[Protestant clergymen among Hahnemann's clientele. Patient histories in letters]. / Evangelische Geistliche in Hahnemanns Patientenschaft. Krankengeschichten in Briefen.

As part of the research project, developments in the history of science and in the regional and ecclesiastic history of the late feudal petty state of Köthen-Anhalt have been assessed and numerous documents of the Nagel and Mühlenbein family histories examined that place the transcribed patient letters of the two Protestant clergymen within the context of the Hahnemann Archives. These findings complement and extend previous insights into Hahnemann's Köthen clientele, especially when it comes to the structure and milieu of the local clerical elite. Inspired by the interpretive methods of sequential textual analysis, form and content of the letters of the two clergymen and their relatives were also investigated as methodically structured lines of communication. The body of sources published here presents--embedded in the body-image (of sickness and health) prevalent at the time--the medical cultures of educated patients as well as the increasingly professionalized medical practices of Samuel Hahnemann in a flourishing urban doctor's surgery. The correspondence between the pastors Albert Wilhelm Gotthilf Nagel (1796-1835) and August Carl Ludwig Georg Mühlenbein (1797-1866), presented here in a standard edition, has been investigated at Fulda University as part of the project 'Homöopathisches Medicinieren zwischen alltäglicher Lebensführung und professioneller Praxis' ('Homeopathic medicine between everyday use and professional practice'). Of the altogether 78 transcribed documents, 53 are letters written by either of the two pastors, 16 are patient journals by Samuel Hahnemann, 9 letters by the pastors' wives and Mühlenbein's mother. The two series of letters, originally composed between 1831 and 1833 in old German cursive script, can now be used as sources for research into the history of homeopathy.

Sebastian Kneipp and the Natural Cure Movement of Germany: Between Naturalism and Modern Medicine.

This study discusses the historical significance of the Natural Cure Movement of Germany, centering on the Kneipp Cure, a form of hydrotherapy practiced by Father Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897). The Kneipp Cure rested on five main tenets: hydrotherapy, exercise, nutrition, herbalism, and the balance of mind and body. This study illuminates the reception of the Kneipp Cure in the context of the trilateral relationship among the Kneipp Cure, the Natural Cure Movement in general, and modern medicine. The Natural Cure Movement was ideologically based on naturalism, criticizing industrialization and urbanization. There existed various theories and methods in it, yet they shared holism and vitalism as common factors. The Natural Cure Movement of Germany began in the early 19th century. During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, it became merged in the Lebensreformbewegung (life reform movement) which campaigned for temperance, anti-tobacco, and anti-vaccination. The core of the Natural Cure Movement was to advocate the world view that nature should be respected and to recognize the natural healing powers of sunlight, air, water, etc. Among varied natural therapies, hydrotherapy spread out through the activities of some medical doctors and amateur healers such as Johann Siegmund Hahn and Vincenz Prie ßnitz. Later, the supporters of hydrotherapy gathered together under the German Society of Naturopathy. Sebastian Kneipp, one of the forefathers of hydrotherapy, is distinguished from other proponents of natural therapies in two aspects. First, he did not refuse to employ vaccination and medication. Second, he sought to be recognized by the medical world through cooperating with medical doctors who supported his treatment. As a result, the Kneipp cure was able to be gradually accepted into the medical world despite the "quackery" controversy between modern medicine and the Natural Cure Movement. Nowadays, the name of Sebastian Kneipp remains deeply engraved on the memories of German people through various Kneipp spa products, as well as his books such as My water Cure and Thus Shalt Thou Live! Wörishofen, where Kneipp had served as catholic priest as well as hydrotherapist for 42 years from 1855, changed its name to "Bad Wörishofen" ("Wörishofen Spa" in German). The Kneipp Cure and the Natural Cure Movement became a source of ecologica l thought which is currently gaining more and more sympathy from German people. It is regarded as a lieu de mémoire (site of memory) reflecting the collective identity of German people.

Reception of Homeopathy by the Hungarian Churches and Clericals during the 19-20. Centuries. / A prevenció gondolata az 1876. évi közegészségügyi törvényben..

This study gives a special overview of the history of homeopathy in Flungary focusing exclusively on the attitude of the Elungarian churches regarding this new healing method. Authors attempt to prove, that homeopathy actually was a system rooting in Christianity, and according to this fact several priests and eccelesiastical persons took part in the propagation of the method, especially during the 19. century. The essay lists the most important Flunga- rian homeopathic doctors with special regard on their close connections to Catholic priests or bishops and on homeopathic hospitals supported by Christian churches.

[The priest Sebastian Kneipp and his outlook on otorhinolaryngology diseases]. / Ks. Sebastian Kneipp i jego spojrzenie na choroby uszu, nosa, gardla i krtani.

The silhouettes of the Priest Sebastian Kneipp, one of the pioneers of world hydrotherapy are presented first of all. Impressions of Polish doctors Józef Surzycki and Wladyslaw Jasinski from this hydrotherapeutic institution are outlined. The Kneipp's hydrotherapeutic achievements in treatment of illness of ears, common cold, angina, diphtheria, hoarseness, vocal insufficiency are described in more detail.

Stars, demons and the body in fifteenth-century England.

In 1441, Eleanor Cobham, duchess of Gloucester, was arrested, together with three associates: Margery Jourdemayne, the 'Witch of Eye', Roger Bolingbroke, Oxford cleric and astrologer, and Thomas Southwell, MB, canon of St. Stephen's, Westminster. They were accused of plotting to kill King Henry VI by necromancy, but contemporary chronicles differed on the precise nature of their crime: had they summoned demons or cast an astrological chart? This paper explores the relationship between astrology and demonic magic, focusing on feelings, rites and apparatus, and perceptions that the more the practitioner's body was implicated in the divinatory procedure, the more likely it was to be illicit.

Present at the creation: the clinical pastoral movement and the origins of the dialogue between religion and psychiatry.

The contemporary dialogue between religion and psychiatry has its roots in what is called the clinical pastoral movement. The early leaders of the clinical pastoral movement (Anton Boisen, Elwood Worcester, Helen Flanders Dunbar, and Richard Cabot) were individuals of talent, even genius, whose lives and work intersected one another in the early decades of the twentieth century. Their legacy endures in the persons they inspired and continue to inspire and in the professional organizations and academic programs that profit from their pioneering work. To understand them and the era of their greatest productivity is to understand some of what psychiatry and religion have to say to each other. Appreciating their legacy requires attention to the context of historical movements and forces current in America at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century that shaped religious, psychiatric, and cultural discourse. This essay attempts to provide an introduction to this rich and fascinating material. This material was first presented as a Grand Rounds lecture at The New York Presbyterian Hospital, Payne Whitney Westchester in the Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College.

[The pastor Jean-Frederick Oberlin (1740-1826) and medicine. Scientific and human aspects]. / Le pasteur Jean-Frédéric Oberlin (1740-1826) et la médecine. Aspects scientifiques et humains.

J.Fr. Oberlin was a Lutheran clergyman in a remote valley of Vosges between Alsace and Lorraine. He is well-known for his numerous philantropic acrivities and his spiritual living. In his youth he acquired some knowledge in medicine and botany which allowed him to cure many people whose well-being and vitality improved during the 60 years of his life at the Ban de la Roche. He profited of progress of medicine in the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries and the exceptionnel botanical abundance of the valley. There are little information about the stock and the preparation of drugs but Oberlin is the source of a great liveliness for medical researchers about medicine of his epoch.

'An adept in medicine': the Reverend Dr William Laing, nervous complaints and the commodification of spa water.

This essay addresses mineral water as a medical, experimental and economic material. It focuses on the career of the Reverend Dr William Laing (1742-1812), a physician and cleric who wrote two pamphlets about the water of provincial spa located in Peterhead, a town on the north-east coast of Scotland. I begin by outlining his education and I then reconstruct the medical theory that guided his efforts to identify tonics in the well's water. Next, I explain why Laing and several other local inhabitants thought themselves to be authorities on the palliative power of the water and I close by showing how such effects were commodified by local entrepreneurs. Although I concentrate primarily upon Peterhead Spa, this study touches upon several issues relevant to the types of medical theory and chemical experimentation that were being used in provincial Scotland during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

[The first mention of physicians in Würzburg. An unknown indication to Ortolf of Baierland]. / Die Ersterwähnung von Arzten in Würzburg. Ein bislang unbekannter Hinweis auf den Wirkkreis Ortolfs von Baierland?

The oldest account book ever found for the Bavarian monastery of Aldersbach records the existence of physicians in the Episcopal city of Würzburg in 1291-2. The anonymous Cistercian monk who recorded this account wrote in detail about a few academic physicians, phisici. But there are also some rather interesting occurrences recorded in the book. The abbot of Aldersbach at the time, Henry, suffered from a rather severe illness, and the book allows us to follow the path of this illness to some medical authorities at the end of the 13th century. He met physicians in Würzburg and Paris, which was the centre of the medical field in Central Europe at the time. Ultimately no-one was able to help Henry, and in his last try to get medical help he looked to the highest of all physicians in the medieval thinking; Christ himself. He made a pilgrimage to the lacrimae Christi, a relic probably presented in Regensburg, but died on the 26th of September 1295.

[Studies on the development of the medical occupational image in Egypt's early times]. / Studien zur entwicklung des ärztlichen berufsbildes in der frühzeit Agyptens.

Shamanism in pre-dynastic Egypt, practise by Sem-priests, combines social, psycho-hygienic and para-medical elements of both Near-Eastern and African provenance. These activities, which included health care and medical prophylaxes, were organised by highly qualified advisors of the Pharaoh with the establishment of Egyptian state religion. Their aim was to protect the rulers against his "enemies". These enemies included illnesses of all kinds, as well as injuries to health caused by impure food. The importance of this task is emphasised by the fact that it was usually the eldest son of the Pharoah who was responsible for the correct performance of the royal rituals, which included these medical aspects. Changes in religious concepts made these special advisors and priests superfluous. They took over other tasks in the funeral service of the Pharaoh or were included in the professional group of physicians, known from the time of the pyramids as "Sahkmet-priests", i.e. medical specialists. They were particularly responsible for precautionary measures against epidemics and for curing snake and scorpion bites. They created the first medical papyri and established the legal foundation for the medical care of the inhabitants of Egypt by royal order.

Our heels are praying very hard all day.

In this article, prayer is represented not as a single or individual action, but as an entirely integrated part of nursing work. Case examples from American, Irish, and Australian Catholic women's religious congregations who nursed in hospitals in the 19th century are used to analyze the significance of prayer to Catholic sisters' nursing. The issue highlighted in this historical examination of prayer is the power of the sickroom (particularly the deathbed scene) in the battle for souls. Sisters' prayers functioned as invitations to religious experiences and means for patients to meet God. Although based on an ancient religion that embraced medieval notions of penance and Counter-Reformation evangelism through good works, sisters' practices, in the turmoil of 19th-century immigration and social upheaval, contributed greatly to the production of the modern hospital and the modern nurse.