CTNNB1 p.D32A (c.95A > C) somatic mutation in stage I grade 1 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma with lung metastasis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Most endometrial cancers are of low histological grade and uterine-confined, with a high 5-year survival rate. However, a small subset of women with low-grade and early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer experience recurrence and death; thus, a more precise risk-stratification is needed. CASE PRESENTATION: A 29-year-old woman presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding and was diagnosed with FIGO grade 1 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma by curettage. Comprehensive cancer staging including pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy was then performed. Postoperative pathological findings suggested an FIGO grade 1 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma infiltrating the superficial muscle layer. The patient did not receive adjuvant therapy. After 4 years of follow-up, the patient returned to our institution with lung metastasis. She underwent thoracoscopic resection of the affected lobes, followed by six cycles of combined chemotherapy of paclitaxel and carboplatin. Next-generation sequencing showed that the primary and lung metastatic tumors shared 4 mutations: PTEN (p.P248Lfs*8), CTNNB1 (p.D32A), BCOR (p.N1425S) and CBL (p.S439N). Immunohistochemistry revealed nuclear location of ß-catenin in the primary and lung metastatic tumor samples, indicating abnormal activation of ß-catenin. CONCLUSION: CTNNB1p.D32A (c.95A > C) mutation may be related to lung metastasis in this patient with low-grade early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.

Long non­coding RNA BLACAT2/miR­378a­3p/YY1 feedback loop promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma.

Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is a common gynecological malignancy with high rates of mortality and morbidity. The expression of long non­coding RNA bladder cancer­associated transcript 2 (BLACAT2) has been previously found to be aberrantly upregulated in UCEC. However, the regulatory consequences of this in UCEC progression remain poorly understood. In the present study, human UCEC cell lines AN3CA and HEC­1­A were infected with lentiviruses to overexpress BLACAT2 (Lv­BLACAT2) or knock down BLACAT2 using short hairpin RNA (Lv­shBLACAT2). BLACAT2 overexpression was found to promote the G1/S transition of cell cycle progression and UCEC cell proliferation. In addition, BLACAT2 overexpression was observed to facilitate UCEC cell migration and invasion. By contrast, BLACAT2 knockdown resulted in inhibitory effects in UCEC cell physiology. BLACAT2 overexpression also contributed to the activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. Subsequently, BLACAT2 was demonstrated to bind to microRNA (miR)­378a­3p according to dual­luciferase assays, where it appeared to function as a sponge of miR­378a­3p in 293T cells. miR­378a­3p overexpression was found to suppress UCEC cell proliferation, invasion, and ERK activation. Lentivirus­mediated knockdown of its target, the transcription factor Yin Yang­1 (YY1), was observed to reverse the oncogenic effects of BLACAT2 overexpression. Furthermore, YY1 was found to bind to the promoter of BLACAT2, suggesting that YY1 can regulate BLACAT2 expression. To conclude, results from the present study suggest that BLACAT2, miR­378a­3p and YY1 can form a feedback loop instead of an unidirectional axis, which can in turn regulate UCEC tumorigenesis through the MEK/ERK pathway. The present study furthered the understanding of UCEC tumorigenesis and may provide novel therapeutic targets for UCEC treatment.

HER2 IHC Expression and Gene Amplification in p53-aberrant High-grade Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma Suggests That This Population May Benefit From HER2 Testing and Targeted Therapy.

Among gynecologic cancers, uterine serous carcinoma (USC) has been shown to be human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplified and trastuzumab has been included in the recent National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for treatment of advanced stage or recurrent USC with HER2 overexpression/amplification. There is limited literature suggesting that a subset of high-grade endometrioid carcinomas with aberrant p53 expression may also be HER2 amplified and these patients could benefit from the addition of targeted therapy. We identified 59 p53-aberrant (mismatch repair proficient) FIGO 3 endometrioid carcinomas of the uterus. HER2 immunohistochemistry was performed in all 59 tumors and HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed in 52 of the 59 cases. Four of the 59 cases were HER2 3+ by immunohistochemistry (6.7%), using the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) 2007, 2013, and 2018 criteria. HER2 FISH was performed in 3 of the 4 cases and was amplified in all 3. Nine, 8, and 7 tumors showed 2+ HER2 staining when applying 2018, 2013, and 2007 criteria, respectively, FISH was performed in 7 tumors and none were amplified. An additional 4 cases did not perfectly meet the 2018 ASCO/CAP criteria but were assigned a score of 2+, none were amplified by HER2 FISH. The remaining 42 cases showed 1+ or no staining for HER2, FISH was successfully performed in 38 tumors and none showed amplification. Approximately half of the tumors fulfilled criteria for HER2-low or HER2-very low (10 HER2-low and 20 HER2-very low). Our data shows that a subset of p53-aberrant high-grade endometrial endometrioid carcinoma express HER2 and these patients may benefit from the addition of targeted therapy. The role of targeted therapy in HER2-low gynecologic carcinoma is currently unexplored.

Association of smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption with the risk of ovarian cancer and prognosis: a mendelian randomization study.

OBJECTIVE: Currently, the association between smoking, alcohol, and coffee intake and the risk of ovarian cancer (OC) remains conflicting. In this study, we used a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) method to evaluate the association of smoking, drinking and coffee consumption with the risk of OC and prognosis. METHODS: Five risk factors related to lifestyles (cigarettes per day, smoking initiation, smoking cessation, alcohol consumption and coffee consumption) were chosen from the Genome-Wide Association Study, and 28, 105, 10, 36 and 36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained as instrumental variables (IVs). Outcome variables were achieved from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. Inverse-variance-weighted method was mainly used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (Cl). RESULTS: The two-sample MR analysis supported the causal association of genetically predicted smoking initiation (OR: 1.15 per SD, 95%CI: 1.02-1.29, P = 0.027) and coffee consumption (OR: 1.40 per 50% increase, 95%CI: 1.02-1.93, P = 0.040) with the risk of OC, but not cigarettes per day, smoking cessation, and alcohol consumption. Subgroup analysis based on histological subtypes revealed a positive genetical predictive association between coffee consumption and endometrioid OC (OR: 3.01, 95%CI: 1.50-6.04, P = 0.002). Several smoking initiation-related SNPs (rs7585579, rs7929518, rs2378662, rs10001365, rs11078713, rs7929518, and rs62098013), and coffee consumption-related SNPs (rs4410790, and rs1057868) were all associated with overall survival and cancer-specific survival in OC. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide the evidence for a favorable causal association of genetically predicted smoking initiation and coffee consumption with OC risk, and coffee consumption is linked to a greater risk of endometrioid OC.

Adoption of minimally invasive surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with metastatic uterine cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Utilization of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for advanced stage uterine cancer is increasing. We analyzed the use and outcomes of open versus minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for women with stage IV uterine cancer who received NACT and underwent IDS. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was used to identify women with stage IV uterine cancer diagnosed from 2010 to 2017 and treated with NACT. Among women who underwent IDS, overall survival (OS) was compared between those who underwent laparotomy vs a minimally invasive approach. To account for imbalances in confounders, a propensity score analysis using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was performed. RESULTS: A total of 1618 women were identified. Minimally invasive IDS was performed in 31.1% and increased from 16.2% in 2010 to 40.4% in 2017 (P < 0.001). More recent year of diagnosis and performance of surgery at a comprehensive cancer center were associated with increased use of MIS (P < 0.05). Women with serous and clear cell tumors, and carcinosarcomas (compared to endometrioid tumors), as well as Medicaid coverage (compared to commercial insurance) were less likely to undergo an MIS approach (P < 0.05). The median OS was 28 months (95% CI 23.7-30.7) and 24.3 months (95% CI 22.3-26.1) for MIS and laparotomy, respectively. After propensity score balancing, there was no association between the use of MIS and survival (HR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.71-1.14). CONCLUSIONS: Among women with stage IV uterine cancer treated with NACT performance of minimally invasive debulking surgery is increasing. Compared to laparotomy, MIS does not appear to negatively impact survival.

Network Pharmacology-Based and Clinically Relevant Prediction of the Potential Targets of Chinese Herbs in Ovarian Cancer Patients.

Reports increasingly suggest that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used to treat ovarian cancer (OvCa) with a good curative effect; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying CHM are still unclear. In this retrospective study, we explored CHM's molecular targets for the treatment of OvCa based on clinical data and network pharmacology. We used the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis to verify the survival rate of 202 patients with CHM-treated OvCa. The association between CHM and survival time was analyzed by bivariate correlation. A target network of CHM active ingredients against OvCa was established via network pharmacology. Cox regression analysis showed that CHM is an independent favorable prognostic factor. The median survival time was 91 months in the CHM group and 65 months in the non-CHM group. The survival time of FIGO stage III patients in the two groups was 91 months and 52 months, and the median survival period of FIOG stage IV patients was 60 months and 22 months, respectively (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis demonstrated that 12 herbs were closely associated with prognosis, especially in regard to the long-term benefits. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the anti-OvCa activity of these 12 herbs occurs mainly through the regulation of apoptosis-related protein expression, which promotes OvCa cell apoptosis and inhibits OvCa development. They also regulate the progress of OvCa treatment by promoting or inhibiting protein expression on the p53 signaling pathway and by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway by directly inhibiting NF-κB.

Combination of sentinel lymph node mapping and uterine frozen section examination to reduce side-specific lymphadenectomy rate in endometrial cancer: a Turkish Gynecologic Oncology Group study (TRSGO-SLN-002).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to find out whether side-specific pelvic lymphadenectomy can be omitted without compromising diagnostic efficacy according to "reflex frozen section" analysis of the uterus in case of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping failure. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for endometrial cancer with an SLN algorithm were stratified as low-risk or high-risk according to the uterine features on the final pathology reports. Two models for low-risk patients were defined to omit side-specific pelvic lymphadenectomy: strategy A included patients with endometrioid histology, grade 1-2, and <50% myometrial invasion irrespective of the tumor diameter; strategy B included all factors of strategy A with the addition of tumor diameter ≤2 cm. Theoretical side-specific pelvic lymphadenectomy rates were calculated for the two strategies, assuming side-specific pelvic lymphadenectomy was omitted if low-risk features were present on reflex uterine frozen examination, and compared with the standard National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) SLN algorithm. RESULTS: 372 endometrial cancer patients were analyzed. 230 patients (61.8%) had endometrioid grade 1 or 2 tumors with <50% myometrial invasion (strategy A), and in 123 (53.4%) of these patients the tumor diameter was ≤2 cm (strategy B); 8 (3.5%) of the 230 cases had lymphatic metastasis. None of them were detected by side-specific pelvic lymphadenectomy and metastases were limited to SLNs in 7 patients. At least one pelvic side was not mapped in 107 (28.8%) cases in the entire cohort, and all of these cases would require a side-specific pelvic lymphadenectomy based on the NCCN SLN algorithm. This rate could have been significantly decreased to 11.8% and 19.4% by applying reflex frozen section examination of the uterus using strategy A and strategy B, respectively. CONCLUSION: Reflex frozen section examination of the uterus can be a feasible option to decide whether side-specific pelvic lymphadenectomy is necessary for all the patients who failed to map with an SLN algorithm. If low-risk factors are found on frozen section examination, side-specific pelvic lymphadenectomy can be omitted without compromising diagnostic efficacy for lymphatic spread.

Pattern of recurrence in patients with endometrial cancer: A retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Endometrial cancer (EC) known prognostic factors are not sufficient to predict either outcome or recurrence rate/site: to investigate EC recurrence patterns according to ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO risk classes, could be beneficial for a more tailored adjuvant treatment and follow-up schedule. METHODS: 758 women diagnosed with EC, and a 5-years follow-up, were enrolled: they were divided into the ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO risk classes (low LR, intermediate IR, intermediate-high I-HR, and highrisk HR) and surgically treated as recommended, followed by adjuvants therapies when appropriate. RESULTS: Higher recurrence rate (RR) was significantly detected (p < 0,001) in the HR group (40,3%) compared to LR (9,6%), IR (16,7%) and I-HR (17,1%). Recurrences were detected more frequently at distant sites (64%) compared to pelvic (25,3%) and lymph nodes (10,7%) recurrences (p < 0,0001): only in LR group, no differences were detected between local and distant recurrences. 5-Year distant-free (LR 99%, IR 94%,I-HR 86%, HR 88%) and local-free survivals (LR 99%, IR 100%,I-HR 98%, HR 95%) significantly differ between groups (p < 0,0001 and p = 0,003, respectively). Adjuvant therapy modifies RRs only in LR group (p = 0,01). CONCLUSION: To identify biological factors to stratify patients at higher risk of relapse is needed. Distant site relapse could be the main reason of endometrial cancer failure follow-up, independently or in addition to their risk class prognosis.

Black and Hispanic women are less likely than white women to receive guideline-concordant endometrial cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND: Differences in receipt of guideline-concordant treatment might underlie well-established racial disparities in endometrial cancer mortality. OBJECTIVE: Using the National Cancer Database, we assessed the hypothesis that among women with endometrioid endometrial cancer, racial/ethnic minority women would have lower odds of receiving guideline-concordant treatment than white women. In addition, we hypothesized that lack of guideline-concordant treatment was linked with worse survival. STUDY DESIGN: We defined receipt of guideline-concordant treatment using the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between race and guideline-concordant treatment. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazards ratios and 95% confidence intervals for relationships between guideline-concordant treatment and overall survival in the overall study population and stratified by race/ethnicity. RESULTS: This analysis was restricted to the 89,319 women diagnosed with an invasive, endometrioid endometrial cancer between 2004 and 2014. Overall, 74.7% of the cohort received guideline-concordant treatment (n = 66,699). Analyses stratified by race showed that 75.3% of non-Hispanic white (n = 57,442), 70.1% of non-Hispanic black (n = 4334), 71.0% of Hispanic (n = 3263), and 72.5% of Asian/Pacific Islander patients (n = 1660) received treatment in concordance with guidelines. In multivariable-adjusted models, non-Hispanic black (odds ratio, 0.92, 95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.98) and Hispanic women (odds ratio, 0.90, 95% confidence internal, 0.83-0.97) had lower odds of receiving guideline-concordant treatment compared with non-Hispanic white women, while Asian/Pacific Islander women had a higher odds of receiving guideline-concordant treatment (odds ratio, 1.11, 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.23). Lack of guideline-concordant treatment was associated with lower overall survival in the overall study population (hazard ratio, 1.12, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.15) but was not significantly associated with overall survival among non-Hispanic black (hazard ratio, 1.09, 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.21), Hispanic (hazard ratio, 0.92, 95% confidence interval=0.78-1.09), or Asian/Pacific Islander (hazard ratio, 0.90, 95% confidence interval, 0.70-1.16) women. CONCLUSION: Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women were less likely than non-Hispanic white women to receive guideline-concordant treatment, while Asian/Pacific Islander women more commonly received treatment in line with guidelines. Furthermore, in the overall study population, overall survival was worse among those not receiving guideline-concordant treatment, although low power may have had an impact on the race-stratified models. Future studies should evaluate reasons underlying disparate endometrial cancer treatment.

Guideline-concordant endometrial cancer treatment and survival in the Women's Health Initiative Life and Longevity After Cancer study.

In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Life and Longevity After Cancer (LILAC) cohort, we examined predictors of guideline-concordant treatment among endometrial cancer (EC) survivors and associations between receipt of guideline-concordant treatment and survival. Receipt of guideline-concordant EC treatment was defined according to year-specific National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for predictors of guideline-concordant treatment receipt. We estimated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for relationships between guideline-concordant treatment and overall survival using Cox proportional hazards regression. We included 629 women with EC, of whom 83.6% (n = 526) received guideline-concordant treatment. Receipt of guideline-concordant treatment was less common among women with nonendometrioid histology (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.13-0.45) but was more common among women living in the Midwest (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.06-4.12) or West (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.49-6.13) compared to the Northeast. In Cox regression models adjusted for age, histology and stage, receipt of guideline-concordant EC treatment was borderline associated with improved overall survival (HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.60-1.01) in the overall population. Guideline-concordant treatment was also linked with better overall survival among women with low-grade uterine-confined endometrioid EC or widely metastatic endometrioid EC. Guideline-concordant treatment varies by some patient characteristics and those women in receipt of guideline-concordant care had borderline improved survival. Studies evaluating regional differences in treatment along with randomized clinical trials to determine appropriate treatment regimens for women with aggressive tumor characteristics are warranted.

Prognostic factors value of germline and somatic brca in patients undergoing surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer with liver metastases.

OBJECTIVE: To describe accurately the oncological outcomes after hepatic resection (HR) in recurrent ovarian carcinoma (ROC) evaluating clinic-pathological variables and mutational status of BRCA1/2. Although HR is considered a challenging situation in ROC patients, assessment of BRCA1/2 mutational status seems to have a relevant clinical value to guide surgical therapy. METHODS: Patients who underwent HR for ROC at the Catholic University of Rome, between June 2012 and October 2017 were included. Exclusion criteria were represented by extra-abdominal disease and presence of diffuse peritoneal carcinomatosis requiring more than 2 bowel resections. Details relative to HR were collected and BRCA analysis was performed. Predictive factors of post-HR progression free survival (PHR-PFS) were assessed by univariate analyses using Cox-proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients undewent HR within secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS). Six patients (17.6%) presented with hepatic relapse only, while the remaining 28 patients (82.4%) had concomitant extra-hepatic disease. In the whole series, the 3-yr PHR-PFS was 49.1% and the 3-yr post-HR overall survival was 72.9%. Univariate analysis of variables conditioning PHR-PFS showed that only BRCA mutational status played a statistically significant favourable role: the 3-yr PHR-PFS rate was 81.0% in BRCA mutated patient compared to 15.2% in wild type ones (p value: 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our clinical analyses suggest that in ROC patients with liver disease the assessment of germline and somatic BRCA mutational status can help to select patients elegible for SCS.

Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Rare Ovarian Origin Treated by Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: A Multi-Institutional Cohort from PSOGI and BIG-RENAPE.

PURPOSE: Ovarian cancer is the most common deadly cancer of gynecologic origin. Patients often are diagnosed at advanced stage with peritoneal metastasis. There are many rare histologies of ovarian cancer; some have outcomes worse than serous ovarian cancer. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) can be considered for patients with recurrence. This study was designed to assess the impact of CRS and HIPEC on survival of patient with peritoneal metastasis from rare ovarian malignancy. METHODS: A prospective, multicentric, international database was retrospectively searched to identify all patients with rare ovarian tumor (mucinous, clear cells, endometrioid, small cell hypercalcemic, and other) and peritoneal metastasis who underwent CRS and HIPEC through the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI) and BIG-RENAPE working group. The postoperative complications, long-term results, and principal prognostic factors were analyzed. RESULTS: The analysis included 210 patients with a median follow-up of 43.5 months. Median overall survival (OS) was 69.3 months, and the 5-year OS was 57.7%. For mucinous tumors, median OS and DFS were not reached at 5 years. For granulosa tumors, median overall survival was not reached at 5 years, and median DFS was 34.6 months. Teratoma or germinal tumor showed median overall survival and DFS that were not reached at 5 years. Differences in OS were not statistically significant between histologies (p = 0.383), whereas differences in DFS were (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CRS and HIPEC may increases long-term survival in selected patients with peritoneal metastasis from rare ovarian tumors especially in mucinous, granulosa, or teratoma histological subtypes.

Minimally invasive hysterectomy surgery rates for endometrial cancer performed at National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Centers.

OBJECTIVES: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is a quality measure for endometrial cancer (EC) established by the Society of Gynecologic Oncology and the American College of Surgeons. Our study objective was to assess the proportion of EC cases performed by MIS at National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) centers and evaluate perioperative outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of women who underwent surgical treatment for EC from 2013 to 2014 was conducted at four NCCN centers. Multivariable mixed logistic regression models analyzed factors associated with failure to perform MIS and perioperative complications. RESULTS: In total 1621 patients were evaluated; 86.5% underwent MIS (robotic-assisted 72.5%, laparoscopic 20.9%, vaginal 6.6%). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with failure to undergo MIS were uterine size >12cm (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.17, 95% CI 0.03-0.9), stage III (OR: 0.16, 95% CI 0.05-0.49) and IV disease (OR: 0.07, 95% CI 0.02-0.22). For stage I/II disease, complications occurred in 5.1% of MIS and 21.7% of laparotomy cases (p<0.01). Laparotomy was associated with increases in any complication (OR: 6.0, 95% CI 3.3-10.8), gastrointestinal (OR: 7.2, 95% CI 2.6-19.5), wound (OR: 3.7, 95% CI 1.5-9.2), respiratory (OR 37.5, 95% CI 3.9-358.0), VTE (OR 10.5, 95% CI 1.3-82.8) and 30-day readmission (OR: 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.9) compared to MIS. CONCLUSIONS: At NCCN-designated centers, the MIS hysterectomy rate in EC is higher than the published national average, with low perioperative complications. Previously identified disparities of age, race, and BMI were not observed. A proposed MIS hysterectomy benchmark of >80% in EC care is feasible when performed at high volume centers.

Prognostic analysis for Chinese patients with stage I ovarian endometrioid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify the clinical and pathological characteristics and the possible prognostic factors for Chinese patients with early-stage ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. METHODS: The present study reviewed the medical records of patients who received initial treatment and a postoperative pathological diagnosis of ovarian endometrioid carcinoma at our center. In all, 78 patients had stage I ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. RESULTS: In this series, the 5-year overall survival rate and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates of patients with stage I ovarian endometrioid carcinoma was 98.7% and 87.2%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed the factors that influence the DFS rates include menopausal status, FIGO stage, histological grade, lymphadenectomy, cytology of ascites. Multivariate analysis showed that grade 3 and lymphadenectomy were the independent prognostic factors of DFS for Stage I ovarian endometrioid carcinoma (P = 0.0259, 0.0276 respectively). However, the coexisting endometriosis, concomitant endometrial disorders, dissection of para-aortic lymph node and more courses of thermotherapy had no influence on DFS. Besides, it was found that 19.3% of patients in this series had synchronous early stage and well-to-moderate differentiated endometrial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Grade 3 and lymphadenectomy were indicated as the independent factors of DFS for stage I patients with ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. The endometrial changes should be considered seriously when fertility-sparing surgery was planned.

Evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity profile associated with intraperitoneal chemotherapy use in older women.

OBJECTIVE: Intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy (CT) for treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has been shown to provide a substantial OS advantage. This study aims to compare the toxicity and benefits of IP CT in patients ≥70 with those <70. METHODS: We performed a single institution retrospective review of patients diagnosed with Stage IIA-IIIC EOC from 2000 to 2013 who received IP CT. Clinicopathologic characteristics were extracted, and survival was calculated. RESULTS: 133 patients were included with 100 pts. <70years old and 33 pts. ≥70years old. Clinical trial enrollment was similar despite age. In trial enrolled patients, older patients received statistically fewer cycles of therapy (6.4 vs 5.8, p=0.002) but had similar dose delays (0.9 vs 0.7, p=0.72), and modifications (0.9 vs 0.36, p=0.11). Median PFS (27 vs 31months) and OS (71 and 62months) were not statistically different. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was significantly worse in the older patients (82% vs 100%, p=0.04). Neuropathy grade ≥2 and other non-hematologic toxicities were not different between age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Despite completing fewer cycles of IP CT, older EOC patients had comparable survival to younger patients. The population of older patients receiving IP CT in this study were on clinical trial and likely to be heartier than the general older population. IP CT appears well tolerated and effective among select older patients and is likely under-utilized outside of clinical trials.

Statin treatment is associated with survival in a nationally representative population of elderly women with epithelial ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Observational studies suggest that statin therapy for cardio-protection is associated with improved survival in cancer patients. We sought to evaluate the impact of statin treatment on ovarian cancer survival in a nationally representative elderly population. METHODS: The linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries and Medicare claims data on patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer in 2007-2009 were used to extract data on statin prescription fills, population characteristics, primary treatment, comorbidity and survival. Cox regression models were used to examine the association between statin treatment and overall survival. RESULTS: Among the 1431 ovarian cancer patients who underwent surgical resection, 609 (42.6%) filled prescriptions for statin. The majority of statin-users (89%) were prescribed a lipophilic formulation. Mean overall survival among statin-users was 32.3months compared to 28.8months for non-users (p<0.0001). A 34% reduction in death was associated with statin therapy, independent of age, race, neighborhood median household income, stage, platinum therapy and comorbid conditions (HR=0.66, 95% CI 0.55-0.81). Improved overall survival with statin use was observed for both serous (HR=0.69, 95% CI 0.54-0.87) and non-serous (HR=0.63, 95% CI 0.44-0.90) histologies. When statin treatment was categorized by lipophilicity and intensity, a significant survival benefit was limited to lipophilic statin users and those who took statins of moderate intensity. CONCLUSIONS: This SEER-Medicare analysis demonstrates improvement in overall survival with lipophilic statin use after surgery in elderly patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. A clinical trial to evaluate the impact of statin treatment in ovarian cancer survival is warranted.

Contribution of age to clinical trial enrollment and tolerance with ovarian cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Increasing age has been correlated with shorter survival in ovarian cancer patients, a finding attributed to diminished tolerance of standard therapy. Elderly patients, however, are less likely to enroll on clinical trials; thus, limited data exists to evaluate their response to front line treatment. This study describes how elderly patients on trial fared, with respect to toxicity and response, compared to younger women. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed of ovarian cancer patients enrolled in front line chemotherapy trials at our institution between 2000 and 2013. Patients were dichotomized by age: <70 and ≥70years. Clinical, pathologic, and treatment characteristics were recorded and analyzed using SAS version 9.3. RESULTS: 336 patients were enrolled. Of these, 79 (23.5%) were ≥70yrs. Demographics were similar between the two groups. Compared to patients <70, those ≥70 completed a comparable number of chemotherapy cycles (p=0.16) and had similar numbers of dose modifications (p=0.40) and delays (p=0.26). Both hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities occurred at similar rates as well. Age≥70 (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.27-2.54, p=0.0009), stage III/IV (HR 3.44, 95% CI 1.08-10.95, p=0.036), and residual disease (HR 2.63, 95% CI 1.82-3.78, p<0.0001) were independently predictive of shorter overall survival. CONCLUSION: Our data continues to support reports of shorter survival for older women with ovarian cancer. With physician bias removed and similar chemotherapy tolerance noted, our study suggests that inherent tumor biology may be a significant contributor. Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms which contribute to the inequality that age imposes on outcomes.

Folate receptor α expression and significance in endometrioid endometrium carcinoma and endometrial hyperplasia.

Endometrioid-type endometrial carcinoma (EEC) developing on the ground of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is amongst the most commonly observed type of cancer in the world. Folate receptor α (FRα) is a vitamin molecule that has a role in cell proliferation. The fact that FRα, which is known to be needed extremely by the cells of malignancies that proliferate rapidly, is present in limited amounts in normal tissues while it is overexpressed in malignant cells of the same tissues makes folate a candidate for target molecular therapy. In our study, FRα expression in 214 cases, with 95 diagnosed within EEC and 119 with EH, was studied immunohistochemically. FRα expression in EEC was found significantly high compared to EH and normal endometrium (P<0.01). Similarly, FRα expression in EH cases with complex atypia were significantly high compared to other hyperplasia subgroups (P<0.01). The findings of our results make us think that FRα overexpression may play a role in the EEC carcinogenesis and carcinoma progression from EH. Furthermore, we suggest that it can be helpful in the treatment of EEC and/or transition from hyperplasia stage to EEC as a molecular therapy targeting receptors labeled with antibody-based props containing FRα. Finally, we suggest that FRα may be used, based on the expression intensity, as a supplemental option to determine the patients that shall be directed to radical therapy amongst patients with complex atypical EH.

Comparable outcome between endometrioid and non-endometrioid tumors in patients with early-stage high-grade endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 25% of endometrial cancer patients present with high-grade tumors. Unlike the clearly defined work-up for non-endometrioid endometrial cancer, no consensus exists for surgical staging and adjuvant therapy in high-grade endometrioid endometrial cancer. We compared the recurrence rate and disease-related mortality (DRM) after treatment between endometrioid and non-endometrioid endometrial cancer. METHODS: A total of 123 patients diagnosed with early-stage high-grade endometrial cancer at the Dutch Comprehensive Cancer Centre South (CCCS) between January 2005 and December 2011 were included. All patients underwent abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Patient and tumor characteristics, primary and adjuvant treatment, and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 27.9 months, 27.6% (n = 34) of patients had recurrent disease. Distant recurrence rate was equal among endometrioid (14.5%), papillary serous (14.8%), and clear cell (15.4%) types. The total DRM was 15.4% (n = 19). The 5 year recurrence-free survival was not significantly different between early-stage high-grade endometrioid versus non-endometrioid endometrial cancer (P = 0.72). CONCLUSION: Distant recurrence and DRM was high in patients with endometrial cancer regardless of histological type, suggesting the need for different therapies in early-stage high-grade non-endometrioid and endometrioid tumors.