Effect of Vitamin E Supplement on Bone Turnover Markers in Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Vitamin E is a strong anti-oxidative stress agent that affects the bone remodeling process. This study evaluates the effect of mixed-tocopherol supplements on bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteopenic women. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial study was designed to measure the effect of mixed-tocopherol on the bone turnover marker after 12 weeks of supplementation. All 52 osteopenic postmenopausal women were enrolled and allocated into two groups. The intervention group received mixed-tocopherol 400 IU/day, while the control group received placebo tablets. Fifty-two participants completed 12 weeks of follow-up. Under an intention-to-treat analysis, vitamin E produced a significant difference in the mean bone resorption marker (serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX)) compared with the placebo group (-0.003 ± 0.09 and 0.121 ± 0.15, respectively (p < 0.001)). In the placebo group, the CTX had increased by 35.3% at 12 weeks of supplementation versus baseline (p < 0.001), while, in the vitamin E group, there was no significant change of bone resorption marker (p < 0.898). In conclusion, vitamin E (mixed-tocopherol) supplementation in postmenopausal osteopenic women may have a preventive effect on bone loss through anti-resorptive activity.

Alcohol Consumption Moderated the Association Between Levels of High Blood Lead or Total Urinary Arsenic and Bone Loss.

Metal exposure and lifestyle are important risk factors for osteoporosis. Our study aimed to investigate the association between red blood cell lead and cadmium, total urinary arsenic, and plasma selenium levels and bone mineral density (BMD). In addition, we explored whether alcohol and coffee consumption modified the association between BMD and metals and metalloids. In total, 437 participants who underwent adult or senile physical examinations were recruited. Bone loss was defined as a calcaneus BMD T-score of <-1. Blood cadmium and lead and plasma selenium levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Levels of urinary arsenic species were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generator-atomic absorption spectrometry. The total urinary arsenic level was defined as the sum of the levels of urinary arsenic species. The BMD T-scores decreased significantly with increasing blood lead levels. The BMD T-scores also showed a downward trend with increasing total urinary arsenic levels. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for bone loss in patients with blood lead levels >57.58 versus 35.74 µg/dL were 1.98 and 1.17-3.34. In addition, the greater the lead or arsenic exposure and alcohol intake was the higher the OR for bone loss with multivariate ORs of 2.57 (95% CI 1.45-4.56) and 2.96 (95% CI 1.67-5.22), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that high total urinary arsenic or blood lead levels and frequent or occasional alcohol consumption had a significant multiplicative interaction for increasing the OR for bone loss.

Effect of Ginseng Extracts on the Improvement of Osteopathic and Arthritis Symptoms in Women with Osteopenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Ginsenosides are active compounds that are beneficial to bone metabolism and have anti-osteoporosis properties. However, very few clinical investigations have investigated the effect of ginseng extract (GE) on bone metabolism. This study aims to determine the effect of GE on improving bone metabolism and arthritis symptoms in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. A 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. A total of 90 subjects were randomly divided into a placebo group, GE 1 g group, and GE 3 g group for 12 weeks based on the random 1:1:1 assignment to these three groups. The primary outcome is represented by bone metabolism indices consisting of serum osteocalcin (OC), urine deoxypyridinoline (DPD), and DPD/OC measurements. Secondary outcomes were serum CTX, NTX, Ca, P, BsALP, P1NP, OC/CTX ratio, and WOMAC index. The GE 3 g group had a significantly increased serum OC concentration. Similarly, the GE 3 g group showed a significant decrease in the DPD/OC ratio, representing bone resorption and bone formation. Moreover, among all the groups, the GE 3 g group demonstrated appreciable improvements in the WOMAC index scores. In women with osteopenia, intake of 3 g of GE per day over 12 weeks notably improved the knee arthritis symptoms with improvements in the OC concentration and ratios of bone formation indices like DPD/OC.

Inverse association between bone mineral density and fibrinogen in menopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory diseases are risk factors for osteoporosis. We aimed to explore whether fibrinogen, which is linked to chronic inflammation, is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in menopausal women. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 339 menopausal women from Zhejiang Province between January 2016 and October 2019. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between fibrinogen and BMD. RESULTS: Significant inverse association was observed between the serum fibrinogen level and BMD in menopausal women. The mean BMD in each quartile of fibrinogen level was 0.901, 0.897, 0.892, and 0.855 g/cm2, respectively (p = 0.027). After adjusting for age, body mass index, metabolic profiles, blood inflammatory factors, and serum levels of estradiol, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase, fibrinogen levels remained significantly associated with BMD (regression coefficients for quartiles 1-3 vs. quartile 4 were 0.046, 0.027, and 0.036, respectively; p for trend <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher fibrinogen levels were associated with lower BMD in menopausal women, which was independent of age, body mass index, estradiol, and other factors. Therefore, serum fibrinogen can be used as a new predictor of reduced BMD in menopausal women.

The effects of adolescent laparoscopic adjustable gastric band and sleeve gastrectomy on markers of bone health and bone turnover.

25-hydroxy vitamin D (25 OHD) deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism have been seen after metabolic and bariatric surgery, but data are lacking on the bone health outcomes of adolescent sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The purpose of this study was to examine bone-related nutrition after SG, compared to laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB), and trend bone turnover markers following SG. This is an observational study of 197 adolescents who underwent LAGB (n = 98) or SG (n = 99). Bone health labs were collected at baseline and 6 and/or 12 months after LAGB or SG, with additional analysis of bone turnover markers in the SG group. Calcium and 25 OHD levels increased at 6 and 12 months after LAGB and SG, with no difference between the surgeries. Parathyroid hormone levels decreased only in the SG group. SG patients had increased osteocalcin and carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) at 6 and 12 months post-SG, although CTX decreased between 6 and 12 months. Excess weight loss at 6 months predicted the rise in CTX, but the changes in osteocalcin and CTX could not be attributed to 25 OHD deficiency, hypocalcemia or hyperparathyroidism. Patients had improved 25 OHD levels post-surgery, which may be secondary to stringent vitamin supplementation guidelines. However, there were marked increases in bone turnover markers following SG. More studies are needed to evaluate the effects of SG on adolescent bone health and to correlate the early changes in bone turnover with bone mineral density and fracture risk.

Long-Term Follow-up of Hypophosphatemic Bone Disease Associated With Elemental Formula Use: Sustained Correction of Bone Disease After Formula Change or Phosphate Supplementation.

In this article, we describe the long-term outcomes of children who were previously reported to have developed hypophosphatemic bone disease in association with elemental formula use. An extended chart review allowed for an updated report of 34 children with regard to severity/duration of bone disease, extent of recovery, and time to correction using radiology reports and biochemical data. After implementation of formula change and/or phosphate supplementation, we found that serum phosphorus concentration increased and serum alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in all patients, normalizing by 6.6 ± 4.0 (mean ± SD) months following diagnosis. The decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase from diagnosis to the time of correction was moderately correlated with the concurrent increase in serum phosphorus (R = 0.48, P < .05). Age at diagnosis significantly correlated with time to resolution (R = 0.51, P = .01). This study supports the earlier report that bone disease associated with hypophosphatemia during elemental formula use responds to formula change and/or phosphate supplementation.

Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation with and without collagen peptides on bone turnover in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

OBJECTIVES: Collagen peptides (CPs) seem to exert beneficial effects on bone and may have a role as a treatment option. In the present randomized prospective study, we aimed to examine the efficacy, as expressed by changes in P1NP and CTX, and the tolerability of 3-month supplementation of calcium, vitamin D with or without bioactive CPs in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. METHODS: Fifty-one female, postmenopausal women with osteopenia were allocated to two groups: Group A received a sachet containing 5 g CPs, 3.6 g calcium lactate (equivalent to 500 mg of elemental calcium) and 400 IU vitamin D3 and group B received a chewable tablet containing 1.25 g calcium carbonate (equivalent to 500 mg of elemental calcium) and 400 IU vitamin D3 daily. RESULTS: In group A, the P1NP levels significantly decreased by 13.1% (p<0.001) and CTX levels decreased by 11.4% (p=0.058) within 3 months of supplementation. In group B, P1NP and CTX did not change. Group A presented better compliance in comparison to group B and no adverse events contrary to group B. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may reflect the reduction of the increased bone turnover in postmenopausal women with the use of calcium, vitamin D and CPs supplements. The addition of CPs in a calcium and vitamin D supplement may enhance its already known positive effect on bone metabolism. Clinical Trial ID: NCT03999775.

Bone and hormonal status 10 years post-allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Bone loss and endocrine dysfunction are potential late complications of allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT); however, scant information concerning the long-term effects in SCT adult patients is available. In the present study, we evaluated bone status, expressed as bone mineral density (BMD), and endocrine functions including PTH, TSH, free T4, testosterone, SHBG, FSH, LH, and IGF-1, in 20 adult leukemia patients >10 years after allo-SCT. A low BMD (Z score <-2.0) was observed in two patients; two patients had osteoporotic fractures, and two had a unilateral avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Elevated PTH was observed in 30% of patients, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) was low (<50 nmol/L) in 45% of the patients. The majority of the patients had thyroid tests within the reference range, while elevated FSH values were present in 8 of 12 males. We conclude that adult leukemia patients have relatively well-preserved BMD >10 years post-allo-SCT. Prophylactic treatment of osteoporosis should be individualized, but control of BMD is necessary for long-term follow-up. Control of PTH and vitamin D levels before and after allo-SCT is recommended, and vitamin D supplementation should be considered if indicated. Estrogen replacement therapy is a routine treatment in females, whereas gonadal function in males requires further investigation.

Temporal Change in Biomarkers of Bone Turnover Following Late Evening Ingestion of a Calcium-Fortified, Milk-Based Protein Matrix in Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia.

The diurnal rhythm of bone remodeling suggests nocturnal dietary intervention to be most effective. This study investigated the effect of bedtime ingestion of a calcium-fortified, milk-derived protein matrix (MBPM) or maltodextrin (CON) on acute (0-4 h) blood and 24-h urinary change in biomarkers of bone remodeling in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. In CON, participants received 804 ± 52 mg calcium, 8.2 ± 3.2 µg vitamin D and 1.3 ± 0.2 g/kg BM protein per day. MBPM increased calcium intake to 1679 ± 196 mg, vitamin D to 9.2 ± 3.1 µg and protein to 1.6 ± 0.2 g/kg BM. Serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP), and urinary N-telopeptide cross-links of type I collagen (NTX), pyridinoline (PYD) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) was measured. Analyzed by AUC and compared to CON, a -32% lower CTX (p = 0.011, d = 0.83) and 24% (p = 0.52, d = 0.2) increase in P1NP was observed for MBPM. Mean total 24 h NTX excreted in MBPM was -10% (p = 0.035) lower than CON. Urinary PYD and DPD were unaffected by treatment. This study demonstrates the acute effects of bedtime ingestion of a calcium-fortified, milk-based protein matrix on bone remodeling.

Chronic kidney disease patients who smoke have higher serum phosphorus / Pacientes tabagistas com doença renal crônica apresentam fósforo sérico mais elevado

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD) constitute a syndrome defined by changes in calcium, phosphorus (P), vitamin D and parathormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and its specific cofactor, Klotho. CKD-MBD, as well as smoking, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, it is not known whether or not smoking impacts the cardiovascular risk in CKD- MBD. Objective: To analyze the relationship between smoking and CKD-MBD markers. Methods: We evaluated 92 patients divided into: 1) Control Group: non-smokers without CKD; 2) CKD group in stages III and IV under conservative treatment (20 non-smokers and 17 smokers); 3) CKD group on dialysis (21 non-smokers and 19 smokers). Clinical, demographic, and biochemical markers were compared between the groups. Results: FGF-23 and Klotho levels were not different between smokers and non-smokers. Patients in the CKD group on conservative treatment had higher serum P than non-smokers (p = 0.026) even after adjusted for renal function (p = 0.079), gender (p = 0.145) and age (p = 0.986). Conclusion: Smoking confers a higher cardiovascular risk to CKD patients under conservative treatment as it is associated with higher levels of P. Further studies are needed to confirm and better elucidate this finding.

RESUMO Introdução: Os distúrbios do metabolismo mineral e ósseo da doença renal crônica (DMO-DRC) constituem uma síndrome definida por alterações do cálcio, do fósforo (P), da vitamina D e do paratormônio, do fator de crescimento de fibroblastos 23 (FGF-23) e de seu cofator específico, Klotho. Os DMO-DRC, assim como o tabagismo, estão associados a maior risco de doença cardiovascular. Porém, não se sabe se há influência do tabagismo no risco cardiovascular dos DMO-DRC. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre o tabagismo e marcadores dos DMO-DRC. Métodos: Avaliamos 92 pacientes divididos em: 1) Grupo controle sem DRC não tabagistas; 2) Grupo DRC em tratamento conservador estágios III e IV (20 não tabagistas e 17 tabagistas); 3) Grupo DRC em diálise (21 não tabagistas e 19 tabagistas). Marcadores clínicos, demográficos e bioquímicos foram comparados entre os grupos. Resultados: Níveis de FGF-23 e Klotho não foram diferentes entre tabagistas e não tabagistas. Pacientes tabagistas do grupo com DRC em tratamento conservador exibiram maior P sérico do que não tabagistas (p = 0,026) mesmo após ajuste para função renal (p = 0,079), sexo (p = 0,145) e idade (p = 0,986). Conclusão: O tabagismo confere um maior risco cardiovascular adicional aos pacientes com DRC em tratamento conservador à medida que se associa com maiores níveis de P. Novos estudos são necessários para confirmar e melhor elucidar esse achado.

Impact of Prophylaxis on Bone Mineral Metabolism in Children With Hemophilia.

In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in calcium (Ca) metabolism in hemophilia patients (PWH). We also aimed to investigate the importance of diagnosis and treatment of factors impairing calcium metabolism and the significance of early diagnosis and prophylaxis with respect to these subjects. For all patients, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD), parathormone (PTH), and calcitonin levels were evaluated. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Low BMD scores and 25-OHD deficiency were observed in 29 (74.4%) and 34 (87.2%) patients, respectively. Prophylaxis of PWH did not differ significantly in terms of 25-OHD levels and BMD scores. Patients in the prophylaxis group had significantly higher PTH levels (P=0.042). A negative correlation was found between PTH measurements and Z-score (P=0.008). In summary, our findings, with a small number of PWH in our study group, suggest that biochemical markers of bone turnover may be used to detect bone loss. Follow-up through annual BMD measurements coupled with appropriate exercise programs could be recommended.

Acute and long-term effects of zoledronate in adult patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. An observational Spanish study with five years of follow-up. / Efectos agudos y a largo plazo del tratamiento con zolendronato en pacientes adultos con osteogénesis imperfecta. Estudio español observacional con 5 años de seguimiento.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited disorder that causes low mineral density and bone fragility. Previous studies have shown the efficacy of bisphosphonates to increase bone mineral density (BMD). This study assessed changes over time in BMD and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in adult patients with osteogenesis imperfecta treated with intravenous zoledronic acid and the safety of this treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, observational study in patients with OI, osteoporosis or osteopenia (T score <-2) who were administered zoledronic acid infusions (4mg IV) every 6 months for three years and annually thereafter. Densitometry was performed annually. Acute changes in complete blood count and calcium, phosphate, and creatinine levels, as well as side effects of the infusion, were recorded 24 and 48h after treatment. Calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (iPTH), 25OH-vitamin D and bone turnover markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, ß-crosslaps and urinary deoxypyridinoline) were measured at baseline and every 12 months. Adverse events and new fractures were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty patients (6 men and 14 women) were treated. Median follow-up time was five years. Calcium levels and platelet counts significantly decreased 24 and 48hours after the first infusion, and the red blood cell count decreased at 24hours. These changes were not clinically relevant. Seven patients experienced a flu-like episode after the first dose. Treatment induced significant increases in BMD in the lumbar spine (6.7%) after 12 months of follow-up (0.791±0.178 vs. 0.791±0.140g/cm2, p=.003) and at three (5.7%) and five years (9%) of follow-up. Femoral neck BMD significantly increased after 3 years (11.1%): 0.648±0.148 vs. 0.720±0.138g/cm2; p=.01. In total hip, increase in BMD (10.1%) was significant after three years of treatment (0.706±0.118 vs. 0.720±0.138, p=.01). There were no significant differences in calcium and 25OH-vitamin D levels during follow-up, phosphorus significantly decreased after one year, and iPTH increased at three years. ß-crosslaps decreased after one year of treatment. Only one patient sustained new fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Zoledronic acid is a convenient, safe, and effective treatment that increases BMD in adult patients with OI.

Therapeutic Effect of Strontium Ranelate on Bone in Chemotherapy-Induced Osteopenic Rats via Increased Bone Volume and Reduced Bone Loss.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether treatment with strontium ranelate (SrR) can restore bone mass and strength at a skeletal site with established osteopenia in chemotherapy-induced rats. Forty-five Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to three study groups (n = 15 rats per group): normal rats (control group), osteopenic rats (chemo group), and osteopenic rats with SrR (chemo-SrR group). We chose a male rat model that mimicked a clinical setting by weekly intravenous injection of cyclophosphamide at 20 mg/kg. The control and chemo groups were maintained without treatment, and the chemo-SrR group was intragastrically administered strontium ranelate at a dosage of 900 mg/kg/day. All animals were fed a standard laboratory diet, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. After 12 weeks of treatment, micro-CT, biomechanical testing, and histomorphometry were examined. In addition, bone samples were obtained to evaluate the content of mineral substances in bones. SrR treatment of chemo rats significantly increased tibial trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, and BV/TV. Serum levels of the bone formation marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the SrR group were significantly higher than those in the chemo animals, which was accompanied by an increase in the bone mineral content, bone calcium and phosphate, as well as reduced serum Ca and P concentrations. The serum level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in the SrR treatment group showed no obvious changes. Histomorphological analyses revealed that chemotherapy resulted in decreased osteoclast number, which may be due to the inhibition of bone turnover. However, SrR treatment enhanced the number of osteoblasts while restoring bone mass and improving bone strength in chemo rats. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that SrR treatment has a positive effect on bone in chemotherapy-induced osteoporosis.

The Effects of Soy Milk Enriched with Lactobacillus casei and Omega-3 on the Tibia and L5 Vertebra in Diabetic Rats: a Stereological Study.

Bone fragility, despite relatively high BMD values, is an important complication related to insulin resistance and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus type 1. The present study aimed to compare the effects of soy milk (SM), soy milk containing Lactobacillus casei (PSM), and soy milk enriched with Lactobacillus casei and omega-3 (OPSM) on the stereology of the tibia and vertebra, and antioxidant activity in type 1 diabetic rats. Sixty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 13 animals each. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (60 mg/kg); two control groups (non-diabetic: CN and diabetic: CD) were selected and then fed with 1 mL of distilled water. Three treatment groups were fed 1 ml of SM, PSM, and OPSM via intragastric gavage for 60 days. Treatment with SM, PSM, and OPSM significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the number of the osteoclasts in both tibia and L5 vertebra, and plasma alkaline phosphatase level. Also, the osteoblast number, calcium level, catalase activity, and total antioxidant capacity were increased in the SM, PSM, and OPSM groups compared to the STZ group. OPSM had the greatest effects on the stereological and biochemical parameters compared to the SM and PSM groups. Soy milk combination with Lactobacillus casei and omega-3 can ameliorate the stereological changes in the tibia and vertebra. In addition, this combination increased the antioxidant activity and improved the redox homeostasis in diabetic rats. These results suggest the potential role of soy milk containing Lactobacillus casei enriched with omega-3 in preventing and delaying osteoporosis in diabetic patients.

High-serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone distinctly regulate bone loss and vascular calcification in experimental chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: In chronic kidney disease (CKD), increases in serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH) aggravate vascular calcification (VC) and bone loss. This study was designed to discriminate high phosphorus (HP) and PTH contribution to VC and bone loss. METHODS: Nephrectomized rats fed a HP diet underwent either sham operation or parathyroidectomy and PTH 1-34 supplementation to normalize serum PTH. RESULTS: In uraemic rats fed a HP diet, parathyroidectomy with serum PTH 1-34 supplementation resulted in (i) reduced aortic calcium (80%) by attenuating osteogenic differentiation (higher α-actin; reduced Runx2 and BMP2) and increasing the Wnt inhibitor Sclerostin, despite a similar degree of hyperphosphataemia, renal damage and serum Klotho; (ii) prevention of bone loss mostly by attenuating bone resorption and increases in Wnt inhibitors; and (iii) a 70% decrease in serum calcitriol levels despite significantly reduced serum Fgf23, calcium and renal 24-hydroxylase, which questions that Fgf23 is the main regulator of renal calcitriol production. Significantly, when vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were exposed exclusively to high phosphate and calcium, high PTH enhanced while low PTH attenuated calcium deposition through parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) signalling. CONCLUSIONS: In hyperphosphataemic CKD, a defective suppression of high PTH exacerbates HP-mediated osteogenic VSMC differentiation and reduces vascular levels of anti-calcifying sclerostin.

Chronic kidney disease patients who smoke have higher serum phosphorus.

INTRODUCTION: Mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD) constitute a syndrome defined by changes in calcium, phosphorus (P), vitamin D and parathormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and its specific cofactor, Klotho. CKD-MBD, as well as smoking, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, it is not known whether or not smoking impacts the cardiovascular risk in CKD- MBD. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between smoking and CKD-MBD markers. METHODS: We evaluated 92 patients divided into: 1) Control Group: non-smokers without CKD; 2) CKD group in stages III and IV under conservative treatment (20 non-smokers and 17 smokers); 3) CKD group on dialysis (21 non-smokers and 19 smokers). Clinical, demographic, and biochemical markers were compared between the groups. RESULTS: FGF-23 and Klotho levels were not different between smokers and non-smokers. Patients in the CKD group on conservative treatment had higher serum P than non-smokers (p = 0.026) even after adjusted for renal function (p = 0.079), gender (p = 0.145) and age (p = 0.986). CONCLUSION: Smoking confers a higher cardiovascular risk to CKD patients under conservative treatment as it is associated with higher levels of P. Further studies are needed to confirm and better elucidate this finding.

Identification of vitamin D and other bone metabolism parameters as risk factors for primary bone marrow oedema syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The aetiology and pathogenesis of primary bone marrow oedema syndrome (BMES) remain unclear. This retrospective cross-sectional study in a large cohort of patients with BMES was performed to characterise the overall skeletal status and turnover in patients with BMES, with the aim of identifying risk factors for this disease. METHODS: Patients who were diagnosed with BMES on the basis of clinical and radiological (magnetic resonance imaging) findings in our outpatient clinic were identified retrospectively. Patient history, co-existing metabolic disorders, bone metabolism parameters (serum calcium, phosphate, 25-OH-D3, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and osteocalcin, and urinary deoxypyridinoline) and bone mineral density (as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were extracted from the medical records. Patients with secondary causes for BMES were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 171 patients, 65 were identified without secondary cause for BMES. Of the 65 patients, 61.5% were female. The mean age was 49.5 ± 16.7 years, and age-related BMES prevalence showed two peaks, one in adolescence (11-20 years) and one at an older age (51-70 years). BMES predominantly affected the weight-bearing joints, namely, the ankle/foot (55.1%), knee (22.4%) and proximal femur (16.3%). Thyroid disorders and secondary hyperparathyroidism were highly prevalent (21.5 and 21.4%, respectively). On average, the cohort had elevated deoxypyridinoline levels and low 25-OH-D3 levels (19.0 ± 7.5 µg/l in patients without vitamin D supplementation). Osteopenia and osteoporosis were diagnosed in 47.4 and 17.5% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BMES is associated with high bone turnover. Patients who are diagnosed with BMES should be screened carefully for bone metabolism disorders and their potential risk factors.

Potassium Citrate Supplementation Decreases the Biochemical Markers of Bone Loss in a Group of Osteopenic Women: The Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study.

The relationship involving acid-base imbalance, mineral metabolism and bone health status has previously been reported but the efficacy of the alkalizing supplementation in targeting acid overload and preventing bone loss has not yet been fully elucidated. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the hypothesis that potassium citrate (K citrate) modifies bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteopenia was tested. Three hundred and ten women were screened; 40 women met the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the treatment or the placebo group. They were treated with K citrate (30 mEq day-1) or a placebo in addition to calcium carbonate (500 mg day-1) and vitamin D (400 IU day-1). At baseline and time points of 3 and 6 months, serum indicators of renal function, electrolytes, calciotropic hormones, serum bone turnover markers (BTMs), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b), carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), procollagen type 1 N terminal propeptide (PINP)), and urine pH, electrolytes, and citrate were measured. The follow-up was completed by 17/20 patients in the "K citrate" group and 18/20 patients in the "placebo" group. At baseline, 90% of the patients exhibited low potassium excretion in 24 h urine samples, and 85% of cases had at least one urine parameter associated with low-grade acidosis (low pH, low citrate excretion). After treatment, CTX and BAP decreased significantly in both groups, but subjects with evidence of low-grade acidosis gained significant benefits from the treatment compared to the placebo. In patients with low 24h-citrate excretion at baseline, a 30% mean decrease in BAP and CTX was observed at 6 months. A significant reduction was also evident when low citrate (BAP: -25%; CTX: -35%) and a low pH (BAP: -25%; CTX: -30%) were found in fasting-morning urine. In conclusion, our results suggested that K citrate supplementation improved the beneficial effects of calcium and vitamin D in osteopenic women with a documented potassium and citrate deficit, and a metabolic profile consistent with low-grade acidosis.

Distrofia ósea esclerosante mixta / Mixed-sclerosing-bone-dystrophy

El término "distrofia ósea esclerosante mixta" describe la combinación de las características radiológicas correspondientes a melorreostosis, osteopoiquilosis y osteopatía estriada, como entidades individuales, que ocurren en un mismo paciente. El objetivo de esta comunicación es presentar el caso clínico de una paciente con diagnóstico de distrofia ósea esclerosante mixta y, a partir de este caso, realizar una revisión sobre el tema. (AU)

The term "mixed-sclerosing-bone-dystrophy" describes the combination of the radiological characteristics corresponding to melorheostosis, osteopoikilosis and osteopathia striata, as individual conditions, ocurring in the same patient. The aim of this communication is to present the clinical case of a patient diagnosed with mixed-sclerosing-bone-dystrophy and, based on this case, to undertake a review of this condition. (AU)