Application of two-dimensional reversed phase countercurrent chromatography × high-performance liquid chromatography to bioactivity-guided screening and isolation of α-glucosidase inhibitors from Rheum palmatum L.

In the present work, comprehensive two-dimensional reversed-phase countercurrent chromatography × reversed-phase liquid chromatography combined (2D RPCCC × RPLC) with 2D microfraction bioactive evaluation was employed to screen and isolate α-glucosidase inhibitors from Rheum palmatum L. Countercurrent chromatography was employed to improve 2D analysis and preparative separation. A selected biphasic solvent system composed of petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/methanol/water with gradient elution mode was used for the first dimension RPCCC separation (1D RPCCC). Solid-phase extraction was applied to eliminate interfering polar compounds before the second dimension analysis (2D RPLC). 76 components were shown in 2D contour plot in UV 280 nm. 11 Candidates were separated by a scaled-up CCC and identified by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, including anthraquinones, flavonoids, stilbenes, phenols, and glucoside derivatives. In addition, it was found that two components, resveratrol-4'-O-(6″-galloyl)glucoside (36) and lyciumaside (43) were identified as natural α-glucosidase inhibitors in Rheum palmatum L. for the first time.

Rapid identification of the compounds of Bushen Huoxue Prescription based on offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry and molecular network technology.

The comprehensive and efficient characterization of components in traditional Chinese medicine is crucial for elucidating its active constituents and uncovering its mechanism. Identifying the compounds of the Bushen Huoxue Prescription (BHP) is difficult because of its complex composition and the large difference in concentration among its compounds. In this study, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with reversed-phase LC (HILIC × RPLC) offline 2D-LC tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry method was established to analyze the total compounds of the BHP. Database screening and molecular networking were performed to identify the compounds. In contrast to conventional 1D chromatography, 2D chromatography increased peak capacity, enriched trace ingredients, and prevented the masking of high-abundance compounds. A total of 165 compounds were identified, and 14 potential compounds needed to be further identified. This study provided an effective method for comprehensively analyzing the complex system of traditional Chinese medicine compounds.

The Effect of Milling on the Ethanolic Extract Composition of Dried Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Shells.

This study investigates the ethanolic extract of dried walnut (Juglans regia L.) shells upon hammer milling (HM) and ball milling (BM) grinding processes. Marked differences were observed in the attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra. The two extracts were investigated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry (RPLC-ESI-HRMS). Following enzymatic digestion, the fatty acids (FAs) were examined, and tandem MS of epoxidized species was applied to establish the C-C double bond position; the most abundant species were FA 18:2 Δ9,12, FA 18:1 Δ9, and FA 18:3 Δ9,12,15. However, no significant qualitative differences were observed between FAs in the two samples. Thus, the presence of potential active secondary metabolites was explored, and more than 30 phenolic compounds, including phenols, ellagic acid derivatives, and flavonoids, were found. Interestingly, the HM samples showed a high concentration of ellagitannins and hydrolyzable tannins, which were absent in the BM sample. These findings corroborate the greater phenolic content in the HM sample, as evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Among the others, the occurrence of lanceoloside A at m/z 391.1037 [C19H20O9-H]-, and a closely related benzoyl derivate at m/z 405.1190 (C20H22O9-H]-), was ascertained. The study provides valuable information that highlights the significance of physical pre-treatments, such as mill grinding, in shaping the composition of extracts, with potential applications in the biorefinery or pharmaceutical industries.

Reversed HILIC Gradient: A Powerful Strategy for On-Line Comprehensive 2D-LC.

The aim of the present work is to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of reversed hydrophilic interaction chromatography (revHILIC) mode in liquid chromatography (LC). This chromatographic mode consists of combining a highly polar stationary phase (bare silica) with a gradient varying from very low (1-5%) to high (40%) acetonitrile content (reversed gradient compared to HILIC). The retention behavior of revHILIC was first compared with that of reversed-phase LC (RPLC) and HILIC using representative mixtures of peptides and pharmaceutical compounds. It appears that the achievable selectivity can be ranked in the order RPLC > revHILIC > HILIC with the two different samples. Next, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) conditions were evaluated by combining RPLC, revHILIC, or HILIC with RPLC in an on-line comprehensive (LC × LC) mode. evHILIC × RPLC not only showed impressive performance in terms of peak capacity and sensitivity, but also provided complementary selectivity compared to RPLC × RPLC and HILIC × RPLC. Indeed, both the elution order and the retention time range differ significantly between the three techniques. In conclusion, there is no doubt that revHILIC should be considered as a viable option for 2D-LC analysis of small molecules and also peptides.

Nontargeted Screening for Flavonoids in Salicornia Plant by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Orbitrap Data-Dependent MS2/MS3.

The Salicornia genus has great potential in agrifood industries because of its nutritional benefits related to its high content of antioxidant compounds, including flavonoids. A nontargeted method based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray orbitrap data-dependent MS2/MS3 and the fragment ion search (FISh) strategy was developed to screen flavonoids in Salicornia plants. An extensive study of fragmentation of a set of flavonoid standards allowed for the definition of 15 characteristic fragment ions for flagging flavonoids in the plant matrix. The nontargeted analysis was applied to Salicornia europaea species and allowed for the annotation of 25 candidate flavonoids, including 14 that had not been reported previously. Structural prediction of two unreported flavonoids and their isomeric forms was based on an advanced data processing method using an in silico approach and in-house databases compiling flavonoid-specific chemical substitution. Finally, the method developed allowed for the optimization of extraction yields of flavonoids from the plant matrix.

On-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography x supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry: A powerful tool for the characterization of advanced biofuels.

Bio-oils obtained by thermochemical or biochemical conversion of biomass represent a promising source of energy to complement fossil fuels, in particular for maritime or air transport for which the use of hydrogen or electricity appears complicated. As these bio-oils are very rich in water and heteroatoms, additional treatments are necessary before they can be used as biofuel. In order to improve the efficiency of these treatments, it is important to have a thorough knowledge of the composition of the bio-oil. The characterization of bio-oils is difficult because they are very complex mixtures with thousands of compounds covering a very wide range of molecular weight and polarity. Due to the high degree of orthogonality between the two chromatographic dimensions, the on-line combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography (on-line RPLC x SFC) can significantly improve the characterization of such complex matrices. The hyphenation was optimized by selecting, in SFC, the stationary phase, the co-solvent, the make-up solvent prior to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and the injection solvent. Additionally, a new interface configuration is described. Quality descriptors such as the occupation of the separation space, the peak shapes and the signal intensity were considered to determine the optimal conditions. The best results were obtained with bare silica, a co-solvent composed of acetonitrile and methanol (50/50, v/v), a make-up solvent composed of methanol (90%) and water (10%) with formic acid (0.1%), an addition of co-solvent through an additional pump for SFC separation in a 2.1 mm column, and an hydro-organic solvent as injection solvent. The optimized setup was used to analyze two microalgae bio-oils: the full bio-oil coming from hydrothermal liquefaction and Soxhlet extraction of microalgae, and the gasoline cut obtained after distillation of the full bio-oil. Results in on-line RPLC x SFC-qTOF were particularly interesting, with very good peak shapes and high reproducibility. Moreover, the high degree of orthogonality for microalgae bio-oils of RPLC and SFC was highlighted by the very large occupation of the separation space. Isomeric profiles of compound families could be obtained in RPLC x SFC-qTOF and many isomers not separated in SFC alone were separated in RPLC and vice versa, thus showing the complementarity of the two chromatographic techniques.

Screening of trypsin inhibitors in Cotinus coggygria Scop. extract using at-line nanofractionation coupled with semi-preparative reverse-phase liquid chromatography.

In this study, an at-line nanofractionation (ANF) platform was successfully fabricated in parallel with mass spectrometry and trypsin inhibitory bioactivity assessment for rapid screening of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) from natural products for the first time. After systematic optimization, the ANF platform was applied to screen and identify TIs in the extract of a traditional Chinese herb, i.e., Cotinus coggygria Scop. The semi-preparative reverse-phase liquid chromatography was used subsequently to further simplify and enrich the insufficiently separated components. After comprehensive evaluation and validation, the ANF platform successfully identified 12 compounds as potential TIs, including 8 flavonoids and 2 organic acids. Additionally, a comparison study was conducted using two other ligand fishing approaches, i.e., capillary monolithic and magnetic beads-based trypsin-immobilized enzyme microreactors, which successfully identified 8 identical flavonoids as TIs. Importantly, the molecular docking study showed the molecular interactions between enzymes and inhibitors, thus strongly supporting the experimental results. Overall, this work has fully demonstrated the feasibility of the established ANF platform for screening TIs from Cotinus coggygria Scop., and proved its great prospects for screening bioactive components from natural products.

Analytical quality-by-design (AQbD) approach for comprehensive analysis of bioactive compounds from Citrus peel wastes by UPLC.

The growing interest in ingredients from natural sources has expanded the need for quality assessments of plant extracts. Analytical quality-by-design (AQbD) has been increasingly applied in regulated environments such as pharmaceutical industries and, more recently, for the bioactive compounds found in botanical materials. This work aimed to obtain qualitative (overall resolution and maximum peak capacity) and quantitative performances for target analytes using AQbD principles. The analytical target profile was elaborated; critical method parameters (independent variables) that affect the critical method attributes (dependent variables) were selected from a risk assessment for a reversed-phase liquid chromatography with diode array detection (RPLC-DAD) method. YMC-Triart C18 (3.0 × 100 mm, 1.9 µm) and a gradient elution using 0.2% acetic acid and methanol:acetonitrile 1:3 (v/v) were chosen as the stationary and mobile phases, respectively. The optimal and robust conditions (temperature at 33.3 °C, flow rate of 0.68 mL.min-1, and a gradient slope of 4.18%.min-1) were established by the method operable design region (MODR). The validation was performed by accuracy profiles using 90% expectation tolerance intervals for the selected compounds found in Citrus spp. using C. japonica as blank matrix. The lower limits of quantification for hesperidin, bergapten, herniarin, and citropten were 5.32, 0.40, 0.49, and 0.52 mg.L-1, respectively (acceptance limit was set at ± 20%). Nobiletin did not show an adequate quantitative performance.

Integration of offline two-dimensional chromatography and mass defect filtering-based precursor ion list data acquisition for targeted characterization of diterpenoid alkaloids in the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii.

The hyphenated technique of offline two-dimensional (2D) chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was an efficient tool for separation and characterization of components in complex systems such as herbal medicines, especially those co-eluting components or isomers. In this study, we constructed the ultra-performance convergence chromatography (UPC2) × reversed phase (RP) chromatographic separation system and developed a mass defect filtering (MDF)-based precursor ion list (PIL) acquisition method to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of this technique, and the systematic characterization of diterpenoid alkaloids in the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii (namely "Fuzi" in Chinese) was used as an example. The constructed offline 2D separation system showed a good orthogonality of 0.77. Besides, the in-house databases for known and predicted C19- and C20-diterpenoid alkaloids were established by molecular design in Compound Discoverer software for MS data matching and filtering, and two MDF windows were further constructed to screen out more potential diterpenoid alkaloids with novel structures and to obtain the PIL (mass range: even values between 298 and 1020 Da, parent mass width: ±100 mDa) for data acquisition by calculating the m/z values of potential ions using mass range and corresponding mass defect in the MDF windows. In addition, an integrative structure interpretation strategy was developed by integrating elemental composition analysis, ring double bond analysis, neutral loss filtering, diagnostic ion filtering and database matching, etc. As a result, a total of 659 components in the lateral roots of A. carmichaelii were exposed and characterized, including 526 potential new compounds. This strategy showed significant advantages in improving the coverage and selectivity of screening, and could also be applied in systematic characterization of components in other herbal medicines.

An enhanced analytical strategy integrating offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography with high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry and molecular networking: Comprehensive characterization of HuangLian JieDu Decoction as a case study.

Comprehensive ingredient research is of great significance for understanding the effective material basis of herbal medicines, but due to the diversity and complexity of their phytochemicals, such research is challenging. Here, a multifaceted strategy was proposed to analyze and identify the composition of HuangLian JieDu Decoction based on offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet detection and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multiple components were separated by two-dimensional liquid chromatography, which consisted of hydrophilic interaction chromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography, and then further characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry with a full mass spectrometry/precursor ion list/data-dependent secondary scan data acquisition method. For data processing, database screening and molecular networking were used to identify the components in HuangLian JieDu Decoction. The offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet detection and a high-resolution mass spectrometry system showed good orthogonality of 76.35% and a high peak capacity of 5175, effectively separating multiple components. Finally, 527 compounds, including 164 alkaloids, 133 terpenoids, 88 flavonoids, 60 phenylpropanoids, 38 organic acids, and 44 other compounds, were characterized. This integrated approach is suitable for the comprehensive characterization of herbal medicines and other complex chemical systems.

The compound-independent calibration of five selenium species in rice using ion-pairing reversed phase chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry.

An enzyme-assisted extraction and an ion pairing reversed phase chromatography (IP-RPC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) method were established for the simultaneous analysis of five selenium species in rice: selenious acid (SeIV), selenic acid (SeVI), selenocystine (SeCys2), methylselenocysteine (SeMeCys) and selenomethionine (SeMet). Optimal extraction efficiencies were obtained by using 15 mg protease XIV, water bath temperature of 45°C, pH of 6.5 and incubation of six hours. The total extracted Se species account for 92.5-109.3 % of the total Se in rice. The instrumental limits of detection for five selenium species ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 ng Se g-1. Spike recovery experiments performed on rice samples were in the range of 96.1-102.9 % for all analytes except for SeCys2 (66.1-77.1 %). A consistency of Se elemental response was observed among Se species analyzed in this study as the ratio of linear equation slope ranged from 1.020 to 1.036 (SeIV as reference) in rice matrix. The developed compound-independent calibration method was applied to detect Se species in eleven rice samples from China. Both selenium-enriched rice and regular rice were predominated with SeMet, accounting for ∼89.4 % of total selenium.

Creating optimized peptide libraries for AMP discovery via PepSAVI-MS.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are host defense peptides with a range of functions/activities/modes of action that are ubiquitously expressed across all forms of life. Continued discovery of novel AMPs presents exciting opportunities to address evolving resistance to existing treatments in multiple fields, including agricultural pathogens/pests as well as antimicrobial and chemotherapeutics for human health. However, typical discovery methods including bioassay-guided fractionation and genome mining generally lack the capacity for robust AMP discovery in non-model/unsequenced organisms. PepSAVI-MS (Statistically guided bioactive peptides prioritized via mass spectrometry) was developed as an AMP discovery approach that addresses some of the limitations associated with these standard methods. PepSAVI-MS is a multi-pronged pipeline that includes peptide library creation, bioactivity screening, LC-MS analysis, and statistical modeling for putative AMP identification. The original implementation of PepSAVI-MS outlined strategies for the fractionation of plant extracts with strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX). Herein, we elaborate on recent improvements to peptide library creation through the use of orthogonal fractionation methods, specifically crude SCX chromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). This optimization of the "peptide library creation" step has demonstrated improvements for processing and AMP identifications via PepSAVI-MS.

Discrimination of Adulterated Ginkgo Biloba Products Based on 2T2D Correlation Spectroscopy in UV-Vis Range.

Ginkgo biloba is a popular medicinal plant widely used in numerous herbal products, including food supplements. Due to its popularity and growing economic value, G. biloba leaf extract has become the target of economically motivated adulterations. There are many reports about the poor quality of ginkgo products and their adulteration, mainly by adding flavonols, flavonol glycosides, or extracts from other plants. In this work, we developed an approach using two-trace two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2T2D COS) in UV-Vis range combined with multilinear principal component analysis (MPCA) to detect potential adulteration of twenty G. biloba food supplements. UV-Vis spectral data are obtained for 80% methanol and aqueous extracts in the range of 245-410 nm. Three series of two-dimensional correlation spectra were interpreted by visual inspection and using MPCA. The proposed relatively quick and straightforward approach successfully differentiated supplements adulterated with rutin or those lacking ginkgo leaf extract. Supporting information about adulteration was obtained from the difference between the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of both extracts and from chromatographic (HPLC-DAD) fingerprints of methanolic samples.

Development of a sub-hour on-line comprehensive cation exchange chromatography x RPLC method hyphenated to HRMS for the characterization of lysine-linked antibody-drug conjugates.

This study details the development of on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) methods combining cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for the separation of the charge variants of a lysine-linked antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). This combination gives an excellent example of the potential benefits of 2D-LC approaches for the analysis of such complex protein formats. CEX is considered the reference technique for the separation of protein charge variants but its retention mechanism usually requires the use of a high concentration of non-volatile salts, which impedes its compatibility with MS detection. In this context, the use of an on-line 2D-LC-MS approach not only allows on-line desalting and indirect coupling of CEX with mass spectrometry (MS) detection but it also provides increased and complementary information within a single analysis. The first part of this study was devoted to the choice of stationary phases and the optimization of chromatographic conditions in both dimensions. Based on the results obtained in 1D-CEX with ultraviolet detection (UV) and 1D-RPLC with UV and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detections, an on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography method combining CEX and RPLC was developed. The last part of this study was devoted to the identification of the separated species using HRMS detection and in the comparison of three ADC samples exposed to different durations of thermal stress.

On-line 2D-RPLC x RPLC - HRMS to assess wastewater treatment in a pharmaceutical plant.

Pharmaceutical effluents are complex media containing hundreds of compounds including active ingredients, intermediate products and unknown impurities. Bringing an industrial wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) into compliance with European directives requires a thorough analysis of the effluent. In this study, we demonstrate how online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (on-line LC × LC) hyphenated to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) can be a powerful analytical methodology to monitoring the outlet water, by analysing the content of known molecules while characterizing unknown compounds. Reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) was used in both dimensions, with a penta-fluoro-phenyl silica-based column at neutral pH in the first dimension (1D) and a C18 column at acidic pH in the second one (2D). The conditions were optimized for a total analysis time of 60 min. The variability of both retention times and peak areas was evaluated. The average standard deviation on retention times was found to be less than 0.1 s in 2D. The relative standard deviation on peak area was about 7% for run-to-run analysis. This analytical approach, applied to the pharmaceutical effluents before (inlet) and after (outlet) wastewater treatment permitted to detect 240 compounds. These included 27 priority pharmaceutical products, 8 of which were of very high priority and their concentrations could be compared to target values. The comparison of 2D-LC and 1D-LC approaches clearly highlights the power of on-line RPLC x RPLC technique, which allows both targeted quantitative analysis and non-targeted qualitative analysis of pharmaceutical effluents.

In-depth phytochemical and biological studies on potential AChE inhibitors in red and zigzag clover dry extracts using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) coupled with photodiode array (PDA) and electron spray ionization-quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometric (ESI-QToF/MS-MS) detection and thin-layer chromatography-bioautography.

In the study, Trifolium medium L. and T. pratense L. were used to obtain lyophilisates which were named as TML and TPL, respectively. The former clover taxon represents a little explored species, while the latter one is often found in dietary supplements and functional foods due to the content of isoflavones that alleviate various menopausal symptoms. Detailed phytochemical profiles of both lyophilisates were examined and compared using coupled chromatographic (RP-LC) and spectroscopic PDA/ESI-QToF/MS-MS methods. A total of 54 and 55 compounds were identified in TML and TPL, respectively. Close chemotaxonomic similarities were confirmed for both clover taxa examined, especially in terms of the most abundant isoflavones and hydroxycinnamates. For the first time, neurotropic polyphenols (AChE inhibitors) were identified in clover extracts using TLC-bioautography. In this group, caffeoylmalic acid exhibited significant AChE inhibitory effect confirming the potential of TPL and TML to support physiological functions of the endocrine and nervous systems.

Green NP-HPTLC and green RP-HPTLC methods for the determination of thymoquinone: A contrast of validation parameters and greenness assessment.

INTRODUCTION: Thymoquinone (TQ) is a naturally derived bioactive compound with several therapeutic effects. OBJECTIVE: The highly sensitive, rapid and green normal-phase (NP)/reversed-phase (RP) high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) densitometry technique was developed for the determination of TQ in various plant extracts of different geographical regions, commercial capsules, creams and essential oils. METHODOLOGY: The NP densitometry estimation of TQ was performed using a cyclohexane-ethyl acetate (90:10, v/v) green solvent system, while, the RP-densitometry estimation of TQ was performed using an ethanol-water (80:20, v/v) green solvent system. The estimation of TQ was conducted at 259 nm. RESULTS: The NP and RP densitometry techniques were observed linear in the range of 25-1000 and 50-600 ng/band, respectively. All validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, robustness and sensitivity of NP/RP densitometry were observed within the limit of regulatory requirements and hence found to be suitable for the determination of TQ. The TQ contents were found to be highest in the Saudi Arabian extract followed by the Syrian extract, Indian extract, commercial capsules, commercial creams, Jordanian extract, Egyptian extract, Palestinian extract and commercial essential oils using NP densitometry. The TQ contents were found in same order using RP densitometry, but they were much lower than those recorded using NP densitometry. The Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) scores of NP and RP densitometry were found to be 0.82 and 0.84, respectively, suggesting an excellent greenness profile. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, NP/RP densitometry was found to be suitable for the pharmaceutical assay of TQ.

A Direct MS-Based Approach to Profile Human Milk Secretory Immunoglobulin A (IgA1) Reveals Donor-Specific Clonal Repertoires With High Longitudinal Stability.

Recently, a mass spectrometry-based approach was introduced to directly assess the IgG1 immunoglobulin clonal repertoires in plasma. Here we expanded upon this approach by describing a mass spectrometry-based technique to assess specifically the clonal repertoire of another important class of immunoglobulin molecules, IgA1, and show it is efficiently and robustly applicable to either milk or plasma samples. Focusing on two individual healthy donors, whose milk was sampled longitudinally during the first 16 weeks of lactation, we demonstrate that the total repertoire of milk sIgA1 is dominated by only 50-500 clones, even though the human body theoretically can generate several orders of magnitude more clones. We show that in each donor the sIgA1 repertoire only changes marginally and quite gradually over the monitored 16-week period of lactation. Furthermore, the observed overlap in clonal repertoires between the two individual donors is close to non-existent. Mothers provide protection to their newborn infants directly by the transfer of antibodies via breastfeeding. The approach introduced here, can be used to visualize the clonal repertoire transferred from mother to infant and to detect changes in-time in that repertoire adapting to changes in maternal physiology.

[A novel alkaloid from Corydalis tomentella].

The chemical constituents in the ethyl acetate extract of Corydalis tomentella was isolated and purified with normal and reversed phase silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20, MCI, and semi-preparative HPLC. The compound structures were identified based on spectroscopic experiments and reported papers. Finally, eighteen compounds(1-18) were obtained from C. tomentella, including 17 alkaloids and 1 terpenoid. Among them, compound 1(tomentellaine A) was a novel alkaloid. Compounds 2-5, 7-14, and 16-18 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Psycho-cardiology therapeutic effects of Shuangxinfang in rats with depression-behavior post acute myocardial infarction: Focus on protein S100A9 from proteomics.

BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders induced by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) play a pivotal role in the deterioration of cardiac function, and Shuangxinfang (Psycho-cardiology Formula, PCF) was reported to alleviate heart function damage and improve depression-like behavior, but the complex mechanism in such process has not been clarified. METHODS: AMI models were established and PCF was administered in rats. Subjects were then assessed in open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST) recapitulating symptoms of depressive disorder. Afterward, pharmacoproteomic profiling of the hippocampus and peri-infarct border zone (BZ) was performed using a label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique, to identify contributing proteins and pathways responsible for myocardial ischemia and behavioral allostasis. Bioinformatics analysis was processed for further investigation, while western blotting was employed for testing dominating proteins to validate proteomic results. RESULTS: Rats in the AMI group showed depression-like behavior in OFT and FST, which was improved by PCF. There were 131 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in BZ and 64 proteins in the hippocampus being detected and quantified shared by the sham group, the AMI group, and the PCF group. Subsequently, pertinent pathways and molecular functions were further identified. Altered molecules were discovered to be enriched in the apoptotic process, innate immune response, and NF-κB transcription factor activity in BZ, as well as chemical synaptic transmission, axon, collagen binding, cell adhesion, response to carbohydrate, laminin binding, and cellular response to nitric oxide in the hippocampus. Groups of signal transducers were also able to select multiple pathways, including innate immunity and arginine biosynthesis in the heart, also integrin signaling in the brain. DEPs were intersected from the myocardium and hippocampus to screen out the protein S100A9, which was up-regulated in the AMI group compared with the sham, and showed a down-regulation trend after treatment with PCF. CONCLUSION: Taken together, we present a comprehensive proteomics analysis of rat models with depression post-AMI. Reviewing the literatures concerned, it's hypothesized that macrophage/microglia inflammation mediated by S100A9 might be the pivotal pathogenic process of psycho-cardiology disease, as well as potential mechanisms for the treatment of PCF.