Personal Glucose Meter for α-Glucosidase Inhibitor Screening Based on the Hydrolysis of Maltose.

As a key enzyme regulating postprandial blood glucose, α-Glucosidase is considered to be an effective target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In this study, a simple, rapid, and effective method for enzyme inhibitors screening assay was established based on α-glucosidase catalyzes reactions in a personal glucose meter (PGM). α-glucosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to produce glucose, which triggers the reduction of ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]) to ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]) and generates the PGM detectable signals. When the α-glucosidase inhibitor (such as acarbose) is added, the yield of glucose and the readout of PGM decreased accordingly. This method can achieve the direct determination of α-glucosidase activity by the PGM as simple as the blood glucose tests. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the developed method was applied to evaluate the inhibitory activity of thirty-four small-molecule compounds and eighteen medicinal plants extracts on α-glucosidase. The results exhibit that lithospermic acid (52.5 ± 3.0%) and protocatechualdehyde (36.8 ± 2.8%) have higher inhibitory activity than that of positive control acarbose (31.5 ± 2.5%) at the same final concentration of 5.0 mM. Besides, the lemon extract has a good inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase with a percentage of inhibition of 43.3 ± 3.5%. Finally, the binding sites and modes of four active small-molecule compounds to α-glucosidase were investigated by molecular docking analysis. These results indicate that the PGM method is feasible to screening inhibitors from natural products with simple and rapid operations.

New Insights on Volatile Components of Vanilla planifolia Cultivated in Taiwan.

Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) is a precious natural flavoring that is commonly used throughout the world. In the past, all vanilla used in Taiwan was imported; however, recent breakthroughs in cultivation and processing technology have allowed Taiwan to produce its own supply of vanilla. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC-FID and GC-MS was used to analyze the volatile components of vanilla from different origins produced in Taiwan under different cultivation and processing conditions. The results of our study revealed that when comparing different harvest maturities, the composition diversity and total volatile content were both higher when the pods were matured for more than 38 weeks. When comparing different killing conditions, we observed that the highest vanillin percentage was present after vanilla pods were killed three times in 65 °C treatments for 1 min each. From the experiment examining the addition of different strains, the PCA results revealed that the volatiles of vanilla that was processed with Dekkera bruxellensis and Bacillus subtilis was clearly distinguished from which obtained by processing with the other strains. Vanilla processed with B. subtilis contained 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and this was not detected in other vanillas. Finally, when comparing the vanillin percentage from seven different regions in Taiwan, vanilla percentage from Taitung and Taoyuan Longtan were the highest.

New Insights into the Biological Activity of Lichens: Bioavailable Secondary Metabolites of Umbilicaria decussata as Potential Anticoagulants.

This study reports the in vitro anticoagulation activity of acetonic extract (AE) of 42 lichen species and the identification of potential bioavailable anticoagulant compounds from Umbilicaria decussata as a competent anticoagulant lichen species. Lichens' AEs were evaluated for their anticoagulant activity by monitoring activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) assays. A strong, positive correlation was observed between total phenolics concentration (TPC) of species and blood coagulation parameters. U. decussata was the only species with the longest clotting time in both APTT and PT assays. The research was moved forward by performing in vivo assays using rats. The results corroborated the dose-dependent impact of U. decussata's AE on rats' clotting time. Major secondary metabolites of U. decussata and their plasma-related bioavailability were also investigated using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Atranol, orsellinic acid, D-mannitol, lecanoric acid, and evernic acid were detected as possible bioavailable anticoagulants of U. decussata. Our findings suggest that U. decussata might be a potential anticoagulant lichen species that can be used for the prevention or treatment of coagulation-related issues such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

Identification of the Volatile Components of Galium verum L. and Cruciata leavipes Opiz from the Western Italian Alps.

The chemical composition of the volatile fraction from Galium verum L. (leaves and flowers) and Cruciata laevipes Opiz (whole plant), Rubiaceae, was investigated. Samples from these two plant species were collected at full bloom in Val di Susa (Western Alps, Turin, Italy), distilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. A total of more than 70 compounds were identified, making up 92%-98% of the total oil. Chemical investigation of their essential oils indicated a quite different composition between G. verum and C. laevipes, both in terms of the major constituents and the dominant chemical classes of the specialized metabolites. The most abundant compounds identified in the essential oils from G. verum were 2-methylbenzaldheyde (26.27%, corresponding to 11.59 µg/g of fresh plant material) in the leaves and germacrene D (27.70%; 61.63 µg/g) in the flowers. C. laevipes essential oils were instead characterized by two sesquiterpenes, namely ß-caryophyllene (19.90%; 15.68 µg/g) and trans-muurola-4(15),5-diene (7.60%; 5.99 µg/g); two phenylpropanoids, benzyl alcohol (8.30%; 6.71 µg/g), and phenylacetaldehyde (7.74%; 6.26 µg/g); and the green-leaf alcohol cis-3-hexen-1-ol (9.69%; 7.84 µg/g). The ecological significance of the presence of such compounds is discussed.

Protection of the Geum japonicum Thunb. var. chinense extracts against oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation induced astrocytes injury via BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway.

Geum japonicum Tunb. var. chinense (GJ) is a traditional Chinese medicine usually used for the alleviation of dizziness and headache. Previous studies have reported that the GJ extracts could alleviate cerebral I/R injury by reducing apoptosis in vivo. To further elucidate the positive role and underlying mechanism of the GJ extracts in cerebral I/R injury, the current study investigated the effects of the GJ extracts on oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-induced astrocytes injury in light of BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling pathway with seropharmacological method. In the present study, the LC-MS profiling of the GJ extracts, obtain by reflux extraction, led to the identification of three possible active components were 5-desgalloylstachyurin, tellimagrandin II (TG II) and 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde (THBA). Drug-containing serum was collected from rats given different doses of the GJ extracts (0, 1.75 g/kg, 7 g/kg). Data indicated that the GJ extracts could increase the cell viability and decrease apoptosis and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in OGD/R-induced astrocytes. In addition, the detection of apoptosis-related factors showed that the GJ extracts could obviously increase the expression of Bcl-2 and reduce the expression of Bax, Caspase-3 and cleaved-Caspase-3. Furthermore, the GJ extracts markedly increased the expression of BDNF, TrkB, PI3K, p-Akt and p-CREB. All these effects of the GJ extracts could be significantly reversed by LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K. These data indicated that the GJ extracts could protect astrocytes against OGD/R-induced injury by inhibiting astrocytes reactivity and apoptosis, owing to the activation of the BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway. The results support the application of the GJ extracts in the treatment of ischemic stroke and other ischemic encephalopathy.

Stability and Extraction of Vanillin and Coumarin under Subcritical Water Conditions.

In order to facilitate the development of the green subcritical water chromatography technique for vanillin and coumarin, the stability of the compounds under subcritical water conditions was investigated in this work. In addition, their extraction from natural products was also studied. The stability experiments were carried out by heating the mixtures of vanillin and water or coumarin and water at temperatures ranging from 100 °C to 250 °C, while subcritical water extractions (SBWE) of both analytes from vanilla beans and whole tonka beans were conducted at 100 °C to 200 °C. Analyte quantification for both stability and extraction studies was carried out by HPLC. After heating for 60 min, vanillin was found to be stable in water at temperatures up to 250 °C. While coumarin is also stable at lower temperatures such as 100 °C and 150 °C, it undergoes partial degradation after heating for 60 min at 200 °C and higher. The results of this stability study support green subcritical water chromatographic separation and extraction of vanillin and coumarin at temperatures up to 150 °C. The SBWE results revealed that the extraction efficiency of both analytes from vanilla beans and tonka beans is significantly improved with increasing temperature.

Antinociceptive and antineuropathic effects of cuminaldehyde, the major constituent of Cuminum cyminum seeds: Possible mechanisms of action.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In Iranian traditional medicine, Cuminum cyminum is a unique medicinal herb for pain relief. Cuminaldehyde has been distinguished as the major constituent of C. cyminum seeds; even though, the analgesic effect of cuminaldehyde has not yet been examined. AIM OF THE STUDY: The nobility of this study was to assess cuminaldehyde effect on nociceptive and neuropathic pains; furthermore, evaluation of its possible mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hot plate, formalin, and acetic acid-induced writhing tests were used to evaluate nociception in mice. Naloxone (opioid receptors antagonist), L-arginine (nitric oxide (NO) precursor), L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor), sodium nitroprusside (NO donor), methylene blue (guanylyl cyclase inhibitor), sildenafil (phosphodiesterase inhibitor), and glibenclamide (KATP channel blocker) were used to determine the implication of opioid receptors and L-arginine/NO/cGMP/KATP channel pathway. Allodynia and hyperalgesia were investigated in the CCI (chronic constriction injury) model of neuropathic pain in rats. The ELISA method was used to measure the inflammatory cytokines in serum samples of rats. The entire chemicals were intraperitoneally injected. RESULTS: Cuminaldehyde (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly decreased the latency to nociceptive response in the hot plate test. The outcome of cuminaldehyde was completely antagonized by naloxone (2 mg/kg). Formalin- and acetic acid-induced nociception was significantly inhibited by cuminaldehyde (12.5-50 mg/kg). The antinociceptive effect of cuminaldehyde was reversed in writhing test by L-arginine (200 mg/kg), sodium nitroprusside (0.25 mg/kg), and sildenafil (0.5 mg/kg); however, L-NAME (30 mg/kg) and methylene blue (20 mg/kg) enhanced the effect of cuminaldehyde. Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) did not alter the antinociceptive effects of cuminaldehyde. In the CCI-induced neuropathy, cuminaldehyde (25-100 mg/kg) significantly alleviated allodynia and hyperalgesia and decreased the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß. CONCLUSION: It was attained magnificently that cuminaldehyde exerts antinociceptive and antineuropathic effects through the involvement of opioid receptors, L-arginine/NO/cGMP pathway, and anti-inflammatory function.

Encapsulation of Bunium persicum essential oil using chitosan nanopolymer: Preparation, characterization, antifungal assessment, and thermal stability.

The present study reports the antifungal, aflatoxin B1 inhibitory, and free radical scavenging activity of chitosan-based nanoencapsulatedBunium persicum Boiss. essential oil (Ne-BPEO). The chemical profile ofBPEO was identified through Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis where cuminaldehyde (21.23%), sabinene (14.66%), and γ-terpinen (12.49%) were identified as the major compounds. Ne-BPEO was prepared using chitosan and characterised by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) assay. Ne-BPEO completely inhibited the growth and aflatoxin B1 production at a concentration of 0.3 µL/mL. The antifungal and aflatoxin B1 inhibitory effects were related to decreasing in ergosterol content, leakage of membrane ions (Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+), impairment in carbohydrate catabolism, and functioning of ver-1 gene of A. flavus exposed to Ne-BPEO over the control. In addition, Ne-BPEO exhibited promising free radical scavenging activity through DPPH assay (IC50 12.64 µL/mL) with high thermo-stability. Therefore, chitosan could be used as a carrier agent of plant-based preservative to enhance the shelf-life of food products against A. flavus and aflatoxin B1 contamination.

Vanillin extracted from Proso and Barnyard millets induce apoptotic cell death in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line.

In the present study, we hypothesized that the active compound extracted from Proso and Barnyard millets inhibits cell proliferation and apoptosis induction in colon cancer cell line. The bioactive compounds from these millets were purified by supercritical fluid extraction and their structure was elucidated using spectroscopic methods. Extracted bioactive components from these millets were similar in chemical structure to the phenolic aldehyde-Vanillin [4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde]. Cell proliferative effect was assessed by MTT assay using HT-29 cell line. Compound 1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells when treated with concentrations of 250 µg/ml and 1,000 µg/ml for 48 h, while compound 2 moderately inhibited the proliferation of the HT-29 cell line at the same concentration and time period. Cytotoxic activity of extracted compounds by the release of lactate dehydrogenase confirms that these compounds were not toxic to the cells at 250 µg/ml of compounds 1 and 2. In addition, flow cytometry results show a significant cell arrest in the G0/G1 phase and increase in the apoptotic cells in sub G0 phase, in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the control. The conclusion of this study suggests that the anticancer property of these millets is mediated through the presence of vanillin.

New Benzaldehyde and Benzopyran Compounds from the Endophytic Fungus Paraphaeosphaeria sp. F03 and Their Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities.

Three new benzaldehyde derivatives, sporulosaldeins A - C (1: -3: ), and 3 new benzopyran derivatives, sporulosaldeins D - F (4: -6: ), were discovered from an endophytic fungus, Paraphaeosphaeria sp. F03, which was isolated from Paepalanthus planifolius leaves. Compounds 1: -6: were elucidated by 1- and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The absolute configuration of compound 5: was determined through the comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. Compounds 1: -6: were found to exhibit antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 7.8 - 250 µg/mL and racemic mixture of compound 6: exhibited weak cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and LM3 with IC50 values of 34.4 and 39.2 µM, respectively.

Bromophenol (5-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde) isolated from red alga Polysiphonia morrowii inhibits adipogenesis by regulating expression of adipogenic transcription factors and AMP-activated protein kinase activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 5-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (BD) isolated from Polysiphonia morrowii on adipogenesis and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes and its possible mechanism of action. Levels of lipid accumulation and triglyceride were significantly lower in BD treated cells than those in untreated cells. In addition, BD treatment reduced protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins α, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 compared with control (no treatment). It also reduced expression levels of adiponectin, leptin, fatty acid synthase, and fatty acid binding protein 4. AMP-activated protein kinase activation was found to be one specific mechanism involved in the effect of BD. These results demonstrate that BD possesses inhibitory effect on adipogenesis through activating AMP-activated protein kinase signal pathway.

Neuroprotective effect of Decalepis hamiltonii aqueous root extract and purified 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde on 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans.

In this study, we investigated the possible neuroprotective efficacy of Decalepis hamiltonii tuber extract against 6-Hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) induced neurotoxicity and associated effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. The major component of flavour rich extract from D. hamiltonii is 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde (2H4MB) which is an isomer of vanillin. We have conducted preliminary experiments with different types of extracts and subsequently DHFE (D. hamiltonii Fresh Tuber Extract) and DHPF (D. hamiltonii purified 2H4MB fraction) were used for further studies. Here we attempted to enumerate the neuroprotective efficacy of the above compounds in worms by evaluating behavioural and mitochondrial function, dopamine content and selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in BZ555 strains in comparison with control and 6-OHDA treated organisms. The relative expression levels of selected antioxidant genes involved in defence mechanism like SOD-3, GST-2 and GST-4 were evaluated along with those of CAT-2 and DOP-2 at mRNA level. We observed that both DHPF and DHFE exhibited significant levels of neuroprotective property against 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity, which was evident in mitochondrial/dopaminergic function and antioxidant defence mechanism.

[Chemical constituents from petroleum ether fraction of Swertia chirayita and their activities in vitro].

The present work is to study the chemical constituents from petroleum ether fraction of Tibetan medicine Swertia chirayita by column chromatography and recrystallization. The structures were identified by physical and chemical properties and spectral data as swerchirin (1), decussatin (2), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5,7-trimethoxyxanthone (3), 1-hydroxy-3,5,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone (4), bellidifolin (5), 1-hydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (6), methylswertianin (7), 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (8), erythrodiol (9), oleanolic acid (10), gnetiolactone (11), scopoletin (12), sinapaldehyde (13), syringaldehyde (14), and ß-sitosterol (15). Compounds 3, 4, 9, 11-14 were isolated from S. chirayita for the first time. Compounds 9 and 12 were firstly isolated from the genus Swertia. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1, 2, 5, 7 and 8 against human pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 and BxPC-3,and the protective effects of these compounds against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in human endothelium-derived EA.hy926 were investigated in vitro. The results showed no obvious effect at the high concentration of 50 µmol•L⁻¹.

Caragasinin C: a new oligostilbene from the roots of Caragana sinica.

A new oligostilbene, caragasinin C (1), and seven known compounds, betulinic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), (‒)-medicarpin (4), wistin (5), (2E,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid (6), pallidol (7), and (+)-α-viniferin (8), were isolated from the roots of Caragana sinica. The structure of caragasinin C was established on the basis of spectroscopic techniques, including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D-NMR.

A new compound from Stereum insigne CGMCC5.57.

Studies of the EtOAc extract of the culture broth and methanol extract of the mycelium of Stereum insigne CGMCC5.57 led to the isolation of one new dihydrobenzofuran (1) and six known compounds (2-7). The structures of compounds were elucidated mainly by HRESIMS experiments, and 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy analysis. This is the first report about the chemical constitutes of the fungus S. insigne.

Cuminaldehyde from Cinnamomum verum Induces Cell Death through Targeting Topoisomerase 1 and 2 in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma COLO 205 Cells.

Cinnamomum verum, also called true cinnamon tree, is employed to make the seasoning cinnamon. Furthermore, the plant has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medication. We explored the anticancer effect of cuminaldehyde, an ingredient of the cortex of the plant, as well as the molecular biomarkers associated with carcinogenesis in human colorectal adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells. The results show that cuminaldehyde suppressed growth and induced apoptosis, as proved by depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of both caspase-3 and -9, and morphological features of apoptosis. Moreover, cuminaldehyde also led to lysosomal vacuolation with an upregulated volume of acidic compartment and cytotoxicity, together with inhibitions of both topoisomerase I and II activities. Additional study shows that the anticancer activity of cuminaldehyde was observed in the model of nude mice. Our results suggest that the anticancer activity of cuminaldehyde in vitro involved the suppression of cell proliferative markers, topoisomerase I as well as II, together with increase of pro-apoptotic molecules, associated with upregulated lysosomal vacuolation. On the other hand, in vivo, cuminaldehyde diminished the tumor burden that would have a significant clinical impact. Furthermore, similar effects were observed in other tested cell lines. In short, our data suggest that cuminaldehyde could be a drug for chemopreventive or anticancer therapy.

Enhanced anti-oxidative effect of fermented Korean mistletoe is originated from an increase in the contents of caffeic acid and lyoniresinol.

Viscum album var. coloratum (Korean mistletoe; KM) is an herbal medicine that is used worldwide for the treatment of various immunological disorders and cancers. KM extract showed enhanced anti-oxidative effects in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester assays after being fermented with a crude enzyme extract from a soybean paste fungus, Aspergillus kawachii. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed four increased peaks in enzyme treated KM. The increased peaks were isolated and identified as caffeic acid (1), hesperetin (2), syringaldehyde (3), and lyoniresinol (4). Among the four compounds, only 1 and 4 showed strong anti-oxidative activity. Therefore, the fermentation increased the contents of 1 and 4, which consequently increased the anti-oxidative activity of KM.

[Chemical constituents from Phellinus igniarius and their anti-tumor activity in vitro].

Eleven compounds were isolated and purified from Phellinus igniarius by column chromatography on silica gel, Sephedax LH-20, RP-8, MCI and preparative TLC. Their structures were identified as 3α-hydroxyfriedel-2-one (1), 3-hydroxyfriedel-3-en-2-one (2), ergosta-4, 6, 8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one (3), ergosterol peroxide (4), uracil (5), uridine (6), 4-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-butene-2-one (7), protocatechualdehyde (8), inotilone (9), inoscavinA (10) and phellibaumin E (11), respectively, on the basis of NMR and MS data analysis. Among them, compounds 1, 2, 5, and 6 were firstly obtained from this genus. In vitro cytotoxic activity of compounds 1-11 was screened by Cell Titer-GLo Reagent, on 41 human tumor cell strains and 2 hamster normal cell strains via high-throughput screening. Compounds 2-4 exhibit significant cytotoxic activity against NOMO-1 and SKM-1 acute myeloid leukemia cell lines, and compounds 2 and 3 showed good selectivity to NOMO-1 with IC50 values of 0.795 5, 1.828 µmol•L-1and SKM-1 with IC50 values of higher than 10 µmol•L-1. Compound 7 showed remarkable antitumor activities against H526 Human lung cancer cell line, DU145 prostate cancer cell line and HEL erythroleukemia cell line with IC50 values of 0.533 4, 1.885, 1.057 µmol•L⁻¹, respectively. Other compounds had no or weak antitumor effect. In addition, all compounds had no significant effect on hamster normal cell lines CHL and CHO with IC50 values of higher than 10 µmol•L⁻¹, which showed that all compounds had no toxic effect on normal cells.

A new 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene from Dendrobium moniliforme.

A new 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,1,5-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (1) was isolated and identified from the whole plants of Dendrobium moniliforme, as well as 24 known compounds including hircinol (2), (2R*,3S*)-3-hydroxymethyl-9-methoxy-2-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-phenanthro[4,3-b]furan-5,11-diol (3), diospyrosin (4), aloifol I (5), moscatilin (6), 3,4'-dihydroxy-3',4,5-trimethoxybibenzyl (7), gigantol (8), 3,3'-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (9), longicornuol A (10), N-trans-cinnamoyltyramine (11), paprazine (12), N-trans-feruloyl 3'-O-methyldopamine (13), moupinamide (14), dihydroconiferyl dihydro-p-coumarate (15), dihydrosinapyl dihydro-p-coumarate (16), 3-isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1 (17), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (18), vanillin (19), p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (20), vanillic acid (21), protocatechuic acid (22), (+)-syringaresinol (23), ß-sitosterol (24) and daucosterol (25). Compounds 3, 4, 13, 16, 17 and 20 were isolated from the Dendrobium genus for the first time, and compounds 2, 5, 7, 9-12, 14, 15, 18, 21 and 22 were originally obtained from D. moniliforme.

A new phenylethanoid glycoside from Orobanche cernua Loefling.

A novel phenylethanoid glycoside, 3'-O-methyl isocrenatoside (1), along with two known compounds, methyl caffeate (2) and protocatechuic aldehyde (3), were isolated from the fresh whole plant of Orobanche cernua Loefling. All the isolated compounds (1-3) were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including IR, MS and NMR data. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated. Results showed that 3'-O-methyl isocrenatoside (1) and methyl caffeate (2) exhibited significant cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 71.89, 36.97 µg/mL and 32.32, 34.58 µg/mL against the B16F10 murine melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma cell lines, respectively.