Berberine as a promising natural compound for the treatment of periodontal disease: A focus on anti-inflammatory properties.

Accumulating evidence during the last two decades has addressed the potential anti-inflammatory properties of berberine (BBR), a bioactive alkaloid compound isolated from Coptidis rhizoma, in controlling or treating several inflammatory diseases. Periodontitis is one of the most common chronic and serious inflammatory diseases, in which uncontrolled and unabated host immune responses against periodontopathic pathogens play critical and crucial roles in the disease pathogenesis. Hence, regulating inflammatory responses in periodontitis has a valuable approach and holds promise in treating periodontitis. For the first time, this paper reviews the evidence from in vitro and in vivo experimental models to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of BBR in periodontitis and exhibits that BBR has the high potency to exert anti-inflammatory effects by reducing expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-17, RANKL, MMP-2, MMP-9 and MCP-1. The BBR-mediated anti-inflammatory actions could translate into the inhibition of the periodontal tissues and alveolar bone destruction and the control of the disease in vivo. As the second aim of this paper, we also paid attention to the therapeutic potential of BBR in treating human diseases regarding its anti-inflammatory properties.

The Potential Role of Tea in Periodontal Therapy: An Updated Review.

Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and can affect high percentage of the worlds' population. Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Nowadays, more attention has been focused on the herbal remedies in the field of drug discovery. Green tea is an important source of polyphenol antioxidants. It has long been used as a beverage worldwide. The most interesting polyphenol components of green tea leaves that are related with health benefits are the catechins. Taken together, this review suggested that green tea, with its wide spectrum of activities, could be a healthy alternative for controlling the damaging reactions seen in periodontal diseases.

Possible Involvement of Vitamin C in Periodontal Disease-Diabetes Mellitus Association.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an important water-soluble vitamin found in many fruits and vegetables. It has well-documented beneficial effects on the human body and is used as a supplement, alone or in combination with other vitamins and minerals. Over recent years, research has focused on possible new therapeutic actions in chronic conditions including periodontal disease (PD). We conducted a systematic review on clinical trials from four databases (PubMed, Clinical Trials, Cochrane, Web of Science) which measured plasmatic/salivary levels of ascorbic acid in PD-diabetes mellitus (DM) association. Six studies were included in our review, three of them analyzing patients with different grades of PD and DM who received vitamin C as a treatment (500 mg vitamin C/day for 2 months and 450 mg/day for 2 weeks) or as part of their alimentation (guava fruits), in combination with standard therapies and procedures. Decreased levels of vitamin C were observed in PD patients with DM but data about efficacy of vitamin C administration are inconclusive. Given the important bidirectional relationship between PD and DM, there is a strong need for more research to assess the positive effects of ascorbic acid supplementation in individuals suffering from both diseases and also its proper regimen for these patients.

Photonic Therapy in Periodontal Diseases an Overview with Appraisal of the Literature and Reasoned Treatment Recommendations.

Recent reviews and meta-analyses of the literature over the past quarter-century have failed to provide enough evidence to prove or disprove the actual utility of photonic therapy in periodontitis, alone or adjunctive to conventional approaches. This apparent paradox has been explained by the many physical, molecular, biological, anatomical, and technical variables of photonic treatments, which can differ in light-emitting devices (laser or LED), wavelengths, irradiation power and modes, clinical objectives, follow-up times, disease grading, and assessment methods. This multi-faceted, controversial scenario has led practitioners to underestimate the actual potential of photonic therapy in periodontal diseases. In this critical appraisal of the literature, we have briefly summarized the main photonic therapies and instruments used in Periodontology, highlighting their main characteristics and limitations. Then, we have tried to identify and discuss the key methodological issues which can have an impact on the outcome of photonic therapies. Our main goal was to identify the best parameters, settings, and methodologies to perform effective periodontal photonic treatments and to extrapolate some recommendations for clinical use. Should these recommendations find a consensus among periodontologists and be adopted in future clinical studies, they will hopefully contribute to dissipate the present confusion and uncertainty on this complex matter.

Combined antioxidant effects of Neem extract, bacteria, red blood cells and Lysozyme: possible relation to periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: The common usage of chewing sticks prepared from Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) in India suggests its potential efficacy in periodontal diseases. The objective of this study is to explore the antibacterial effects of Neem leaf extract on the periodontophatic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and its antioxidant capacities alone and in combination with bacteria and polycationic peptides that may be at the site of inflammation. METHODS: Neem leaf extract was prepared by ethanol extraction. The growth kinetics of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum under anaerobic conditions in the presence of Neem leaf extract were measured. Broth microdilution test was used to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Neem leaf extract against each bacterial strain. The effect of Neem leaf extract on the coaggregation of the bacteria was assessed by a visual semi-quantitative assay. The antioxidant capacities of Neem leaf extract alone and in combination with bacteria, with the addition of red blood cells or the polycationic peptides chlorhexidine and lisozyme, were determined using a chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS: Neem leaf extract showed prominent dose-dependent antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis, however, had no effect on the growth of F. nucleatum nor on the coaggregation of the two bacteria. Yet, it showed intense antioxidant activity, which was amplified following adherence to bacteria and with the addition of red blood cells or the polycationic peptides. CONCLUSIONS: Neem leaf extract, containing polyphenols that adhere to oral surfaces, have the potential to provide long-lasting antibacterial as well as synergic antioxidant activities when in complex with bacteria, red blood cells and lisozyme. Thus, it might be especially effective in periodontal diseases.

An ex vivo evaluation of the efficacy of andrographolide in modulating differential expression of transcription factors and target genes in periodontal cells and its potential role in treating periodontal diseases.

ETHANOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Andrographolide is a herbal extract traditionally used in South Asian countries for treating inflammatory diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the efficacy of andrographolide in management of periodontal disease which is a highly prevalent oral disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) were cultured from healthy and diseased periodontium using explant culture methods. The safe dose of AG was determined using MTT assay. LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of the most important periodontopathogen, P gingivalis was used to activate NF-κB and STAT3 in PDLF. The efficacy of AG in inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3 was analyzed using immunofluorescence. Down regulation of expression of target genes of these transcription factors related to inflammation and bone resorption were analyzed using real time PCR. RESULTS: AG up to the concentration of 25µM was found to be safe as determined by MTT assay. Statistically significant activation of NF-κB and STAT3 in cultured PDLF was observed in diseased group compared to healthy controls before and after LPS challenge. 5µM AG pretreatment significantly inhibited activation of NF-κB and STAT3 and down regulated expression of inflammatory and bone resorptive genes in cultured PDLF. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study propose the adjunctive use of a novel herbal drug andrographolide as a promising host modulation agent for periodontal therapy by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3 activation and inhibition of inflammation and bone resorption related genes.

Effects of Geum urbanum L. root extracts and its constituents on polymorphonuclear leucocytes functions. Significance in periodontal diseases.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Geum urbanum L. (wood avens) root infusions and decoctions have been used externally for reducing the bleeding and inflammation of gums (gingivitis), and mucous membranes. AIM OF THE STUDY: Taking into account that primed and hyperactivated neutrophils are an important factor in the transition from gingivitis to periodontitis, we investigated the effects of phytochemically characterised (HPLC-DAD-MS(n)) extracts of different polarity from Geum urbanum root on oxidative burst, elastase, metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and 1ß (IL-1ß), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) release, expression of adhesion molecules (CD62L and CD11b) and delayed apoptosis in stimulated neutrophils. As gemin A is a dominating compound in a raw material, so we considered its activity in parallel with the positive control quercetin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extracts were characterised by HPLC-DAD- MS(n) method. The inhibition of ROS production by stimulated neutrophils was determined using luminol dependent chemiluminescence method. The effect on MMP-9, IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-8 production by neutrophils was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neutrophil elastase release was established spectrophotometrically. The expression of adhesion molecules and the apoptosis of neutrophils was analyzed with flow cytometry. RESULTS: The main compounds detected in the extract belong mainly to the group of ellagitannin: pedunculagin, stachyurin, casuarynin and gemin A, and ellagic acid derivatives. Procyanidins and one complex tannin were found as minor compounds. Gemin A significantly affected the functions of stimulated neutrophils by reducing the surface expression of CD11b, and inhibiting the release of reactive oxygen species, and proteases (elastase, MMP-9), chemokines and cytokines (interleukins IL-8, IL-1ß). Interestingly, gemin A stimulated the release of TNF-α, which may be one of the stimulators of apoptosis of neutrophil cells. The primary aqueous extract, the ethyl acetate and the butanolic fractions, all containing the highest level of gemin A, have exerted similar but weaker activity. CONCLUSION: The modulating effect on the neutrophils function of extracts, and its main constituent gemin A, support the traditional use of this plant material in cavity inflammation including mucositis, gingivitis and periodontosis.

Global metabolomic analysis of human saliva and plasma from healthy and diabetic subjects, with and without periodontal disease.

Recent studies suggest that periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are bi-directionally associated. Identification of a molecular signature for periodontitis using unbiased metabolic profiling could allow identification of biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of both diabetes and periodontal disease. This cross-sectional study identified plasma and salivary metabolic products associated with periodontitis and/or diabetes in order to discover biomarkers that may differentiate or demonstrate an interaction of these diseases. Saliva and plasma samples were analyzed from 161 diabetic and non-diabetic human subjects with a healthy periodontium, gingivitis and periodontitis. Metabolite profiling was performed using Metabolon's platform technology. A total of 772 metabolites were found in plasma and 475 in saliva. Diabetics had significantly higher levels of glucose and α-hydroxybutyrate, the established markers of diabetes, for all periodontal groups of subjects. Comparison of healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis saliva samples within the non-diabetic group confirmed findings from previous studies that included increased levels of markers of cellular energetic stress, increased purine degradation and glutathione metabolism through increased levels of oxidized glutathione and cysteine-glutathione disulfide, markers of oxidative stress, including increased purine degradation metabolites (e.g. guanosine and inosine), increased amino acid levels suggesting protein degradation, and increased ω-3 (docosapentaenoate) and ω-6 fatty acid (linoleate and arachidonate) signatures. Differences in saliva between diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts showed altered signatures of carbohydrate, lipid and oxidative stress exist in the diabetic samples. Global untargeted metabolic profiling of human saliva in diabetics replicated the metabolite signature of periodontal disease progression in non-diabetic patients and revealed unique metabolic signatures associated with periodontal disease in diabetics. The metabolites identified in this study that discriminated the periodontal groups may be useful for developing diagnostics and therapeutics tailored to the diabetic population.

A novel chemically modified curcumin reduces severity of experimental periodontal disease in rats: initial observations.

Tetracycline-based matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) inhibitors are currently approved for two inflammatory diseases, periodontitis and rosacea. The current study addresses the therapeutic potential of a novel pleiotropic MMP-inhibitor not based on an antibiotic. To induce experimental periodontitis, endotoxin (LPS) was repeatedly injected into the gingiva of rats on one side of the maxilla; the contralateral (control) side received saline injections. Two groups of rats were treated by daily oral intubation with a chemically modified curcumin, CMC 2.24, for two weeks; the control groups received vehicle alone. After sacrifice, gingiva, blood, and maxilla were collected, the jaws were defleshed, and periodontal (alveolar) bone loss was quantified morphometrically and by µ-CT scan. The gingivae were pooled per experimental group, extracted, and analyzed for MMPs (gelatin zymography; western blot) and for cytokines (e.g., IL-1ß; ELISA); serum and plasma samples were analyzed for cytokines and MMP-8. The LPS-induced pathologically excessive bone loss was reduced to normal levels based on either morphometric (P = 0.003) or µ-CT (P = 0.008) analysis. A similar response was seen for MMPs and cytokines in the gingiva and blood. This initial study, on a novel triketonic zinc-binding CMC, indicates potential efficacy on inflammatory mediators and alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis and warrants future therapeutic and pharmacokinetic investigations.

Tai Chi exercise increases SOD activity and total antioxidant status in saliva and is linked to an improvement of periodontal disease in the elderly.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Tai Chi on biological markers of oxidative stress in saliva and its relationship with periodontal disease (PD) in older adults. We carried out a quasi-experimental study with a sample of 71 sedentary volunteers with PD who were divided into a control group of 34 subjects and an experimental group of 37 subjects who performed Tai Chi 5 days a week for a period of 6 months. PD status was characterized using the Periodontal Disease Index (PDI). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS), and TBARS levels of both groups were measured by spectrophotometric methods. In addition, inflammation markers (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were measured by flow cytometry. We found a statistically significant increase in SOD activity (P < 0.001) and TAS concentration (P < 0.05), whereas levels of IL-1ß were significantly lower (P < 0.01). Likewise, a statistically significant decrease in the PDI (P < 0.05) was observed in subjects who performed Tai Chi during a period of 6 months. Our findings suggest that the practice of Tai Chi has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that are linked to the improvement of PD in older adults.

Genipin inhibits IL-1ß-induced CCL20 and IL-6 production from human periodontal ligament cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Genipin, the aglycon of geniposide found in gardenia fruit has long been considered for treatment of various diseases in traditional oriental medicine. Genipin has been used as a blue colorant in food industry. Genipin has recently been reported to have some pharmacological functions, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to examine whether genipin could modify CCL20 and IL-6, which are related to bone resorption in periodontal disease, expression in human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs). METHODS: CCL20 and IL-6 productions from HPDLCs were determined by ELISA. Western blot analysis was used for the detection of signal transduction molecules expressions in HPDLCs. RESULTS: Genipin prevented IL-1ß-mediated CCL20 and IL-6 production in HPDLCs. Moreover, genipin could suppress nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK) and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) phosphorylations in IL-1ß-stimulated HPDLCs. NF-κB inhibitor and ERK inhibitor significantly inhibited IL-6 and CCL20 productions from IL-1ß-stimulated HPDLCs. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide a novel mechanism through which genipin could be used to provide direct benefits in periodontal disease to inhibit IL-6 and CCL20 productions in periodontal lesions.

[MORFOHISTOHIMICHNA EVALUATION OF REHABILITATION PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED PERIODONTAL DISEASE AGAINST CORONARY HEART DISEASE].

Un the basis of morphological studies examined the effectiveness of complex pathogenetic treatment of generalized periodontal disease with the use of products based on natural ingredients: dental paste "Fitopasta-3K" and drug "plantain juice" for the local treatment and drugs "Granules quercetin" and "Energoton" for systemic treatment. Established that one of the important mechanisms of complex pathogenetic treatment is the effect on energy metabolism of periodontal tissues, including the reduction of tissue hypoxia, metabolic stabilization was observed structural changes navkolozubnyh tissues. It should be noted positive effects of integrated treatment on the whole body.

Influence of periodontal disease on systemic disease: inversion of a paradigm: a review.

Medicine and dentistry interface at many levels. For example, the focal infection theory, popular at the outset of the 1900s, suggested that systemic ailments could be traced to dental infections, which, in those days, were common, chronic, and often untreated. With the advent of modern dental and medical treatment, particularly antibiotics, this relationship was largely forgotten. Until recently, the discovery of relationships between periodontal disease and heart ailments, maternal oral health and prematurity of offspring, bidirectional interrelationships between diabetes and periodontal diseases, relationship of oral infections and chronic respiratory diseases and relationship between skeletal and oral bone mineral density, has brought a shift in the perspective. Research is now focused on the potential impact of periodontal diseases on systemic health. Thus, the impact of oral infection in systemic health defined a novel branch in Periodontology termed Periodontal medicine.

[Nutrition and periodontal diseases]. / Odzywianie a choroby przyzebia.

The aim of this paper is to review the available literature pertaining the influence of specific nutritional elements (e.g. vitamin C, vitamin B-complex and dietary calcium) on periodontal status. Effect of food intake on the oral cavity is complex. Proper nutrition, both in terms of quantity and quality determines health of oral cavity and entire body.

Antibacterial, antiadherence, antiprotease, and anti-inflammatory activities of various tea extracts: potential benefits for periodontal diseases.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key etiologic agent of chronic periodontitis. This Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium produces several virulence factors and can induce a host inflammatory response that contributes to periodontal disease. In the present study, we investigated green tea, white tea, oolong tea, and black tea extracts with a high polyphenol content for their effects on (i) the growth and adherence of P. gingivalis, (ii) the activity of host and bacterial proteases, and (iii) cytokine secretion by oral epithelial cells. All the tea extracts inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis (minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 200 to 500 µg/mL; minimal bactericidal concentrations=500 µg/mL). In addition, they dose dependently reduced the adherence of P. gingivalis to oral epithelial cells. Tea extracts also inhibited the catalytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, neutrophil elastase, and P. gingivalis collagenase. Lastly, the tea extracts dose dependently inhibited the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL-5) by P. gingivalis-stimulated oral epithelial cells. No marked differences in the various effects were observed among the four tea extracts. Extracts from green tea, white tea, oolong tea, and black tea show promise for controlling periodontal disease by their capacity to interfere with P. gingivalis growth and virulence properties, host destructive enzymes, and inflammatory mediator secretion. Such extracts may be incorporated to oral hygiene products or locally delivered into diseased periodontal sites.

Identification of Magnolia officinalis L. bark extract as the most potent anti-inflammatory of four plant extracts.

This study was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory potential of a Magnolia officinalis L. bark extract solely or in combination with extracts prepared from either Polygonum aviculare L., Sambucus nigra L., or Isodon japonicus L. in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) and human U-937 monocytes, as cell models of periodontal disease. HGF-1 and U-937 cells were incubated with LPS from either Porphyromonas gingivalis or Escherichia coli together with the four plant extracts alone or in combination. Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines from HGF-1 and U-937 cells was measured by means of a multiplexed bead assay system. Magnolia officinalis L. bark extract, at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL, reduced interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion from HGF-1 cells to 72.5 ± 28.6% and reduced matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) secretion from U-937 cells to 8.87 ± 7.97% compared to LPS-treated cells (100%). The other three extracts also reduced secretion of these inflammatory markers but were not as effective. Combination of 9 µg/mL Magnolia officinalis L. extract with 1 µg/mL of each of the other extracts maintained the anti-inflammatory effect of Magnolia officinalis L. extract. Combination of 5 µg/mL Magnolia officinalis L. extract with 5 µg/mL Isodon japonicus L. extract also maintained the anti-inflammatory potential of the Magnolia officinalis L. extract, whereas increasing concentrations of any of the other plant extracts in the combination experiments reduced the Magnolia officinalis L. extract efficacy in U-937 cells.

Changes in vitamin D supplement use and baseline plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration predict 5-y change in concentration in postmenopausal women.

Few studies have prospectively examined predictors of change in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. We sought to determine the predictors of 5-y change in 25(OH)D. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed at baseline (1997-2000) and 5 y later (2002-2005) in 668 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Osteoporosis and Periodontal Disease Study. Baseline and changes in demographic, dietary, lifestyle, and health-related factors were tested as predictors of change in 25(OH)D concentrations by using multivariable linear regression. The mean 5-y change in 25(OH)D (mean ± SD) was 7.7 ± 0.7 nmol/L (P < 0.001). In our predictive model (n = 643), predictors explained 31% of the variance in change in 25(OH)D concentrations and included baseline 25(OH)D, baseline and change in vitamin D supplementation and physical activity, change in season of blood draw, BMI, whole-body T score, and baseline hormone therapy use. Baseline 25(OH)D and change in vitamin D supplementation explained the most variation (25%) in 25(OH)D. Exploratory analyses showed a borderline significant interaction between tertiles of baseline 25(OH)D and change in vitamin D supplementation over time (P = 0.06). The greatest mean increase in 25(OH)D (22.9 ± 16.8 nmol/L), with adjustment for other statistically significant predictors, occurred in women whose baseline 25(OH)D concentration was ≤51.0 nmol/L (tertile 1) and who increased supplementation use over time. These results confirm the importance of supplementation in increasing 25(OH)D concentrations in aging women, even after other statistically significant predictors are controlled for. These data also suggest that this is especially true among aging women with inadequate 25(OH)D (e.g., <50 nmol/L).

Inflammatory mechanisms and redox status in periodontal and cardiometabolic diseases: effects of adjunctive nutritional antioxidants and statins.

Periodontal pathogens in plaque biofilm initiate periodontitis, which is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The resultant pro-oxidant status imposed on the periodontium, exacerbated by episodic hyperinflammatory damage contributes to progression of periodontitis and tooth loss in susceptible subjects. Increasing documentation of bi-directional connections between periodontal and cardiometabolic disorders makes it an intriguing area of therapeutic intervention for mutual benefit. Periodontitis and associated comorbidities demonstrate similar risk markers of inflammation during disease progression. Depending on the extent and severity of the inflammatory response, periodontitis could impact significantly on systemic inflammatory loading and influence the progression of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaque instability, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. Some of the common mechanisms involved are discussed, relevant to periodontal and cardiometabolic disorders which have been documented as having a bidirectional relationship with periodontal disease progression; abating in response to treatment. Periodontal disease may be a useful marker of a susceptible immune system, or directly affect the progression of systemic diseases due to inflammatory loading. These mechanisms mediated by coordinated actions of cytokines, acute phase proteins, enzymes and their sequelae are addressed in the context of conventional periodontal therapy and its outcome with a modulatory role on metabolic diseases. Applications for the role of nutritional and therapeutic antioxidants as adjuncts in diseases with a distinctly prooxidant profile are discussed. Accurate therapeutic targeting as an adjunct to conventional periodontal treatment in this context, for mutual benefit to subjects with periodontitis and cardiometabolic diseases is a challenge.

Efecto antiinflamatorio de apitoxina de Apis mellifera sobre prostaglandina E2 del fluido crevicular gingival de pacientes con y sin enfermedad periodontal, sometidos a apiterapia: ensayo preliminar / Anti-inflammatory effect of apitoxin and Apis mellifera on prostaglandin E2 in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with and without periodontal disease, submitted to apitherapy: preliminary test

Introducción: La apitoxina que es producida por la Apis mellifera posee efecto antiinflamatorio sobre una serie de marcadores biológicos. La prostaglandina E2 forma parte de ellos, estando presente en el fluido gingival crevicular (FGC). La prostaglandina E2 es evidenciada en la enfermedad periodontal. Objetivo: En este estudio se evaluó el efecto antiinflamatorio de la apitoxina sobre la concentración de prostaglandina E2 del FGC de un paciente sin enfermedad periodontal (SEP) y otro con enfermedad periodontal (CEP). Materiales y Método: Se seleccionó un paciente SEP y otro CEP, que sometidos a apiterapia durante 28 días, se registraron 5 muestras por paciente de FGC, siendo almacenadas, centrifugadas y refrigeradas para su conservación. Posteriormente se midió la concentración de prostaglandina E2 crevicular mediante inmunodifusión radial simple en placas petri con concentración de anticuerpo anti prostaglandina E2 de 1:1000. Selladas a 4°C, se esperó 72 horas para permitir su difusión, tiñéndose con Azul brillante de Coomasie, determinándose la concentración de cada placa. Resultados: Paciente SEP inmediatamente antes de apiterapia presentó una concentración de 0.9636 ± 0.0055 (ug/uL), finalizando con una concentración de 0.9196+/-0.0733 (ug/uL) al completar 28 días de tratamiento. El paciente CEP antes de recibir apiterapia presento una concentración de 1.1866 +/- 0.0867 (ug/uL), finalizando con una concentración de 0.9858 +/- 0.0074 (ug/uL) al completar 28 días de tratamiento. Discusión: Los hallazgos de este estudio demuestran una disminución de la concentración de PGE2 del FGC tanto para el paciente CEP y SEP sometidos a apiterapia durante 28 días, siendo esta disminución 3.7 veces mayor en el paciente CEP.

Introduction: Apitoxin, which is produced by Apis mellifera, has anti-inflammatory effect on a number of biomarkers. Prostaglandin E2 is one of them, being present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Prostaglandin E2 is evidenced in periodontal disease. Objective: This study evaluated the antiinflammatory effect of apitoxin on concentration of prostaglandin E2 FGC in a patient with no periodontal disease (SEP) and other with periodontal disease (CEP). Materials and Methods: We selected both a SEP and CEP patient who were subjected to apitherapy for 28 days. There were 5 samples per patient of FGC, being stored, centrifuged and refrigerated for their preservation. Subsequently, the concentrations of crevicular prostaglandin E2 were measured by simple radial immunodiffusion in petri dishes with antibody concentration of prostaglandin E2 of 1:1000. Sealed at 4 °C, after 72 hours to allow diffusion, they were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue, determining the concentration of each plate. Results: SEP patient immediately before apitherapy presented a concentration of 0.9636 +/- 0.0055 (g / mL), ending with a concentration of 0.9196 +/- 0.0733 (g / mL) upon completion of 28 days of treatment. CEP patient before receiving apitherapy showed a concentration of 1.1866 +/- 0.0867 (g/mL), ending with a concentration of 0.9858 +/- 0.0074 (g/mL) upon completion of 28 days of treatment. Discussion: The findings of this study show a decrease in the concentration of PGE2 of FGC both for the CEP and SEP patient subjected to apitherapy for 28 days, being this decrease 3.7 times higher in the CEP patient.

Dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and periodontal disease in community-based older Japanese: a 3-year follow-up study.

The longitudinal relationship between dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio and periodontal disease in 235 Japanese subjects for whom data were available for the years 2003-2006 was investigated. PUFAs intake was assessed at baseline with a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Full-mouth periodontal status, measured as the clinical attachment level (CAL), was recorded at baseline and once a year for 3 years. The number of teeth with a change in the loss of CAL ≥3 mm at any site over a year was calculated as 'periodontal disease events'. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, with dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio as the main predictor, to estimate its influence on periodontal disease events. A high dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio was significantly associated with greater number of periodontal disease events. The findings suggest the dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio is associated with periodontal disease among older Japanese.