RESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hyperglycemia (HG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) often promote superoxide accumulation, which may increase oxidative stress. Reducing superoxide production in hyperglycemia and the inflammatory condition is an emerging way to reduce protein and lipid oxidation and diabetes complication. AIM OF STUDY: To examine the effect of Agastache foeniculum essential oil (AFEO) and oil fraction (AFoil) on HG- and LPS-stimulated oxidative stress, the pathogenicity of AFEO and AFoil on oxidative stress was assessed. METHODS: The stimulatory effects of AFEO and AFoil on the activity and expression of NADH oxide (NOX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the expression of nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) in the stimulated macrophage cell line, J774.A1, was studied. The interaction patterns of AFEO and AFoil components with NOX, SOD, CAT, NRF2, and NF-kB proteins were also deduced using molecular docking. RESULTS: Estragole was the main ingredient in AFEO (97%). Linolenic acid (32.10%), estragole (16.22%), palmitic acid (12.62%), linoleic acid (12.04%), and oleic acid (8.73%) were the major chemical components of the AFoil. NOX activation was stimulated in macrophage cells by HG and LPS. At 20 µg/mL, AFEO and AFoil decreased NOX activity while increased SOD and CAT activities in stimulated macrophages. AFoil with estragole and omega-3 fatty acids was better than AFEO with estragole in anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidative activity. According to molecular docking research, estragole, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid bind to different hydrophobic pockets of NOX, SOD, CAT, NFR2, and NF-kB using hydrogen bonds, van der Waals bonds, pi-alkyl, and pi-anion interactions, with different binding energies. CONCLUSION: AFEO and AFoil showed antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity. The mechanisms in lowering oxidative stress markers depended on down-regulating superoxide-producing enzymes and up-regulating superoxide-removing enzymes at gene and protein levels. The AFoil emulsion can be used to reduce the detrimental impacts of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress.
Asunto(s)
Agastache/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Derivados de Alilbenceno/química , Derivados de Alilbenceno/farmacología , Animales , Anisoles/química , Anisoles/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Catalasa/genética , Catalasa/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Ácido Linoleico/química , Ácido Linoleico/farmacología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Complejos Multienzimáticos/química , Complejos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , NADH NADPH Oxidorreductasas/química , NADH NADPH Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Aceites Volátiles/química , Estrés Oxidativo , Aceites de Plantas/química , Conformación Proteica , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/química , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Hedyosmum racemosum (Ruiz & Pav.) G. is a native species of Ecuador used in traditional medicine for treatment of rheumatism, bronchitis, cold, cough, asthma, bone pain, and stomach pain. In this study, fresh H. racemosum leaves of male and female specimens were collected and subjected to hydrodistillation for the extraction of the essential oil. The chemical composition of male and female essential oil was determined by gas chromatography-gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and coupled to a mass spectrometer using a non-polar and a polar chromatographic column. The antibacterial activity was assayed against five Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria, and two dermatophytes fungi. The scavenging radical properties of the essential oil were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. The chemical analysis allowed us to identify forty-three compounds that represent more than 98% of the total composition. In the non-polar and polar column, α-phellandrene was the principal constituent in male (28.24 and 25.90%) and female (26.47 and 23.90%) essential oil. Other main compounds were methyl chavicol, germacrene D, methyl eugenol, and α-pinene. Female essential oil presented a strong activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 9997) with an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 500 µg/mL and a scavenging capacity SC50 of 800 µg/mL.