Accelerated Fatigue Resistance of Thick CAD/CAM Composite Resin Overlays Bonded with Light- and Dual-polymerizing Luting Resins.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accelerated fatigue resistance of thick CAD/CAM composite resin overlays luted with three different bonding methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five sound human second mandibular molars were organized and distributed into three experimental groups. All teeth were restored with a 5-mm-thick CAD/CAM composite resin overlay. Group A: immediate dentin sealing (IDS) with Optibond FL and luted with light-polymerizing composite (Herculite XRV). Group B: IDS with Optibond FL and luted with dual-polymerizing composite (Nexus 3). Group C: direct luting with Optibond FL and dual-polymerizing composite (Nexus 3). Masticatory forces at a frequency of 5 Hz were simulated using closed-loop servo-hydraulics and forces starting with a load of 200 N for 5000 cycles, followed by steps of 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 N for a maximum of 30,000 cycles. Each step was applied through a flat steel cylinder at a 45-degree angle under submerged conditions. RESULTS: The fatigue test generated one failure in group A, three failures in group B, and no failures in group C. The survival table analysis for the fatigue test did not demonstrate any significant difference between the groups (p = 0.154). The specimens that survived the fatigue test were set up for the load-to-failure test with a limit of 4600 N. The survival table analysis for the load-to-failure test demonstrates an average failure load of 3495.20 N with survival of four specimens in group A, an average failure load of 4103.60 N with survival of six specimens in group B, and an average failure load of 4075.33 N with survival of nine specimens in group C. Pairwise comparisons revealed no significant differences (p < 0.016 after Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that although the dual-polymerizing luting material seems to provide better results under extreme conditions, light-polymerizing luting composites in combination with IDS are not contraindicated with thick restorations.

The influence of four dual-cure resin cements and surface treatment selection to bond strength of fiber post.

In this study, we evaluate the influence of post surface pre-treatments on the bond strength of four different cements to glass fiber posts. Eighty extracted human maxillary central incisors and canines were endodontically treated and standardized post spaces were prepared. Four post pre-treatments were tested: (i) no pre-treatment (NS, control), (ii) sandblasting (SA), (iii) silanization (SI) and (iv) sandblasting followed by silanization (SS). Per pre-treatment, four dual-cure resin cements were used for luting posts: DMG LUXACORE Smartmix Dual, Multilink Automix, RelyX Unicem and Panavia F2.0. All the specimens were subjected to micro push-out test. Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were performed (α=0.05) to analyze the data. Bond strength was significantly affected by the type of resin cement, and bond strengths of RelyX Unicem and Panavia F2.0 to the fiber posts were significantly higher than the other cement groups. Sandblasting significantly increased the bond strength of DMG group to the fiber posts.

Comparison of enamel discoloration associated with bonding with three different orthodontic adhesives and cleaning-up with four different procedures.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare whether there was any difference in the enamel discoloration after staining when three orthodontic adhesives and four enamel clean-up methods were tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of orthodontic adhesives were used: chemically cured resin, light-cured resin and resin-modified glass-ionomer cement. A total of 120 human extracted premolars were included. 10 teeth of each orthodontic adhesive were randomly cleaned-up with one of four different procedures and stained in coffee for seven days: (1) carbide bur (TC); (2) carbide bur; Sof-Lex polishers (TC+SL); (3) carbide bur and one gloss polishers (TC+OG); and (4) carbide bur and PoGo polishers (TC+PG). Color measurements were made with Crystaleye dental spectrophotometer at baseline and after storage in a coffee solution one week. Two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analyses (P<0.05). RESULTS: The color change values of the adhesive materials in the TC groups were the greatest. The lowest ΔE* values were obtained from the TC+SL groups. However, there were no significant difference between the TC+SL and TC+PG groups (P>0.05). The resin-modified glass-ionomer cement groups showed the lowest color differences and chemically cured resin groups showed the highest ΔE* values among all the orthodontic adhesives (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The color change of enamel surface was affected by the type of adhesive materials and cleanup procedures.

Resistência de união entre cimentos resinosos e zircônia / Bond strenght between resin cements and zirconia

Este estudo avaliou a resistência de união de cimentos resinosos à zircônia tetragonal parcialmente estabilizada com ítrio (NobelProceraTM Zircônia) submetida a tratamentos superficiais mecânicos e químicos. Os cimentos utilizados foram o cimento resinoso auto-condicionante de polimerização química Multilink (Ivoclar Vivadent) associado ao Metal/Zirconia Primer (Ivoclar Vivadent) e o cimento resinoso auto-adesivo de polimerização química e dual RelyX U100 (3M-ESPE) associado ao adesivo Adper Single Bond Plus 2 (3M-ESPE). Utilizando 40 cilindros de zircônia (diâmetro de 3,5 mm) foram realizados 120 ensaios (n=40 para cada cimento). Para cada cimento os cilindros foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=10) em função do tratamento superficial avaliado: 1- sem tratamento; 2- agente de união (primer ou adesivo); 3- jateamento com oxido de alumínio 50µm; 4- associação do jateamento e o agente de união. A aplicação do cimento resinoso foi realizada utilizando uma matriz de teflon com orifício central de 3,5mm de diâmetro por 3,0mm de profundidade. Após a aplicação de cada cimento nas 4 condições de superficie, os espécimes foram armazenados em água deionizada a 37ºC durante 24h e submetidos ao teste de resistência ao cisalhamento. Os resultados foram analisados com ANOVA a dois critérios e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Sem tratamento superficial o RelyX U100 químico (5,52 Mpa) e dual (6,53 Mpa) tiveram melhor comportamento que o cimento Multilink (0,76). A associação do jateamento e o agente de união melhorou os valores de resistência de união para o cimento Multilink (7,68 Mpa) e para o cimento RelyX U100 dual (10,26 Mpa), sendo este último superior a todos os outros grupos. A associação do Adper Single Bond Plus 2 e o RelyX U100 sem jateamento, deve ser evitado.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of resin cements to the yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia (NobelProceraTM Zirconia) subjected to mechanical and chemical surface treatments. The cements used were: a self-etching resin cement with chemical polymerization Multilink (Ivoclar - Vivadent) associated to the Metal / Zirconia Primer (Ivoclar - Vivadent) and self-adhesive resin cement with chemical and dual polymerization RelyX U100 (3M-ESPE) associated to the adhesive Single Bond Plus Adper 2 (3M-ESPE). Using 40 cylinders of zirconia (3.5 mm diameter) were performed 120 trials (n = 40 for each cement). For each cement, cylinders were divided into four groups (n = 10) based on the surface treatment rated: 1 - untreated, 2 - bonding agent (primer or adhesive) 3 air abrasion with 50µm aluminum oxide, 4 - combination of air abrasion and bonding agent. The application of resin cement was performed using a teflon matrix with a central hole 3.5 mm in diameter and 3.0 mm deep. After application of each cement in the four surface conditions, the specimens were stored in deionized water at 37 ° C for 24 hours and tested for shear bond strength. Results were analyzed with an ANOVA Two Criteria and Tukey's test (p <0.05). Without surface treatment, chemical RelyX U100 (5.52 MPa) and dual (6.53 MPa) had better behavior than Multilink Cement (0.76). The combination of air abrasion and bonding agent improved the bond strength values for Multilink (7.68 MPa) and for RelyX U100 dual (10.26 MPa), this one superior to all other groups. The association of Adper Single Bond 2 and RelyX U100 Plus without air abrasion, should be contraindicated.

In vitro shear bond strength of dual-curing resin cements to two different high-strength ceramic materials with different surface texture.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of two dual-curing resin cements to two high-strength ceramics with different surface texture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Composite cylinders were bonded to aluminum oxide (A) and zirconium oxide (Z) ceramic disks with six different surfaces. Investigated surfaces were for both ceramics: dry-pressed Procera Crown (A1, Z1), machined Procera Bridge (A2, Z2), airborne particle abraded Procera bridge (A3, Z3). Additional surfaces were, for alumina, dry-pressed Procera Laminate (A4) and, for zirconia, two modified surfaces (Z4, Z5). Two adhesive resin cements were used (Clearfil Esthetic and RelyX ARC). SBS was tested in a universal testing machine before and after artificial aging by thermal cycling. RESULTS: Mean SBS ranged from 6.1 to 38.4 MPa before and from 0.0 to 41.4 MPa after aging. Clearfil Esthetic in A3, A4, and Z3 performed better than RelyX ARC. Aging decreased SBS, except for Z1, Z4, and Z5. For alumina, A4 was higher in SBS than A2, but similar to A1 and A3. For zirconia, Z5 showed the highest SBS. Z4 was higher than Z2 and Z3, but similar to Z1. CONCLUSIONS: Shear bond strength to alumina and zirconia increases with surface roughness. The modified zirconia surface Z5 provides stable long-term shear bond strength and can be bonded to either of the two used cements.

Comparative study of chemical and mechanical retentive systems for bonding of indirect composite resin to commercially pure titanium.

This study evaluated the effect of chemical and mechanical surface treatments for cast metal alloys on the bond strength of an indirect composite resin (Artglass) to commercially pure titanium (cpTi). Thirty cylindrical metal rods (3 mm diameter x 60 mm long) were cast in grade-1 cpTi and randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=5) according to the received surface treatment: sandblasting; chemical treatment; mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm beads; mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads; chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm; and chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads. Artglass rings (6.0 mm diameter x 2.0 mm thick) were light cured around the cpTi rods, according manufacturer's specifications. The specimens were invested in hard gypsum and their bond strength (in MPa) to the rods was measured at fracture with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2.0 mm/min and 500 kgf load cell. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha=5%). The surface treatments differed significantly from each other (p<0.05) regarding the recorded bond strengths. Chemical retention and sandblasting showed statistically similar results to each other (p=0.139) and both had significantly lower bond strengths (p<0.05) than the other treatments. In conclusion, mechanical retention, either associated or not to chemical treatment, provided higher bond strength of the indirect composite resin to cpTi.

Comparative study of chemical and mechanical retentive systems for bonding of indirect composite resin to commercially pure titanium

This study evaluated the effect of chemical and mechanical surface treatments for cast metal alloys on the bond strength of an indirect composite resin (Artglass) to commercially pure titanium (cpTi). Thirty cylindrical metal rods (3 mm diameter x 60 mm long) were cast in grade-1 cpTi and randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=5) according to the received surface treatment: sandblasting; chemical treatment; mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm beads; mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads; chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm; and chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads. Artglass rings (6.0 mm diameter x 2.0 mm thick) were light cured around the cpTi rods, according manufacturer's specifications. The specimens were invested in hard gypsum and their bond strength (in MPa) to the rods was measured at fracture with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2.0 mm/min and 500 kgf load cell. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (a=5 percent). The surface treatments differed significantly from each other (p<0.05) regarding the recorded bond strengths. Chemical retention and sandblasting showed statistically similar results to each other (p=0.139) and both had significantly lower bond strengths (p<0.05) than the other treatments. In conclusion, mechanical retention, either associated or not to chemical treatment, provided higher bond strength of the indirect composite resin to cpTi.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de tratamentos de superfície químico e mecânico para ligas metálicas fundidas sobre a resistência de união de uma resina composta indireta (Artglass) ao titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp). Trinta varetas cilíndricas metálicas (3 mm diâmetro x 60 mm comprimento) foram fundidas em Ti cp grau 1 e igualmente divididas em grupos de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos de superfície: jateamento, químico, mecânico com esferas de 0,4 mm, mecânico com esferas de 0,6 mm, químico/mecânico com esferas de 0,4 mm e químico/mecânico com esferas de 0,6 mm. Anéis de Artglass (6 mm diâmetro X 2 mm espessura) foram fotopolimerizados ao redor das varetas, de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Os corpos-de-prova foram embutidos em gesso-pedra e a resistência de união (MPa) foi medida em uma máquina universal de ensaios com velocidade de 2,0 mm/min e célula de carga de 500 kgf. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA a um critério e teste de Tukey (a=5 por cento). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos de superfície quanto à resistência adesiva. Retenção química e jateamento apresentaram resultados estatisticamente semelhantes (p=0,139), e ambos apresentaram menores valores de retenção que os demais tratamentos (p<0,05). Em conclusão, a retenção mecânica, associada ou não a tratamento químico, apresentou melhores resultados de resistência adesiva do compósito indireto ao Ti cp.