of experimental and clinical researches. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of curcumin on vasospasm following SAH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, 64 rats (200-250 g weight) were divided into 7 groups. Group 1: having no treatment after SAH; Group 2: treatment with nimodipine after SAH; Group 3: treatment with nicorandil after SAH; Group 4: treatment with sildenafil citrate after SAH; Group 5: treatment with 150 mg/kg curcumin after SAH; Group 6: treatment with 300 mg/kg curcumin after SAH, Group 7: treatment with 600 mg/kg curcumin after SAH. The experimental SAH was induced by injection of autologous blood into the cisterna magna. After medical treatment, in the first hour, blood was taken for quantified the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6. Then, cerebrum and cerebellum were removed for analysis. Basilar artery luminal diameter was measured and apoptotic cell count was performed with tissue samples. RESULTS: Histopathological findings showed that, in sufficient dose, curcumin dilated the basilar artery beside anti-oxidant effect. CONCLUSION: Curcumin can be used for the treatment of vasospasm as a new medical drug.

Punica granatum L. Juice Attenuates Experimental Cerebral Vasospasm in the Rabbit Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model: A Basilar Artery Morphometric Study and Apoptosis.

Background This study investigated the effect of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) juice on the rabbit basilar artery in an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model. Methods Eighteen adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: a control group (n = 6), SAH group (n = 6), and SAH + treatment group (n = 6). Basilar artery diameter was measured with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in all groups at the beginning of the study. Experimental SAH was created by injecting autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna. In the treatment group, the subjects were administered a daily dose of 30 ml/kg pomegranate juice via gastric gavage for 4 days after the SAH. The SAH group and SAH + treatment group underwent cerebral MRA after 72 hours. After a neurologic score assessment, all the animals were killed. The wall thickness and lumen area of the basilar artery were measured histometrically in all groups, and the apoptotic cell percentage in the artery was identified. The mean diameter of the basilar artery during MRA was measured. Results Pomegranate improved neurologic functions compared with the SAH group (p < 0.01). The mean basilar artery diameter on MRA in the SAH + treatment group was larger than in the SAH group and smaller than in the control group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). The mean vessel wall thickness value in the SAH + treatment group was lower than in the SAH group (p < 0.01), whereas there was no difference between the control and the SAH + treatment group (p > 0.05). The apoptotic cell rate in the SAH + treatment group was significantly lower than in the SAH group (p < 0.001). Evaluation of the basilar artery luminal area showed no difference between the three groups (p > 0.05). Discussion Pomegranate was shown to have a vasospasm- attenuating effect on the basilar artery in the rabbit SAH model for the first time in our study.

Antagonistic Effects of Gingko biloba and Sophora japonica on Cerebral Vasoconstriction in Response to Histamine, 5-Hydroxytryptamine, U46619 and Bradykinin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the antagonistic effects of Gingko biloba leaf (GB) and Sophora japonica L. flower bud (SJ) extracts on cerebral vasoconstriction in response to KCl, extracellular Ca[Formula: see text], histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 9,11-dideoxy-9[Formula: see text],11[Formula: see text]-methanoepoxy prostaglandin (PG) F[Formula: see text](U46619) and bradykinin (BK), in order to explain their traditional application for diseases associated with cerebral vasospasm. Isolated porcine basilar arteries (PBA) and endothelial cells from them were used as the study materials. Neither SJ nor GB had any effect on the contractions induced by KCl and extracellular Ca[Formula: see text]. SJ significantly inhibited the contraction induced by histamine, 5-HT, U46619 and BK, whereas GB inhibited histamine-induced contraction, but had no effects on the contractions induced by 5-HT, U46619 and BK. In the presence of diphenhydramine (a H1 receptor antagonist), ketanserin (a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist) and ONO-3708 (a thromboxane (TX) A2/PG receptor antagonist), the inhibitory effects of these extracts on the contractions induced by histamine, 5-HT and U46619 were abolished. SJ significantly inhibited the contractions induced by BK and PGF[Formula: see text], but in the presence of ONO-3708 (10[Formula: see text] M) had no effect on them. BK enhanced the production of PGF[Formula: see text] from cultured PBA endothelium cells, and SJ significantly attenuated this enhancement. These results suggest that SJ and GB have a H1-antagonistic effect, and that SJ also attenuates cerebral vasoconstriction mediated via 5-HT2 and TXA2/PG receptors. These findings appear to explain why SJ has been used traditionally as a therapeutic medication for cerebral vasospasm after cerebral hemorrhage.

Sulforaphane activates the cerebral vascular Nrf2-ARE pathway and suppresses inflammation to attenuate cerebral vasospasm in rat with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Nrf2-ARE pathway reportedly plays a protective role in several central nervous system diseases. No study has explored the role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in cerebral vasospasm(CVS) after subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the activation of the cerebral vascular Nrf2-ARE pathway and to determine the potential role of this pathway in the development of CVS following SAH. We investigated whether the administration of sulforaphane (SFN, a specific Nrf2 activator) modulated vascular caliber, Nrf2-ARE pathway activity, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and clinical behavior in a rat model of SAH. A two-hemorrhage protocol was used to generate an animal model of SAH in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Administration of SFN to these rats following SAH enhanced the activity of the Nrf2-ARE pathway and suppressed the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Vasospasm was markedly attenuated in the basilar arteries after SFN therapy. Additionally, SFN administration significantly ameliorated two behavioral functions disrupted by SAH. These results suggest that SFN has a therapeutic benefit in post-SAH, and this may be due to elevated Nrf2-ARE pathway activity and inhibition of cerebral vascular proinflammatory cytokine expression.

Pharmacological characteristics of Artemisia vulgaris L. in isolated porcine basilar artery.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In Vietnamese traditional herbalism, there are conflicting opinions about the effect of Artemisia vulgaris L. (AVL, English name: mugwort) on hypertension. Some ethnic doctors recommend the use of AVL for treatment of hypertension, whereas others advise against it. The purpose of this study was to clarify the pharmacological characteristics of AVL in isolated arteries to explain the conflicts surrounding the use of AVL for treatment of hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We initially performed a functional study using an organ bath system to investigate the effect of AVL extract on isolated porcine basilar artery. We then measured the change in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration elicited by AVL using cultured smooth muscle cells loaded with the Ca(2+) indicator fluo-4. Finally, using HPLC, we determined the active components in AVL. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: AVL induced vasoconstriction at resting tension, and endothelial removal enhanced this effect significantly. Pretreatment with PD123319 (an AT2 receptor antagonist), Nω-nitro-L-arginine (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), or both, also enhanced this effect. AVL-induced contraction was competitively inhibited by methiothepin (a 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist) in the presence of ketanserin (a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist). Removal of extracellular calcium with nifedipine (an L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker) or ruthenium red (a ryanodine receptor blocker) significantly reduced AVL-induced contraction, whereas losartan (an AT1 receptor antagonist) and diphenhydramine (a H1 receptor antagonist) had no effect on this contraction. AVL increased the intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration in cultured cells, and this increment was inhibited by methiothepin. HPLC analysis revealed that the retention time of the first peak in the AVL profile was similar to that of the 5-HT standard, and that addition of 5-HT to the AVL sample enhanced this peak. On the other hand, AVL induced endothelium-independent relaxation under precontracted conditions with 60mM KCl. Captopril (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor), atenolol (a ß1 receptor antagonist) and cimetidine (a H2 receptor antagonist) had no effect on this relaxation. In Ca(2+)-free 60mM KCl-containing solution, pretreatment with AVL significantly inhibited CaCl2-induced contraction. CONCLUSION: For the first time, the present study has demonstrated that AVL has two opposite effects, contraction and relaxation, on isolated artery, which may help to explain the conflicting indications for AVL in traditional herbalism. 5-HT is a significant factor affecting artery contraction in the presence of AVL.

The ferric iron chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl attenuates basilar artery vasospasm and improves neurological function after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits.

We investigated the efficacy of the ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl (DP) to attenuate cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups: untreated control, SAH, SAH + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vehicle, and SAH + DP. SAH was induced by injection of autologous blood into the cisterna magna and then DP or vehicle was infused into the cistern magna for 5 days (20 mg/kg/day or an equal volume of DMSO). Neurological deficit score (NDS) was used to assess neurological function and cerebral angiography to measure basilar artery (BA) diameter following SAH. TUNEL staining was used to detect BA endothelial cell apoptosis, and immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to assess changes in caspase-3 protein levels 5 days post-SAH. The SAH + DP group had a significantly larger mean BA diameter and lower mean NDS post-SAH compared to the SAH + DMSO and SAH groups (p < 0.05). TUNEL-positive cell numbers and caspase-3 levels were significantly reduced in BA endothelial cells of the SAH + DP group as compared to the SAH and SAH + DMSO groups (p < 0.05). The iron chelator DP reduced vasospasm and neurological sequelae in rabbits, likely by chelating the Fe(2+) in oxyhemoglobin and reducing oxidative stress-induced endothelial cell apoptosis.

Cerebral vasodilator properties of Danshen and Gegen: a study of their combined efficacy and mechanisms of actions.

Danshen and Gegen are two commonly used Chinese herbal medicines for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the combination effects of these two herbs on cerebral vascular tone and their underlying mechanisms of actions. Basilar artery rings were obtained from rats and precontracted with U46619. Cumulative administrations of aqueous extracts of Danshen, Gegen, or the two herbs combined (DG; ratio 7:3) produced concentration-dependent relaxation of the artery rings. Statistical analysis on these findings produced a combination index (CI) of 1.041 at ED50, which indicates the two herbs produced additive vasodilator effects when used as a combined decoction. Removal of the endothelium had no effect on the vasodilator properties of Danshen, Gegen, and DG. However, their maximum effects (Imax) were significantly blunted by a KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide, a non-selective K(+) channel inhibitor tetraethylammonium (TEA), and by a combination of K(+) channel inhibitors (glibenclamide+TEA+iberiotoxin+4-aminopyridine+barium chloride). In addition, Danshen, Gegen, and DG produced augmentation of KATP currents and inhibited Ca(2+) influx in vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from rat basilar arteries. Furthermore, these agents inhibited CaCl2-induced contraction in the artery rings. In conclusion, the present study showed that Danshen and Gegen produced additive vasodilator effects on rat cerebral basilar arteries. These effects were independent of endothelium-derived relaxant factors (EDRF), but required the opening of KATP channels and inhibition of Ca(2+) influx in the vascular smooth muscle cells. It is suspected that the cerebral vasodilator effects of Danshen and Gegen produced either on their own or in combination, can help patients with obstructive cerebrovascular diseases.

Danshensu is the major marker for the antioxidant and vasorelaxation effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) water-extracts produced by different heat water-extractions.

Some of the major components of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), a widely used Chinese herbal medicine rich in phenolic acids, are thermosensitive and may degrade to other phenolic acids during extractions with heating. The chemical profiles of Danshen water-extract may vary with different heat water extraction at different temperatures, affecting the composition and bioactivity of the extracts. In this study, six water-extracts of Danshen obtained from heat reflux water extraction and microwave-assisted extraction with water (MAE-W) at different temperatures were tested for their composition and pharmacological effects. Among these extracts, the third-round MAE-W (100°C) extract had the highest phenolic acids and tanshinones contents, with the strongest antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and ferric reducing/antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay. This extract also showed the strongest inhibitory effects on 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane (AAPH)-induced hemolysis in human red blood cells, hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in rat heart H9c2 cells and the highest relaxation effects on rat basilar artery. The antioxidant effects of Danshen water-extracts linearly correlated to their relaxation effects (r=0.895-0.977). Through multiple linear regression analysis, danshensu was found to be the most significant marker in the antioxidant and vasodilation effects of Danshen water-extract, while tanshinone IIA as the marker on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in rat heart H9c2 cells. Danshensu is, therefore, a useful marker for the quality control of Danshen water-extracts in antioxidant and vasodilation, while tanshinone IIA for anti-apoptotic potential of different extracts.

Mechanisms of the cerebral vasodilator actions of isoflavonoids of Gegen on rat isolated basilar artery.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Gegen (root of Pueraria lobata) is used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the relaxant actions of three of its isoflavonoids; puerarin, daidzein, and daidzin, were investigated on rat-isolated cerebral basilar artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat basilar artery rings were precontracted with 100 nM U46619. Involvement of endothelium-dependent mechanisms was investigated by mechanical removal of the endothelium and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Adenylyl cyclase- and guanylyl cyclase-dependent pathways were investigated using their respective inhibitors 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purine-6-amine (SQ22536) and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo [4,3-[alpha]]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). K(+) channels were investigated by pretreatment of the artery rings with various K(+) channel inhibitors, and Ca(2+) channels were investigated in artery rings incubated with Ca(2+)-free buffer and primed with 100 nM U46619 for 5 min prior to adding CaCl(2) to elicit contraction. RESULTS: Puerarin, daidzein, and daidzin produced concentration-dependent relaxation of the artery rings with concentration that produced 50% inhibition (IC(50)) of 304 ± 49 µM, 20 ± 7 µM, and 140 ± 21 µM, respectively. Removal of the endothelium produced no change on their vasorelaxant responses except the maximum response (I(max)) to puerarin was inhibited by 28%. The NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 µM) also produced 45% inhibition on the puerarin-induced vasorelaxant response, but not the COX inhibitor flurbiprofen (10 µM). SQ22536 (100 µM) and ODQ (100µM) did not affect the vasodilator responses to puerarin, daidzein and daidzin, but glibenclamide (1µM), tetraethylammonium (TEA, 100mM) or a combination of K(+) channel inhibitors (100nM iberiotoxin+1mM 4-aminopyridine+100 µM barium chloride+1 µM glibenclamide+100mM TEA) reduced their I(max). The contractile response to CaCl(2) was attenuated by 61% and 34% in the presence of daidzein and daidzin, respectively, whereas, puerarin did not significantly affect the contraction. CONCLUSIONS: The vasorelaxant action of daidzein and daidzin involved opening of K(+) channels and inhibition of Ca(2+) influx in the vascular smooth muscle cells. There is no evidence supporting involvement of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) in their actions. In contrast, puerarin produced vasodilatation via an endothelium-dependent mechanism involving nitric oxide production and an endothelium-independent pathway mediated by the opening of K(+) channels. The cerebral vasodilator activities of all these three isoflavonoids may be beneficial to patients with obstructive cerebrovascular diseases.

Protective effect of hexane extracts of Uncaria sinensis against photothrombotic ischemic injury in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Uncaria sinensis (US) has been used in traditional Korean medicine to treat vascular disease and to relieve various neurological symptoms. AIM OF THE STUDY: Scientific evidence related to the effectiveness or action mechanism of US on cerebrovascular disease has not been examined experimentally. Here, we investigated the cerebrovascular protective effect of US extracts on photothrombotic ischemic injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: US hexane extracts (HEUS), ethyl acetate extracts (EAEUS) and methanol extracts (MEUS) were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before ischemic insults. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in C57BL/6J mice and endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS KO) mice by photothrombotic cortical occlusion. We evaluated the infarct volume, neurological score and the activation of Akt and eNOS in ischemic brain. RESULTS: HEUS more significantly reduced infarct volume and edema than did EAEUS and MEUS following photothrombotic cortical occlusion. HEUS produced decreased infarct volume and edema size, and improved neurological function in a concentration-dependent manner (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg). However, HEUS did not reduce brain infarction in eNOS KO mice, suggesting that the protective effect of HEUS is primarily endothelium-dependent. Furthermore, HEUS (10-300 µg/ml) produced a concentration-dependent relaxation in mouse aorta and rat basilar artery, which was not seen in eNOS KO mouse aorta, suggesting that HEUS cause vasodilation via an eNOS-dependent mechanism. This correlated with increased phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS in the brains of HEUS-treated mice. CONCLUSION: HEUS prevent cerebral ischemic damage by regulating Akt/eNOS signaling. US, herbal medicine, may be the basis of a novel strategy for the therapy of stroke.

Neuroprotective effect of curcumin in an experimental rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes a high mortality rate and morbidity. It was suggested that oxidant stress plays an important role in neuronal injury after SAH. Therefore, we assessed the effect of curcumin on reducing cerebral vasospasm and neurologic injury in a SAH model in rat. METHODS: A double-hemorrhage model was used to induce SAH in rats. Groups of animals were treated with intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg curcumin (curcumin group, n = 24) or dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle group, n = 33), normal saline (SAH group, n = 34) or normal saline (sham group, n = 22), 3 h after SAH induction and daily for 6 days. Glutamate was measured before SAH induction and once daily for 7 days. Glutamate transporter-1, wall thickness and the perimeter of the basilar artery, neurologic scores, neuronal degeneration, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities were assessed. RESULTS: Changes of glutamate levels were lower in the curcumin group versus the SAH and vehicle groups, especially on day 1 (56 folds attenuation vs. vehicle). Correspondingly, glutamate transporter-1 was preserved after SAH in curcumin-treated rats. In the hippocampus and the cortex, malondialdehyde was attenuated (30% and 50%, respectively). Superoxide dismutase (35% and 64%) and catalase (34% and 38%) activities were increased in the curcumin rats compared with the SAH rats. Mortality rate (relative risk: 0.59), wall thickness (30%) and perimeter (31%) of the basilar artery, neuron degeneration scores (39%), and neurologic scores (31%) were improved in curcumin-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin in multiple doses is effective against glutamate neurotoxicity and oxidative stress and improves the mortality rate in rats with SAH.

[Effects of nimodipine on rabbits with symptomatic cerebral vasospasm].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of nimodipine on symptomatic cerebral vasospasm in rabbits. METHODS: Twenty four japanese white rabbits which ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries and no neurological deficits were randomized to sham-operation, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and nimodipine which injected of nimodipine 0.1 mg/kg, continuous vein administration 5 day. The behavior scores, neurological scores were observed everyday and cerebral angiography changes were measured twice by 3D-CTA, and basilar artery was removed for pathological examination after last CTA examination. RESULTS: In SAH group, The basilar artery were significantly vasoconstrictive on 5 days, neurological scores were increased, and the basilar artery was found apoptosis-like changes under light microscopic and electron microscope. Nimodipine group could not dilated the basilar artery arteriospasm after SAH, but it could attenuate neurological deficit, and obviously alleviate the pathological changes of basilar artery. CONCLUSION: Nimodipine could not vasodilation of basilar artery in SCVS, but obviously could alleviate neurological changes and pathological changes of basilar artery in rabbits with symptomatic cerebral vasospasm.

Cellular mechanisms underlying Hyperin-induced relaxation of rat basilar artery.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hyperin, a flavonol compound extracted from the Chinese herb Abelmoschus manihot L. Medic, is reported to exert protective actions in cerebral ischemic injury. The specific aim of the present study was to study the relaxation of Hyperin in rat isolated basilar artery and identify the underlying cellular mechanisms. METHODS: Rat isolated basilar artery segments were cannulated and perfused while being superfused with PSS solution. Vessel images were recorded by video microscopy and diameters measured. Membrane potential was recorded using glass microelectrodes to evaluate the basilar artery smooth muscle cell hyperpolarization. RESULTS: Perfusion of Hyperin (1~100 µM) elicited a concentration-dependent relaxation of basilar artery segments preconstricted with 0.1 µM U46619. The response was significantly inhibited by the removal of the endothelium. Hyperin also elicited marked and concentration-dependent hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells. 30 µM nitro-L-arginine (an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase) and indomethacin (an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase), partially inhibited Hyperin-induced relaxation and hyperpolarization leaving an attenuated, but significant, endothelium-dependent relaxation and hyperpolarization. This remaining effect was almost completely blocked by 1mM tetraethylammonium (an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels), or by 100 µM DL-propargylglycine, an inhibitor of cystathionine-γ-lyase (a synthase of the endogenous H(2)S). CONCLUSION: These findings show that Hyperin produces significant hyperpolarization in rat basilar artery smooth muscle cells and relaxation through both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. The underlying mechanisms appeared to be multi-factorial involving nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Our data further suggest that endogenous H(2)S is a component of the EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization and relaxation to Hyperin.

Comparison of intrathecal cilostazol and nimodipine treatments in subarachnoid hemorrhage: an experimental study in rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: intrathecal administration of calcium channel antagonists has been proposed to reduce cerebral vasospasm (CVS) in animal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) models. Also, delayed CVS treatment model with oral administration of cilostazol can be seen in the literature. METHODS: in this study, 25 male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to five groups: control, SAH only, SAH/nimodipine, SAH/cilostazol, SAH/vehicle. The animals' basilar arteries were sectioned from four separate zones and four sections were obtained from each rabbit. Basilar artery luminal section areas were measured by using SPOT for windows Version 4.1 computer program. RESULTS: basilar artery luminal section areas in SAH/ nimodipine and SAH/ cilostazol groups were significantly higher than SAH only group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor cilostazol has vasodilatory effects without affecting cerebral blood flow. Nimodipine is a calcium channel blocker and is still used in vasospasm therapy either oral or intravenously. This study demonstrates that prophylactic bolus intrathecal administration of either cilostazol or nimodipine equally prevents SAH-associated CVS in an animal model. We therefore propose that cilostazol is a candidate for clinical trials in the treatment of delayed vasospasm.

Comparison of intrathecal flunarizine and nimodipine treatments in cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: the aim of this study was to assess and to compare the ability of intrathecal flunarizine and nimodipine to prevent vasospasm in a rabbit model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHOD: forty male New Zealand white rabbits were allocated into 5 groups randomly. The treatment groups were as follows: (1) control (no SAH [n = 8]), (2) SAH only (n = 8), (3) SAH plus vehicle (n = 8), (4) SAH plus nimodipine (n = 8), and (5) SAH plus flunarizine (n = 8). Before sacrifice, all animals underwent femoral artery catheterization procedure by open surgery under anesthesia and angiography performed for each animal. FINDINGS: there was a statistically significant difference between the mean basilar artery cross-sectional areas and the mean arterial wall thickness measurements of the control and SAH-only groups (p < 0.05). Basilar artery vessel diameter and luminal section areas in group 4 were significantly higher than in group 2 (p < 0.05). Basilar artery vessel diameter and basilar artery luminal section areas in group 5 were significantly higher than in group 2 (p < 0.05).Basilar artery vessel diameter and basilar artery luminal section areas in group 5 were significantly higher than in group 4 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: these findings demonstrate that flunarizine has marked vasodilatatory effect in an experimental model of SAH in rabbits.

The effects of intrathecal nicergoline and nimodipine in cerebral vasospasm: an experimental study in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: the aim of this study was to assess and to compare the ability of intrathecal nicergoline and nimodipine in prevention of cerebral vasospasm in a rabbit model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHOD: twenty male New Zealand white rabbits were allocated into four groups randomly. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced by injecting autologous blood into the cisterna magna. The treatment groups were as follows: (1) control [no SAH (n = 5)], (2) SAH only (n = 5), (3) SAH plus nimodipine (n = 5), and (4) SAH plus nicergoline (n = 5). FINDINGS: there was a statistically significant difference between the mean basilar artery cross-sectional areas and the mean arterial wall thickness measurements of the control and SAH-only groups (p < 0.05). Basilar artery vessel diameter and luminal section areas in group 3 were significantly higher than in group 2 (p < 0.05). Basilar artery vessel diameter and basilar artery luminal section areas in group 4 were significantly higher than in group 2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between basilar artery vessel diameter and basilar artery luminal section areas in group 3 and group 4. CONCLUSIONS: these findings demonstrate that intrathecal nicergoline has a vasodilatatory effect in an experimental model of SAH in rabbits but not more than that of nimodipine.

Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on nitric oxide/cGMP signaling after cerebral vasospasm in rabbits.

Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), an ingredient of Chinese herbal Szechwan lovage rhizome, shows vasorelaxant effect. Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Here, we evaluated the effect of TMP in a model of CVS and sought to identify the underlying mechanisms of action. A rabbit SAH model was established by injection of the autoblood via cisterna magna. Cerebral blood flow and arterial diameter were measured by Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Expression of eNOS and PDE-V in basilar artery (BA) was assessed by western blots. Levels of nitric oxide (NO) in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid, and of intra-endothelium Ca(2+) were measured. Significantly reduced diameter and accelerated blood flow velocity were detected in BAs of SAH animals (P<0.05 vs. sham group). Expression of eNOS and NO was increased, and PDE-V expression was reduced by TMP.TMP ameliorated cerebral vasospasm (P<0.05 vs. SAH group), and L-NAME (a NOS inhibitor) partly abrogated the effects of TMP. TMP induced a dose-dependent increase of intra-endothelium Ca(2+). The current results demonstrated that the vasorelaxant effect of TMP was at least in part via regulation of NO/cGMP signaling.

Mechanisms of the relaxant effect of a danshen and gegen formulation on rat isolated cerebral basilar artery.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Danshen (root of Salvia miltiorrhiza) and gegen (root of Pueraria lobata) are two herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, most commonly for their putative cardioprotective and anti-atherosclerotic effects. In this study, the actions of a danshen and gegen formulation (DG; ratio 7:3) were investigated on rat-isolated cerebral basilar artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat basilar artery rings were precontracted with 100 nM U46619. Involvement of endothelium-dependent mechanisms was investigated by mechanical removal of the endothelium; K(+) channels were investigated by pretreatment of the artery rings with various K(+) channel inhibitors, and Ca(2+) channels were investigated in artery rings incubated with Ca(2+)-free buffer and primed with 100 nM U46619 for 5 min prior to adding CaCl(2) to elicit contraction. RESULTS: DG produced concentration-dependent relaxation of the artery rings with an IC(50) of 895±121 µg/ml. Mechanical removal of the endothelium or pretreatment with the BK(Ca) channel inhibitor iberiotoxin (100 nM), the K(V) channel inhibitor 4-aminopyridine (1 mM), or the K(IR) channel inhibitor barium chloride (100 µM), all had no effect on the DG-induced response (P>0.05 for all). However, pretreatment with the K(ATP) channel inhibitor glibenclamide (1 µM), the non-selective K(+) channel inhibitor tetraethylammonium (TEA, 100 mM), or a combination of all the K(+) channel inhibitors (iberiotoxin+4-aminopyrindine+barium chloride+glibenclamide+TEA) produced significant inhibition on the DG-induced response (P<0.01 for all); its maximum vasorelaxant effect (Imax) was reduced by 37, 24, and 30%, respectively. Preincubation of the artery rings with DG for 10 min produced concentration-dependent (1, 3 and 7 mg/ml) and total inhibition on the CaCl(2)-induced vasoconstriction. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the vasorelaxant effect of DG on rat basilar artery is independent of endothelium-derived mediators, whereas, inhibition of Ca(2+) influx in the vascular smooth muscle cells is important, and a minor component is mediated by the opening of K(ATP) channels. DG could be a useful cerebroprotective agent in some patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease.