[Treatment networks and associations of patients with rare diseases]. / Redes de tratamento e as associações de pacientes com doenças raras.

Patients' associations are an example of biosocial groups, since their formation is motivated by common biological characteristics, such as rare diseases, and they are sometimes included in social movements in health. Even though the National Policy on Comprehensive Care for Persons with Rare Diseases was enacted in 2014, patients still struggle to ensure access to and treatment by the Unified Health System. The way in which associations of patients with rare diseases gain access to treatment via social networks, is investigated. This research is part of a study about the use of social media by associations of patients with rare diseases, which employs netnography - ethnography applied to the web - as the data-gathering method. Data sources were pages of the associations on Facebook in Brazil. It was seen that the activities of the associations are multi-faceted, ranging from patient and family guidance about treatment and quality of life, to active participation in the elaboration and implementation of public policies. The discourses suggest that the focus of patients' associations is, in the majority of cases, the access to drugs rather than the effective enactment of the national policy geared towards rare diseases.

As associações de pacientes são um exemplo de grupos biossociais, já que sua constituição é motivada por questões biológicas comuns, tais como as doenças raras, e estão, por vezes, inscritas no movimento social em saúde. Apesar da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras ter sido promulgada em 2014, os pacientes ainda têm dificuldade em garantir acesso a tratamento pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Investigamos como as associações de pacientes com doenças raras tecem, através das redes sociais virtuais, o acesso a tratamento. Esta pesquisa é parte de um estudo sobre o uso das mídias sociais pelas associações de pacientes com doenças raras, e emprega como método a netnografia. As fontes da pesquisa foram páginas de associações de pacientes com doenças raras no Brasil presentes no Facebook. Observamos que a atuação das associações de pacientes é plural, indo desde a orientação de pacientes e familiares sobre questões relacionadas a tratamento e qualidade de vida, até a participação ativa na elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas. Os discursos sugerem que o foco destas associações é, na maior parte dos casos, o acesso a medicamentos, em detrimento da implantação efetiva da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras.

Engagement of Canadian Patients with Rare Diseases and Their Families in the Lifecycle of Therapy: A Qualitative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Patient involvement is increasingly recognized as critical to the development, introduction and use (i.e. the lifecycle) of new and effective therapies, particularly those for rare diseases, where natural histories and the impact on patients and families are less well-understood than for common diseases. However, little is known about how patients and families would like to be involved during the lifecycle. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore ways in which Canadian patients with rare diseases and their families would like to be involved in the lifecycle of therapies and identify their priorities for involvement. METHODS: Patients with rare diseases and their families were recruited to participate in two deliberative sessions, during which concepts related to decision-making uncertainty and the technology lifecycle were introduced before eliciting input around ways in which they could be involved. This was followed by a webinar, which was used to further identify opportunities for involvement. The data were then analyzed qualitatively using eclectic coding. RESULTS: Patients and families identified opportunities that fell into three goals: (1) incorporation of their 'lived experience' in coverage decision making (i.e. decisions by governments on funding new therapies); (2) improved care for patients; and (3) greater awareness of rare diseases, with the first being a priority. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunities for patients and families to contribute their 'lived experience' are needed throughout the orphan drug lifecycle, but the ideal mechanisms for providing this input have yet to be determined.

Redes de tratamento e as associações de pacientes com doenças raras / Treatment networks and associations of patients with rare diseases

Resumo As associações de pacientes são um exemplo de grupos biossociais, já que sua constituição é motivada por questões biológicas comuns, tais como as doenças raras, e estão, por vezes, inscritas no movimento social em saúde. Apesar da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras ter sido promulgada em 2014, os pacientes ainda têm dificuldade em garantir acesso a tratamento pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Investigamos como as associações de pacientes com doenças raras tecem, através das redes sociais virtuais, o acesso a tratamento. Esta pesquisa é parte de um estudo sobre o uso das mídias sociais pelas associações de pacientes com doenças raras, e emprega como método a netnografia. As fontes da pesquisa foram páginas de associações de pacientes com doenças raras no Brasil presentes no Facebook. Observamos que a atuação das associações de pacientes é plural, indo desde a orientação de pacientes e familiares sobre questões relacionadas a tratamento e qualidade de vida, até a participação ativa na elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas. Os discursos sugerem que o foco destas associações é, na maior parte dos casos, o acesso a medicamentos, em detrimento da implantação efetiva da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras.

Abstract Patients' associations are an example of biosocial groups, since their formation is motivated by common biological characteristics, such as rare diseases, and they are sometimes included in social movements in health. Even though the National Policy on Comprehensive Care for Persons with Rare Diseases was enacted in 2014, patients still struggle to ensure access to and treatment by the Unified Health System. The way in which associations of patients with rare diseases gain access to treatment via social networks, is investigated. This research is part of a study about the use of social media by associations of patients with rare diseases, which employs netnography - ethnography applied to the web - as the data-gathering method. Data sources were pages of the associations on Facebook in Brazil. It was seen that the activities of the associations are multi-faceted, ranging from patient and family guidance about treatment and quality of life, to active participation in the elaboration and implementation of public policies. The discourses suggest that the focus of patients' associations is, in the majority of cases, the access to drugs rather than the effective enactment of the national policy geared towards rare diseases.

A conceptual disease model for adult Pompe disease.

BACKGROUND: Studies in orphan diseases are, by nature, confronted with small patient populations, meaning that randomized controlled trials will have limited statistical power. In order to estimate the effectiveness of treatments in orphan diseases and extrapolate effects into the future, alternative models might be needed. The purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual disease model for Pompe disease in adults (an orphan disease). This conceptual model describes the associations between the most important levels of health concepts for Pompe disease in adults, from biological parameters via physiological parameters, symptoms and functional indicators to health perceptions and final health outcomes as measured in terms of health-related quality of life. METHODS: The structure of the Wilson-Cleary health outcomes model was used as a blueprint, and filled with clinically relevant aspects for Pompe disease based on literature and expert opinion. Multiple observations per patient from a Dutch cohort study in untreated patients were used to quantify the relationships between the different levels of health concepts in the model by means of regression analyses. RESULTS: Enzyme activity, muscle strength, respiratory function, fatigue, level of handicap, general health perceptions, mental and physical component scales and utility described the different levels of health concepts in the Wilson-Cleary model for Pompe disease. Regression analyses showed that functional status was affected by fatigue, muscle strength and respiratory function. Health perceptions were affected by handicap. In turn, self-reported quality of life was affected by health perceptions. CONCLUSIONS: We conceptualized a disease model that incorporated the mechanisms believed to be responsible for impaired quality of life in Pompe disease. The model provides a comprehensive overview of various aspects of Pompe disease in adults, which can be useful for both clinicians and policymakers to support their multi-faceted decision making.

Exploring quality of life in Italian patients with rare disease: a computer-aided content analysis of illness stories.

The present study used a narrative-based approach to identify common themes that characterized the illness experience and quality of life of patients affected by rare disease (RD). Textual data were comprised of illness stories written by 32 adult Italian patients (eight men and 24 women), with the following RD diagnoses: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 12), anorectal atresia (n = 4), Poland syndrome (n = 4), and idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (n = 12). Computer-aided content analysis was performed to detect the main themes (cluster analysis) and latent factors (correspondence analysis) emerging in patients' narratives, and to test their association with gender and diagnosis. Four thematic domains were detected in the textual corpus, which are respectively referred to as: hopelessness (12.74%), need for autonomy (38.43%), search for normalcy (11.89%), and expectations of recovery (36.94%). Three latent factors explained the overall data variance: the relationship with social and medical healthcare providers (F1), adjustment processes to disease and social limitations (F2), and self-beliefs and coping (F3). Some differences were revealed with respect to patient gender and diagnosis. Illness stories highlight the significant relationship of RD patients with healthcare services and their need for a holistic approach because of the lack of effective treatment. Physical limitation and emotional distress do not necessarily seem to overlap for adjustment and quality of life (QoL). Overall, the perception of illness chronicity is likely to affect patients' self-beliefs and coping with more than their feeling of abnormalcy, that is the less salient theme.

Potentially harmful side-effects: medically unexplained symptoms, somatization, and the insufficient illness narrative for viewers of mystery diagnosis.

Illness narrative has often been found to play a positive role in both patients' and providers' efforts to find meaning in the illness experience. However, illness narrative can sometimes become counterproductive, even pathological, particularly in cases of medical mystery--cases wherein biopsychosocial factors blur the distinction between bodily dysfunction and somatizing behavior. In this article, the author draws attention to two examples of medical mystery, the clinical presentation of medically unexplained symptoms, and the popular reality television program Mystery Diagnosis, to demonstrate the potentially harmful effects of illness narrative. The medical mystery's complex narrative structure reflects and tends to reinforce providers' and patients' mistaken assumptions, anxieties, and conflicts in ways which obstruct, rather than facilitate, healing.

Critical illness--a lived reality for patients and their families.

This case study tells of one family's experience surrounding the diagnosis of rare cancer, where both the medical system and family struggle with a critical, largely unknown illness. The experience was complicated by communication issues between the medical profession and family, support from counselling services, and lack of information--compounded by a health system concentrated in metropolitan areas.