RESUMEN
In space, the lifestyle, relative sterility of spaceship and extreme environmental stresses, such as microgravity and cosmic radiation, can compromise the balance between human body and human microbiome. An astronaut's body during spaceflight encounters increased risk for microbial infections and conditions because of immune dysregulation and altered microbiome, i.e. dysbiosis. This risk is further heightened by increase in virulence of pathogens in microgravity. Health status of astronauts might potentially benefit from maintaining a healthy microbiome by specifically managing their diet on space in addition to probiotic therapies. This review focuses on the current knowledge/understanding of how spaceflight affects human immunity and microbiome.
Asunto(s)
Disbiosis/inmunología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Inmunidad/efectos de la radiación , Vuelo Espacial , Ingravidez/efectos adversos , Astronautas , Bacteroides/inmunología , Bacteroides/efectos de la radiación , Candida albicans/inmunología , Candida albicans/patogenicidad , Clostridiales/inmunología , Clostridiales/patogenicidad , Clostridioides difficile/inmunología , Clostridioides difficile/patogenicidad , Radiación Cósmica/efectos adversos , Citocinas/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/efectos de la radiación , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/efectos de la radiación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Escherichia coli/inmunología , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de la radiación , Helicobacter hepaticus/inmunología , Helicobacter hepaticus/patogenicidad , Humanos , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Leucocitos/efectos de la radiación , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/inmunología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/patogenicidad , Salmonella typhimurium/inmunología , Salmonella typhimurium/patogenicidad , VirulenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study compared erbium-doped: yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation (100 mJ/pulse; 10 Hz; 12.9 J/cm(2)) with or without conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) to SRP only for treatment of periodontal pockets. METHODS: Nineteen patients with pockets from 5 to 9 mm were included. In a split-mouth design, each site was allocated to a treatment group: 1) SRPL, SRP and laser; 2) L, laser; 3) SRP, SRP only; and 4) C, no treatment. Clinical parameters of probing depth (PD), gingival recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and subgingival plaque samples were also measured 12 days postoperatively, in addition to the above mentioned months. Intergroup and intragroup statistical analyses were performed (P <0.05). RESULTS: GI decreased for SRPL and increased for L, SRP, and C (P <0.05) 12 days postoperatively and decreased for SRPL and SRP (P <0.05) 3, 6, and 12 months after baseline; BOP and PD decreased for all treated groups (P <0.01) 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. CAL gain was significant for SRPL, L, and SRP (P <0.05) 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. SRPL and L presented a significant reduction in the percentage of sites with bacteria 6 and 12 months after treatment (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Non-surgical periodontal treatment with Er:YAG laser may be an alternative treatment for reduction and control of the proliferation of microorganisms in persistent periodontitis.
Asunto(s)
Raspado Dental/métodos , Láseres de Estado Sólido/uso terapéutico , Terapia por Luz de Baja Intensidad/métodos , Bolsa Periodontal/terapia , Aplanamiento de la Raíz/métodos , Adulto , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/efectos de la radiación , Bacteroides/efectos de la radiación , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Placa Dental/microbiología , Placa Dental/terapia , Índice de Placa Dental , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hemorragia Gingival/terapia , Recesión Gingival/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pérdida de la Inserción Periodontal/terapia , Índice Periodontal , Bolsa Periodontal/microbiología , Porphyromonas gingivalis/efectos de la radiación , Prevotella intermedia/efectos de la radiación , Prevotella nigrescens/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
In recent years, the combination of laser light and photosensitizer known as photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used in periodontal therapy. However, there are not enough clinical studies to fully evaluate the effects of PDT on the periodontal tissues. This microbiological study examined the effects of PDT on the periodontal bacteria in combination with scaling and root planing (SRP) in the same group of patients by randomly selecting PDT or SRP for use in different quadrants of the mouth. For the present study, PDT was compared with a diode laser (980 nm) and an Nd:YA G laser (1,064 nm). Microbiological samples were examined and evaluated over a period of three months. Significant bacterial reduction has been observed in all cases. The diode laser with SRP presented long-term positive results, while PDT showed a significant bacteria reduction during the entire observation period.