RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Loss of urinary control after spinal cord injury increases risk of urinary tract disease and is problematical for owners of affected dogs. OBJECTIVES: To design, implant, and test a sacral nerve stimulating device for controlling urine voiding in paraplegic dogs. ANIMALS: Nine pet dogs with severe thoracolumbar spinal cord injury causing paraplegia, loss of hindquarter sensation, and incontinence for more than 3 months. The procedure was offered prospectively to owners of suitable candidates after the irreversibility of the incontinence had been ascertained. METHODS: Open label clinical study. Surgically implantable electrode "books" were designed for insertion and retention of mixed sacral nerves. Sacral nerves were accessed via laminectomy and stimulated to test their ability to elicit detrusor contraction and then inserted into the electrode book, which was attached to a subcutaneously implanted, externally activated receiver. RESULTS: In 8/9 dogs, S2 nerves elicited the largest increases in intravesicular pressure with minimum stimulation and were placed in electrode books. Voiding efficiency was >90% in 8 of the 9 implanted dogs. No important detrimental effects of the procedure were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This sacral nerve stimulating implant is a simple and apparently effective neuroprosthetic device that restores urine voiding in paraplegic dogs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/terapia , Terapia por Estimulación Eléctrica/veterinaria , Electrodos Implantados/veterinaria , Paraplejía/veterinaria , Vejiga Urinaria Neurogénica/veterinaria , Retención Urinaria/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedad Crónica , Perros , Prótesis Neurales , Reflejo , Raíces Nerviosas Espinales , Vejiga Urinaria Neurogénica/terapia , Retención Urinaria/terapiaRESUMEN
Female cynomolgus monkeys were surgically implanted with telemetry transmitters recording ECG (DII), arterial pressure, physical activity, body temperature, and tidal volume. Respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (TV) were monitored simultaneously with the telemetry transmitter using impedance. Impedance-based monitoring of RR and TV by telemetry correlated with controlled TV and with pneumotachometer (>98%) in restrained animals. Control drugs with cardiovascular and respiratory effects, including saline, medetomidine (0.01, 0.02 and 0.04mg/kg) and cocaine (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) were administered intravenously. An averaging epoch of 5min was used for analysis of respiratory data. Medetomidine induced significant respiratory depression with decrease in RR and TV in freely moving animals while cocaine increased TV, RR and minute ventilation (MV) with concomitant increase in heart rate when compared with time matched values from saline-treated animals. The onset, duration and magnitude of cardiovascular and respiratory changes were correlated. This highlights the dependency of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The use of cardiopulmonary monitoring can allow continuous monitoring including during night time when variability of respiratory parameters is lower. Monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters in the same animals could also help to decrease the number of animals used in research.
Asunto(s)
Cardiografía de Impedancia/efectos de los fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Electrodos Implantados/veterinaria , Mecánica Respiratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Telemetría/veterinaria , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/administración & dosificación , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/farmacología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Temperatura Corporal , Cocaína/administración & dosificación , Cocaína/farmacología , Estado de Conciencia , Electrocardiografía , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Macaca fascicularis , Medetomidina/administración & dosificación , Medetomidina/farmacología , Respiración/efectos de los fármacos , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/inducido químicamente , Frecuencia Respiratoria , Volumen de Ventilación Pulmonar , Vasoconstrictores/administración & dosificación , Vasoconstrictores/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of an implantable loop recorder (ILR) in dogs with unexplained syncope. DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: 12 dogs with recurrent unexplained syncope. PROCEDURES: An ILR was surgically inserted in a pocket created in the subcutaneous tissues of the left hemithorax of each dog. The ILRs were programmed for manual and automatic activation, and event analysis and programming were performed at 3-month intervals and after each syncopal episode. RESULTS: The ILR was manually activated in 7 of 12 dogs at least once within 45 to 218 days (median, 120 days) after implantation. Four dogs had syncopal episodes associated with sinus tachycardia followed by sinus bradycardia and asystolic pauses. Two dogs had ventricular tachycardia, and 1 dog had sinus node dysfunction with prolonged sinus arrest that coincided with loss of consciousness and falling. Four dogs had no additional syncopal episodes after implantation of the ILR. In the remaining dog, the owner was unable to activate the ILR during the only syncopal episode observed for that dog after ILR implantation. In all 12 dogs, analysis of ECG traces after automatic activation of recording revealed normal cardiac rhythms. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Data gained after manual activation of an ILR provided valuable diagnostic and prognostic information in almost all dogs with unexplained syncopal episodes by confirming or disproving an association between syncope and arrhythmias. However, detection of disturbances in cardiac rhythm after automatic activation did not appear to improve the diagnostic value for an ILR implanted in dogs.
Asunto(s)
Arritmias Cardíacas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Técnicas Electrofisiológicas Cardíacas/veterinaria , Síncope/veterinaria , Animales , Arritmias Cardíacas/complicaciones , Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Bradicardia/complicaciones , Bradicardia/diagnóstico , Bradicardia/veterinaria , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Perros , Electrodos Implantados/veterinaria , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Síncope/diagnóstico , Síncope/etiología , Taquicardia/complicaciones , Taquicardia/diagnóstico , Taquicardia/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether implantable loop recorders could be used in the diagnosis of unexplained collapse in dogs. METHODS: The medical records of six dogs presented to the University of Liverpool Small Animal Teaching Hospital between May 2003 and October 2006 for further evaluation of intermittent syncopal episodes, collapse or episodic weakness, were reviewed. All these dogs underwent standard investigations and had implantable loop recorders placed. RESULTS: A provisional diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia was made in one dog, and diagnoses of exclusion of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and idiopathic epilepsy was made in two dogs. One dog suffered no further syncopal episodes, a diagnosis was not reached in another dog and the final dog was lost to follow-up. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The implantable loop recorder can be used successfully for the diagnosis of unexplained collapse in dogs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Electrocardiografía Ambulatoria/veterinaria , Técnicas Electrofisiológicas Cardíacas/veterinaria , Síncope/veterinaria , Medicina Veterinaria/instrumentación , Animales , Perros , Electrocardiografía Ambulatoria/instrumentación , Electrocardiografía Ambulatoria/métodos , Electrodos Implantados/veterinaria , Técnicas Electrofisiológicas Cardíacas/instrumentación , Inglaterra , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Síncope/diagnóstico , Taquicardia Supraventricular/diagnóstico , Taquicardia Supraventricular/veterinaria , Universidades , Medicina Veterinaria/métodosAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/terapia , Catéteres de Permanencia/veterinaria , Colon/fisiología , Estreñimiento/veterinaria , Electrodos Implantados/veterinaria , Manometría/veterinaria , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/fisiopatología , Cateterismo/métodos , Cateterismo/veterinaria , Gatos , Colon/cirugía , Estreñimiento/fisiopatología , Estreñimiento/terapia , Terapia por Estimulación Eléctrica/veterinaria , Masculino , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
A monopolar electrode was implanted surgically in the canine tooth dentine layer to evaluate pain threshold responses of horses. A constant-current stimulator was used to deliver a known electrical current to the tooth pulp nerve. A single stimulus of 2-ms duration, repeated at greater than or equal to 20-s intervals, was used to elicit a head lift response. The lowest current level that produced 3 positive head lift responses was recorded as the pain threshold of the horse. The testing technique, dental dolorimetry, was easily performed. Tooth pulp pain thresholds (TPPT) were established on 8 nonmedicated adult male horses. Electrodes were nonreactive and remained functional for up to 98 days. Base-line TPPT values were consistent with repeated measurements on the same day and measurements on subsequent test days. The quantity of electrical current necessary to elicit the TPPT was increased after administration of xylazine HCl as a test analgesic.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Pulpa Dental/fisiología , Caballos/fisiología , Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Tiazinas/uso terapéutico , Xilazina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Electrodos Implantados/veterinaria , Masculino , Dimensión del Dolor/métodosRESUMEN
Xylazine, morphine, butorphanol, and nalbuphine were evaluated in 5 adult male horses, using dental dolorimetry. Comparisons were made at 30, 60, and 100 minutes after IV drug administration. Peak analgesia and the time to develop peak analgesia also were compared. Xylazine induced a marked increase in the tooth pulp pain threshold measurements as did the xylazine/narcotic combinations. Statistical differences were not detectable between these treatments. Xylazine and xylazine/butorphanol were better analgesics than was butorphanol alone at 30 and 60 minutes. Xylazine resulted in peak analgesia faster than did butorphanol or the combination of xylazine/butorphanol. Additive analgesic effects were not detected with the combined treatments.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Pulpa Dental/fisiología , Caballos/fisiología , Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Tiazinas/uso terapéutico , Xilazina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Butorfanol/uso terapéutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Electrodos Implantados/veterinaria , Masculino , Morfina/uso terapéutico , Nalbufina/uso terapéutico , Dimensión del Dolor/métodosRESUMEN
The effect of low-level direct-current stimulation on skin wound healing in the horse was assessed. Self-sustaining electrical circuits with electrodes were implanted subcutaneously in or near the wound. Stimulation by direct current (10 or 20 microA) was used to determine the effect on equine skin healing. The efficacy of electrotherapy was evaluated by sequentially comparing the clinical appearance of the wound and measuring the size of the granulating wound bed. The histologic appearance of the healing stimulated wounds was compared with that in nonstimulated control wounds created on 9 horses. Seemingly, electrical stimulation had no discernible effect on experimentally created skin wounds. Clinical observation and histologic examination of the wounds indicated that severe tissue reaction from the implanted electrodes and concurrent local infection produced local detrimental effects to wound healing.