PROFESSOR MIKHAIL P. NIKOLAEV AND RUSSIAN PHARMACOLOGY.

Various stages of life, scientific research and pedagogical activity of Prof. Mikhail P. Nikolaev are considered. The importance of his works in drug evaluation, endocrinological pharmacology, pharmacology of heart and vessels, pathological pharmacology, and discovery of drugs for organotherapy is shown. Prof. M. P. Nikolaev's effort in training research staff and teachers in pharmacology and his own teaching experience in medical and pharmaceutical universities are summarized. The activity of Prof. M. P. Nikolaev in military pharmacology is analyzed. The role of Prof. M. P. Nikolaev in establishing Russian journal Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya (Parmacology and Toxicology) and creating All-Union Scientific Society of Pharmacologists in the USSR is emnhasized.

[At the cutting edge of Russian pharmacy: from the department materia medica to the department of military-medical supply and pharmacy].

The authors presented a historical sketch abouth the department of military-medical supply and pharmacy of the military-medical academy since 1798. During the whole history of the department the academic staff has successfully combined educational and research work with solution of a practical questions of improvement of medical supply of the russian army and navy. During the different historical periods and on the basis of current requirements of military medicine and pharmacy it is necessary to develop theory and practice of medical supply and normative legal acts of the system of medical supply, to develop new examples of medical property, to develop manufacturing processes of medicinal products, quality management, to perform researches in the area of radiochemistry of medical products, forensic chemistry, toxicology, research of medical plants, medicinal water and etc.

Charles W. Dohner, PhD: an evaluator and mentor in medical education.

As one of the first generation medical education pioneers, Charles W. Dohner, PhD established the ninth office of medical education at the University of Washington (UW) where he served as chairman from 1967-1996. With a background in education and measurement, he focused his work on evaluation of educational programs and faculty development. The Department of Medical Education went through three distinct stages of development: pathfinding 1967-1972 focused on developing working relationships with the faculty and clarifying identity, integration into academic affairs 1972-1980, and direct leadership by department faculty 1980-1996. Dohner helped to create and evaluate the WAMI program, a regional medical education program for the states of Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. He served as a consultant to a specialty board, the founding president of the Society of Directors of Research in Medical Education, and a frequent consultant in international medical education. Dohner identified three important innovations in medical education: educators in academic medicine, simulations and performance assessment, and community-based medical education. Success factors for professional education include technical competence in education, interpersonal communication and collaboration skills, a plan for personal growth, and use of mentors. Future trends in medical education will involve information technology, professionalism, wellness and complementary medicine, and performance assessment. He has been a passionate spokesman for excellence in medical education and most noted for his roles as an evaluator, program developer, and mentor of academic leaders.

Teaching history and systems from a clinical perspective.

There is a need to make the teaching of the history and systems of psychology course more relevant for students in professional training programs. Most typical courses and textbooks are oriented around the history of the science of psychology, giving scant and generally passing attention to the development of the profession of psychology. The author draws on his experience teaching a history and systems course in PsyD programs and provides a structure for enhancing the relevancy of such courses in professional training programs. Two frameworks are used. The author develops a conceptualization of 4 archetypes as defining of the range of roles, activities, contexts, and justification of professional psychologists: (a) the shaman/priest, (b) the physician, (c) the teacher, and (d) the scientist. Stephen Pepper's (1942) world hypothesis theory, which characterizes the epistemic approaches underlying modern science and philosophy, is used to organize the development of the science of psychology. The integration of these 2 frameworks is discussed, and the circular modifications that flow from it are outlined.

The evolution of obstetrics and gynaecology in Trinidad

Obstetrics and gynecology is a discipline proud of its history and the influence it has exerted on the well-being of women. Obstetrics is as old as the human race. The birth of gynaecology coincided with the advent of modern surgery. This book reviews the history of midwifery and describes the development of the specialty in Trinidad. We owe a great debt of gratitude to the influence of four pioneers whose achievements I have recorded. I have mentioned other specialists in the field who have made significant contributions and would like to apologise for the omission of many collegues who have played a part in elevating the standards of O&G in this country: "Were I to await perfection, my book will never be finished". Medical education has assumed great importance in the West Indies over the past decade. I have taken up the story with the founding of a Faculty of Medicine in Jamaica in 1948 and traced our progress towards the establishment of our school at Mt. Hope. It is hoped that the information provided about the performance of undergraduates will enhance the educational strategies employed to achieve our goals and encourage a strengthening of clinical teaching in future by focussing the attention of teachers on a key area of their educational role. I also hope that this book will be a stimulus for students to enquire further into the history of O&G as a pathfinder in the search for better patient-care in the new millennium (AU)

[On the history of the teaching of squint (author's transl)]. / Zur Geschichte der Lehre vom Strabismus.

After an introduction on the value of history also from modern medicine, the teaching of strabismus from the earliest begin at the time of Hammurapis (1700 BC) up to our times is broadly described. The old greek and latin ideas are analysed linguistically. The work of Johannes Müller and Emil Javel is especially emphasized with regard to advances in the teaching of squint and its treatment. Landolt, Maddox, Sattler and Bielschowsky above all have usefully completed these aspects. The knowledges over squint which were forgotten in many places in the first third of our century were rediscovered and considerably extended, at first by Worth, and later especially by Lyle, Bangerter, Hugonnier, Cüppers, and last but not least Heinrich Harms.