RESUMEN
Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) is a key pathogen involved in the development and progression of acne inflammation. The numerous bioactive properties of wild bitter melon (WBM) leaf extract and their medicinal applications have been recognized for many years. In this study, we examined the suppressive effect of a methanolic extract (ME) of WBM leaf and fractionated components thereof on live C. acnes-induced in vitro and in vivo inflammation. Following methanol extraction of WBM leaves, we confirmed anti-inflammatory properties of ME in C. acnes-treated human THP-1 monocyte and mouse ear edema models. Using a bioassay-monitored isolation approach and a combination of liquid-liquid extraction and column chromatography, the ME was then separated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water-soluble fractions. The hexane fraction exerted the most potent anti-inflammatory effect, suppressing C. acnes-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by 36%. The ethanol-soluble fraction (ESF), which was separated from the n-hexane fraction, significantly inhibited C. acnes-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated cellular IL-8 production. Similarly, the ESF protected against C. acnes-stimulated mouse ear swelling, as measured by ear thickness (20%) and biopsy weight (23%). Twenty-four compounds in the ESF were identified using gas chromatograph-mass spectrum (GC/MS) analysis. Using co-cultures of C. acnes and THP-1 cells, ß-ionone, a compound of the ESF, reduced the production of IL-1ß and IL-8 up to 40% and 18%, respectively. ß-ionone also reduced epidermal microabscess, neutrophilic infiltration and IL-1ß expression in mouse ear. We also found evidence of the presence of anti-inflammatory substances in an unfractionated phenolic extract of WBM leaf, and demonstrated that the ESF is a potential anti-inflammatory agent for modulating in vitro and in vivo C. acnes-induced inflammatory responses.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/química , Momordica charantia/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Propionibacteriaceae/patogenicidad , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Edema/microbiología , Edema/patología , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Momordica charantia/metabolismo , Monocitos/citología , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/metabolismo , Monocitos/microbiología , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismoRESUMEN
Medicinal and aromatic plants contribute to major portion of the flora. The plant materials obtained from these plants are used in the pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and drug industries. Tamarix dioica is locally used in the management of splenic and hepatic inflammation as well as diuretic and carminative. It also possesses cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity. The present study investigates the anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities of the crude methanolic extract from Tamarix dioica. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured by Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema and Xylene Induced Ear Edema methods. Pyrexia induction with Brewer's yeast assay was used to determine antipyretic activity and analgesic activity was estimated by acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate methods. The data indicated that anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities of the crude methanolic extract from Tamarix dioica was dose and time dependent when measured by different assays. Exposure of model animal to increasing concentrations of the plant extract for longer period increased their anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities. Significantly highest anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities were noted at highest doses of the crude methanolic extract for longer exposure compared with their respective controls.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antipiréticos/farmacología , Tamaricaceae/química , Ácido Acético/farmacología , Analgésicos/química , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antipiréticos/química , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Edema/microbiología , Femenino , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Metanol/química , Fitoterapia/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Bazo/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Acne vulgaris (acne) is a common inflammatory skin disorder, and Propionibacterium acnes plays a major role in the development and progression of acne inflammation. Herbs possessing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity have been applied as a medical option for centuries. In this study, we examined the suppressive effect of ethanolic oregano (Origanum vulgare) extract on live P. acnes-induced in vivo and in vitro inflammation. Following ethanol extraction of oregano leaves, four compounds with strong antioxidant activity, including rosmarinic acid, quercetin, apigenin, and carvacrol, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Using the mouse ear edema model, we demonstrated that ethanol oregano extracts (EOE) significantly suppressed P. acnes-induced skin inflammation, as measured by ear thickness (32%) and biopsy weight (37%). In a separate study, using the co-culture of P. acnes and human THP-1 monocytes, EOE reduced the production of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α up to 40%, 37%, and 18%, respectively, as well as the expression of these three pro-inflammatory mediators at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, EOE inhibited the translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) into the nucleus possibly by inactivating toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2). The suppressive effect of EOE on live P. acnes-induced inflammatory responses could be due, in part, to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but not the anti-microbial effect of EOE.
Asunto(s)
Oído/patología , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Etanol/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Monocitos/microbiología , Origanum/química , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Propionibacterium acnes/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Línea Celular , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Edema/microbiología , Edema/patología , Humanos , Inflamación/microbiología , Inflamación/patología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/patología , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Erysipelas is a common skin infection involving the lymphatic vessels, which induces an oedema. This has a tendency of persisting after infection is treated. The lymphatic system plays an important role in the immune system, and the impaired lymph drainage leads to a state of local immune deficiency. This is essential to the pathogenesis of recurrent erysipelas, as each episode of erysipelas further damages the lymphatic system and increases the risk of a new infection. This vicious circle makes it important to treat both erysipelas and oedema appropriately to reduce recurrence and morbidity.
Asunto(s)
Vendajes de Compresión , Edema/terapia , Erisipela/terapia , Índice Tobillo Braquial , Antibacterianos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Edema/complicaciones , Edema/microbiología , Erisipela/complicaciones , Erisipela/diagnóstico , Erisipela/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Recurrencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Acne is a common skin condition with sebum overproduction, hyperkeratosis, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus, and inflammation. Punica granatum (pomegranate) is well-known for its anti-inflammatory effects; however, few studies have discussed the anti-acne effects of pomegranate. In this study, we found that pomegranate extract (PG-E) significantly reduced P. acnes-induced edema in Wistar rat ears. Therefore, an evaluation platform using multiple pathogenic mechanisms of acne was established to explore the anti-acne effects of pomegranate. Results showed that PG-E inhibited bacterial growth and lipase activity. Through a bioguided-fractionation-isolation system, four hydrolysable tannins, punicalagin (1), punicalin (2), strictinin A (3), and granatin B (4), were isolated. Compounds 1 and 2 had greater anti-bacterial activities and anti-testosterone-induced HaCaT proliferative effects than the others. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 displayed lipase inhibitory effects. Compound 4 decreased cyclooxygenase-2 expression and downregulated prostaglandin E2 production in heat-killed P. acnes-treated RAW 246.7 cells. In conclusion, PG-E is abundant in hydrolysable tannins that display multiple anti-acne capacities, including anti-bacterial, anti-lipase, anti-keratinocyte proliferation, and anti-inflammatory actions. Hence, PG-E has great potential in the application of anti-acne and skin-care products, and punicalagin (1), the most effective component in PG-E, can be employed as a quality control marker.
Asunto(s)
Acné Vulgar/prevención & control , Edema/prevención & control , Lythraceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Acné Vulgar/microbiología , Animales , Línea Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Oído/patología , Edema/microbiología , Femenino , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Queratinocitos/citología , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Lipasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipasa/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiología , Ratones , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Propionibacterium acnes/efectos de los fármacos , Propionibacterium acnes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Propionibacterium acnes/fisiología , Ratas Wistar , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Staphylococcus aureus/ultraestructura , Taninos/química , Taninos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pharmaceutical industry demands innovation for developing new molecules to improve effectiveness and safety of therapeutic medicines. Preclinical assays are the first tests performed to evaluate new therapeutic molecules using animal models. Currently, there are several models for evaluation of treatments, for dermal oedema or infection. However, the most common or usual way is to induce the inflammation with chemical substances instead of infectious agents. On the other hand, this kind of models require the implementation of histological techniques and the interpretation of pathologies to verify the effectiveness of the therapy under assessment. This work was focused on developing a quantitative model of infection and oedema in mouse pinna. The infection was achieved with a strain of Streptococcus pyogenes that was inoculated in an injury induced at the auricle of BALB/c mice, the induced oedema was recorded by measuring the ear thickness with a digital micrometer and histopathological analysis was performed to verify the damage. The presence of S. pyogenes at the infection site was determined every day by culture. RESULTS: Our results showed that S. pyogenes can infect the mouse pinna and that it can be recovered at least for up to 4 days from the infected site; we also found that S. pyogenes can induce a bigger oedema than the PBS-treated control for at least 7 days; our results were validated with an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory formulation made with ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone. CONCLUSIONS: The model we developed led us to emulate a dermal infection and allowed us to objectively evaluate the increase or decrease of the oedema by measuring the thickness of the ear pinna, and to determine the presence of the pathogen in the infection site. We consider that the model could be useful for assessment of new anti-inflammatory or antibacterial therapies for dermal infections.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Pabellón Auricular/efectos de los fármacos , Pabellón Auricular/microbiología , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Streptococcus pyogenes/fisiología , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Pabellón Auricular/patología , Edema/microbiología , Edema/patología , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/microbiología , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/patología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/patologíaRESUMEN
Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Predominantly involving skin and nerves and having classic clinical description, the diagnosis may be clear-cut in majority of patients but may be challenging in others. Non-pitting edema, ichthyosis and arthritis are uncommon in leprosy and very rare in tuberculoid type where the diagnosis may be challenging unlike relatively clear-cut clinical picture in lepromatous type. Musculoskeletal manifestation is seen in 1-5% of cases and usually associated with reactional states where again the diagnosis sometimes becomes evident. High index of suspicion is therefore recommended in patients with unexplained systemic illness especially in endemic areas. Herein we report a young male with non pitting edema and symmetric peripheral arthritis involving all four limbs, and ichthyosis as presenting manifestation of borderline leprosy where the neuro-cutaneous manifestation developed two months after the said presenting features and in absence of a reactional state.
Asunto(s)
Artritis/microbiología , Edema/microbiología , Ictiosis/microbiología , Lepra/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lepra/patología , Masculino , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Artritis/diagnóstico , Artritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Cara/patología , Infecciones por Mycobacterium/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Mycobacterium/tratamiento farmacológico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Artritis/microbiología , Niño , Edema/microbiología , Edema/patología , Femenino , HumanosAsunto(s)
Benzofuranos/toxicidad , Edema/etiología , Síndrome de Eosinofilia-Mialgia/etiología , Contaminación de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/etiología , Aceites de Plantas/toxicidad , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidad , Bacillus , Benzofenantridinas/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Dibenzofuranos Policlorados , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/diagnóstico , Edema/historia , Edema/microbiología , Edema/terapia , Síndrome de Eosinofilia-Mialgia/inducido químicamente , Síndrome de Eosinofilia-Mialgia/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Eosinofilia-Mialgia/historia , Síndrome de Eosinofilia-Mialgia/microbiología , Síndrome de Eosinofilia-Mialgia/terapia , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/sangre , Planta de la Mostaza/toxicidad , Oryza , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
We describe an 84-year-old woman who developed remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) associated with a subcutaneous abscess of the hand due to Streptobacillus moniliformis. Polyarthritis and edema were relieved after therapy with corticosteroids. We review the association of RS3PE to different rheumatologic, neoplastic, or infectious diseases.
Asunto(s)
Absceso/microbiología , Artritis/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/diagnóstico , Streptobacillus , Sinovitis/microbiología , Absceso/diagnóstico , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Edema/microbiología , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
To produce polyarthritis and rheumatoid factor like substance (RFLS), rabbits were hyperimmunized intravenously with 0.02% thimelosal (TMS)-treated Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) as a persistent bacterial flora. Swelling of knee joints occurred at a rate of 41% (27/66), and of shoulder joints at a rate of 25% (17/66) while that of elbow joints occurred at a rate of 4.5% (3/66). On culturing of knee joint fluids, no colonies appeared while 2/4 fluid specimens from the shoulder joints gave positive colonies for 78 days after the first immunization; thereafter, no colonies appeared. On histological examination, in early stages, acute inflammatory reactions with degenerative changes of synovial tissue was observed. In later stages, chronic inflammatory changes, proliferation of synovial cells with pannus formation, destruction of articular cartilage and subchondral bone were observed. RFLS titer showed bi-phasic peaks at 11 days and 41 days after the first immunization. A high incidence of polyarthritis, particularly knee joints, occurred. Thus, hyperimmunization with attenuated E. faecalis as a normal intestinal flora may provide an animal model of chronic polyarthritis.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Artritis/inmunología , Enterococcus faecalis/inmunología , Inmunización , Aglutininas/análisis , Animales , Artritis/metabolismo , Artritis/patología , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Edema/microbiología , Femenino , Articulación de la Rodilla/patología , Conejos , Factor Reumatoide/análisis , Líquido Sinovial/microbiología , Membrana Sinovial/patología , Vacunas AtenuadasRESUMEN
Spontaneous Clostridium septicum myonecrosis is an uncommon disorder that has been described in association with malignancy, immunosuppression and neutropaenia. Typical clostridial myonecrosis develops without a visible portal of entry and mortality is high. The pathogenesis is not completely understood but the clostridia may gain access to the circulation via areas of ileo-caecal ulceration secondary to enterocolitis, antibiotics or neoplasms. A 5 year old boy with congenital neutropaenia presented with spontaneous Clostridium septicum myonecrosis in the thigh. Limb salvage was achieved using antibiotics, hyberbaric oxygenation and selective debridement. The portal of entry may have been the gastrointestinal tract as colonic ulceration may occur in neutropaenia, and pre-morbid clindamycin administration may have encouraged overgrowth of colonic clostridia.
Asunto(s)
Gangrena Gaseosa/terapia , Neutropenia/congénito , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Preescolar , Terapia Combinada , Desbridamiento , Edema/microbiología , Edema/patología , Gangrena Gaseosa/patología , Humanos , Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica , Masculino , Muslo/patologíaRESUMEN
Clostridial infections, putrid infections with aerobic and anerobic growing germs, air forced into the tissue during the primary trauma and the formation of gas by contact of the wound with aluminium, H2O2 and gasoline may be causes for the formation of gas and oedema in the tissues. Only infections with Clostridia are gas gangrene. We must differentiate the clostridial cellulitis from the clostridial myositis. Bacterioscopy allows a rapid differentiation to be made between putrid and clostridial infection. Beside intensive care and antibiotics, putrid infections demand an early extensive incision, for gas gangrene the radical excision of the damaged tissue is required. The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation is still under discussion. It can never replace surgical treatment.