RESUMEN
Metals continue to impose health issues among world populations. A non-invasive alternative biomarker for assessment of metals and other elements has been explored in other studies using toenail samples. Some benefits of using toenails as biomarkers over blood samples include cost efficiency, ease of collection, and a longer biological half-life within samples. The objective of this study was to employ desktop XRF for the purpose of measuring metal concentrations in human nail samples, thus conducting a non-destructive assessment. These benefits paired with comparable accuracy in exposure detection could prove toenail samples to be a preferred biomarker for many studies. Current elemental quantification techniques in toenail samples could be improved. The standard practice for measuring metal exposure in toenails, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), has a counterpart in x-ray fluorescence. While maintaining similar quantification capabilities, x-ray fluorescence could provide decreased cost, preservation of samples, and ease of operation. Portable XRF machines have been tested for measuring toenail samples, but they have drastically increased detection limits in comparison to ICP-MS. New benchtop XRF systems should give comparable detection limits to ICP-MS. This study compares the benchtop XRF measurements of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and Selenium (Se) levels to that of ICP-MS measurements of toenail samples and calculates estimated detection limits for 23 other elements. We found strong correlations for the toenail lead (R2 = 0.92), copper (R2 = 0.95), selenium (R2 = 0.60), and iron (R2 = 0.77) comparison between desktop XRF and ICP-MS measurements. Median minimum detection limits over the 23 elements were found to be 0.2 µg/g using a 7.5-min measurement. Benchtop XRF provides a lower detection limit than previously studied portable XRF machines, which gives it the capability of accurately detecting almost any desired element in nail samples. Benchtop XRF provides a non-destructive alternative to ICP-MS in surveillance of nail samples.
Asunto(s)
Uñas , Selenio , Humanos , Uñas/química , Selenio/análisis , Rayos X , Cobre/análisis , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Metales/análisis , Hierro/análisis , Biomarcadores/análisisRESUMEN
The paper presents a new analytical procedure for the determination and speciation of trace and ultratrace selenium in water, beverages, seafood, milk, and vegetables. The developed method is based on the dispersive micro-solid phase extraction with the use of new thiosemicarbazide-incorporated graphene as a solid sorbent, in combination of the total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF). As a result, we have created an auspicious analytical tool for fast and sensitive analysis of samples with a complex matrix. Regardless of the specimen type, the method is characterized by a very low detection limit of 1.7 pg mL-1 and high precision. The developed strategy allowed us to solve common problems associated with selenium loss during the sample preparation for the TXRF measurement and also improve its performance toward the analysis of beverages and high saline/solid samples, which may even be impossible to perform using standard sample preparation procedures for a TXRF measurement.
Asunto(s)
Grafito , Selenio , Agua , Selenio/análisis , Grafito/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Bebidas/análisisRESUMEN
Traditional Chinese herbal medicines are subject to heavy metal contamination. Standard detection methods are too complicated, time-consuming, and expensive for routine analysis, so low-cost methods are in high demand for rapid on-site screening. This study reports a high-sensitivity X-ray fluorescence (HS-XRF) method to determine As, Pb, and Cd residues simultaneously in herbal medicines. It couples monochromatic excitation energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and the fast fundamental parameters method. Each test takes only 10-30 min and costs 1/10th to 1/5th of the standard method. The detection limits, precision and accuracy were evaluated using different approaches, and application notes in practice are also proposed. This study is the first attempt to establish and evaluate HS-XRF in analyzing multiple heavy metals in herbal medicines. This rapid screening method would promote the testing efficiency and thus improve the monitoring of heavy metal contamination in herbal medicines.
Asunto(s)
Metales Pesados , Plantas Medicinales , China , Contaminación de Medicamentos/prevención & control , Metales Pesados/análisis , Plantas Medicinales/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
Emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens is increasing globally at an alarming rate with a need to discover novel and effective methods to cope infections due to these pathogens. Green nanoparticles have gained attention to be used as efficient therapeutic agents because of their safety and reliability. In the present study, we prepared zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from aqueous leaf extract of Acacia arabica. The nanoparticles produced were characterized through UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In vitro antibacterial susceptibility testing against foodborne pathogens was done by agar well diffusion, growth kinetics and broth microdilution assays. Effect of ZnO NPs on biofilm formation (both qualitatively and quantitatively) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was also determined. Antioxidant potential of green synthesized nanoparticles was detected by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The cytotoxicity studies of nanoparticles were also performed against HeLa cell lines. The results revealed that diameter of zones of inhibition against foodborne pathogens was found to be 16-30 nm, whereas the values of MIC and MBC ranged between 31.25-62.5 µg/ml. Growth kinetics revealed nanoparticles bactericidal potential after 3 hours incubation at 2 × MIC for E. coli while for S. aureus and S. enterica reached after 2 hours of incubation at 2 × MIC, 4 × MIC, and 8 × MIC. 32.5-71.0% inhibition was observed for biofilm formation. Almost 50.6-65.1% (wet weight) and 44.6-57.8% (dry weight) of EPS production was decreased after treatment with sub-inhibitory concentrations of nanoparticles. Radical scavenging potential of nanoparticles increased in a dose dependent manner and value ranged from 19.25 to 73.15%. Whereas cytotoxicity studies revealed non-toxic nature of nanoparticles at the concentrations tested. The present study suggests that green synthesized ZnO NPs can substitute chemical drugs against antibiotic resistant foodborne pathogens.
Asunto(s)
Acacia/metabolismo , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/prevención & control , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Óxido de Zinc/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Células HeLa , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Difracción de Rayos X/métodos , Zinc/química , Zinc/metabolismo , Óxido de Zinc/metabolismoRESUMEN
Green nanoparticle synthesis is an environmentally friendly approach that uses natural solvents. It is preferred over chemical and physical techniques due to the time and energy savings. This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through a green method that used Phlomis leaf extract as an effective reducing agent. The synthesis and characterization of ZnO NPs were confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) techniques. In vitro cytotoxicity was determined in L929 normal fibroblast cells using MTT assay. The antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was investigated using a disk-diffusion method against S. aureus and E. coli, as well as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) content concentrations. XRD results confirmed the nanoparticles' crystalline structure. Nanoparticle sizes were found to be around 79 nm by FESEM, whereas the hydrodynamic radius of nanoparticles was estimated to be around 165 ± 3 nm by DLS. FTIR spectra revealed the formation of ZnO bonding and surfactant molecule adsorption on the surface of ZnO NPs. It is interesting to observe that aqueous extracts of Phlomis leave plant are efficient reducing agents for green synthesis of ZnO NPs in vitro, with no cytotoxic effect on L929 normal cells and a significant impact on the bacteria tested.
Asunto(s)
Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Phlomis/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/química , Sustancias Reductoras/farmacología , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta/métodos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Difracción de Rayos X/métodos , Óxido de Zinc/químicaRESUMEN
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) employing an aqueous plant extract has emerged as a viable eco-friendly method. The aim of the study was to synthesize AgNPs by using plant extract of Sanvitalia procumbens (creeping zinnia) in which the phytochemicals present in plant extract act as a stabilizing and reducing agent. For the stability of the synthesized AgNPs, different parameters like AgNO3 concentration, volume ratios of AgNO3, temperature, pH, and contact time were studied. Further, AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer) analysis. FT-IR analysis showed that the plant extract contained essential functional groups like O-H stretching of carboxylic acid, N-H stretching of secondary amides, and C-N stretching of aromatic amines, and C-O indicates the vibration of alcohol, ester, and carboxylic acid that facilitated in the green synthesis of AgNPs. The crystalline nature of synthesized AgNPs was confirmed by XRD, while the elemental composition of AgNPs was detected by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). SEM studies showed the mean particle diameter of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized AgNPs were used for photocatalytic degradation of Orange G and Direct blue-15 (OG and DB-15), which were analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Maximum degradation percentage of OG and DB-15 azo dyes was observed, without any significant silver leaching, thereby signifying notable photocatalytic properties of AgNPs.
Asunto(s)
Asteraceae/metabolismo , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Compuestos Azo/química , Catálisis , Cistaceae , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Plata/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Difracción de Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
Since honeybee pollen is considered a "perfectly complete food" and is characterized by many beneficial properties (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, etc.), it has begun to be used for therapeutic purposes. Consequently, there is a high need to develop methods for controlling its composition. A thorough bee pollen analysis can be very informative regarding its safety for consumption, the variability of its composition, its biogeographical origin, or harvest date. Therefore, in this study, two reliable and non-destructive spectroscopy methods, i.e., ED-XRF and ATR-FTIR, are proposed as a fast approach to characterize bee pollen. The collected samples were derived from apiaries located in west-central Poland. Additionally, some commercially available samples were analyzed. The applied methodology was optimized and combined with sophisticated chemometric tools. Data derived from IR analyses were also subjected to two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. The developed ED-XRF method allowed the reliable quantification of eight macro- and micro-nutrients, while organic components were characterized by IR spectroscopy. Principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and obtained synchronous and asynchronous maps allowed the study of component changes occurring dependently on the date and location of harvest. The proposed approach proved to be an excellent tool to monitor the variability of the inorganic and organic content of bee pollen.
Asunto(s)
Nutrientes/análisis , Polen/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Animales , Abejas , Micronutrientes/análisisRESUMEN
At the morphological and anatomical levels, the ionome, or the elemental composition of an organism, is an understudied area of plant biology. In particular, the ionomic responses of plant-pathogen interactions are scarcely described, and there are no studies on immune reactions. In this study we explored two X-ray fluorescence (XRF)-based ionome visualisation methods (benchtop- and synchrotron-based micro-XRF [µXRF]), as well as the quantitative inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method, to investigate the changes that occur in the ionome of compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interactions. We utilised the agronomically important and comprehensively studied interaction between potato (Solanum tuberosum) and the late blight oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans as an example. We used one late blight-susceptible potato cultivar and two resistant transgenic plant lines (only differing from the susceptible cultivar in one or three resistance genes) both in control and P. infestans-inoculated conditions. In the lesions from the compatible interaction, we observed rearrangements of several elements, including a decrease of the mobile macronutrient potassium (K) and an increase in iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), compared with the tissue outside the lesion. Interestingly, we observed distinctly different distribution patterns of accumulation at the site of inoculation in the resistant lines for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Mn and silicon (Si) compared to the susceptible cultivar. The results reveal different ionomes in diseased plants compared to resistant plants. Our results demonstrate a technical advance and pave the way for deeper studies of the plant-pathogen ionome in the future.
Asunto(s)
Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/fisiología , Iones/análisis , Phytophthora infestans/patogenicidad , Solanum tuberosum/microbiología , Análisis Espectral/métodos , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Iones/metabolismo , Metales/metabolismo , Fósforo/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Espectrometría por Rayos X/instrumentación , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Análisis Espectral/instrumentación , SincrotronesRESUMEN
Multi-drug resistant pathogens are a rising danger for the future of mankind. Iodine (I2) is a centuries-old microbicide, but leads to skin discoloration, irritation, and uncontrolled iodine release. Plants rich in phytochemicals have a long history in basic health care. Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller (AV) and Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) are effectively utilized against different ailments. Previously, we investigated the antimicrobial activities of smart triiodides and iodinated AV hybrids. In this work, we combined iodine with Sage extracts and pure AV gel with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an encapsulating and stabilizing agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray-Diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the composition of AV-PVP-Sage-I2. Antimicrobial properties were investigated by disc diffusion method against 10 reference microbial strains in comparison to gentamicin and nystatin. We impregnated surgical sutures with our biohybrid and tested their inhibitory effects. AV-PVP-Sage-I2 showed excellent to intermediate antimicrobial activity in discs and sutures. The iodine within the polymeric biomaterial AV-PVP-Sage-I2 and the synergistic action of the two plant extracts enhanced the microbial inhibition. Our compound has potential for use as an antifungal agent, disinfectant and coating material on sutures to prevent surgical site infections.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Aloe/química , Antifúngicos/química , Gentamicinas/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo/métodos , Nistatina/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Povidona/química , Salvia/química , Salvia officinalis/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Difracción de Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
Biofortification is a nutritional strategy used to enhance nutrients in a variety of staple foods. As bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are considered staple food in many developing countries, monitoring zinc (Zn) content in biofortified bananas is crucial to ensure this mineral intake. Bananas were biofortified by injecting Zn sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O) solutions into banana trees' pseudostem (1%, 2%, and 4%) compared with the control treatment. Zinc content was estimated using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and multivariate calibration using partial least squares (PLS). The impressive result is the possibility of high throughput analysis of Zn in bananas after biofortification to guarantee the quality when eaten as a central portion of the diet.
Asunto(s)
Biofortificación , Alimentos Fortificados/análisis , Musa/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Zinc/análisis , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , Sulfato de Zinc/químicaRESUMEN
Hydroxyapatite (HAp)-[Ca10 (PO4)6(OH) 2] has a similar chemical composition to bone material, making it the main mineral supplement in bone-making. Due to its high biocompatibility, hydroxyapatite is widely used in the repair of bone deficiencies and in the production of dental or orthopedic implants. In this research, hydroxyapatite nanopowder was synthesized using a hydrothermal technique. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the chemical structure and morphology of the synthesized hydroxyapatite powder. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to evaluate the phase analysis of HAp nanopowder. In addition, bioactivity HAp assessment was conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attached with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was used in order to determine the optimal conditions for yield, size, and crystallinity. Three independent variables (pH, temperature, and hydrothermal treatment time) were investigated. The yield was observed to increase in alkaline conditions; pH showed the greatest influence on the yield, size, and crystallinity of the synthesized hydroxyapatite, based on Analysis of Variance. The results of bioactivity evaluation are showed high bioactivity due to the formation of apatite on the surface of the synthesized nanopowder.
Asunto(s)
Durapatita/síntesis química , Huesos , Durapatita/química , Calor , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo/métodos , Polvos/síntesis química , Polvos/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Difracción de Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
Green synthesis of nanomaterials is advancing due to its ease of synthesis, inexpensiveness, nontoxicity and renewability. In the present study, an eco-friendly biogenic method was developed for the green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) using phytochemically rich Berberis balochistanica stem (BBS) extract. The BBS extract was rich in phenolics, flavonoids and berberine. These phytochemicals successfully reduced and stabilised the NiNO3 (green) into NiONPs (greenish-gray). BBS-NiONPs were confirmed by using UV-visible spectroscopy (peak at 305 nm), X-ray diffraction (size of 31.44 nm), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (identified -OH group and Ni-O formation), energy dispersive spectroscopy (showed specified elemental nature) and scanning electron microscopy (showed rhombohedral agglomerated shape). BBS-NiONPs were exposed to multiple in vitro bioactivities to ascertain their beneficial biological applications. They exhibited strong antioxidant activities: total antioxidant capacity (64.77%) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (71.48%); and cytotoxic potential: Brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay with IC50 (10.40 µg/mL). BBS-NiONPs restricted the bacterial and fungal pathogenic growths at 1000, 500 and 100 µg/mL. Additionally, BBS-NiONPs showed stimulatory efficacy by enhancing seed germination rate and seedling growth at 31.25 and 62.5 µg/mL. In aggregate, BBS extract has a potent antioxidant activity which makes the green biosynthesis of NiONPs easy, economical and safe. The biochemical potential of BBS-NiONPs can be useful in various biomedical and agricultural fields.
Asunto(s)
Berberis/metabolismo , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Bacterias , Berberis/fisiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Nanotecnología/métodos , Níquel/química , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fitoquímicos/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Difracción de Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
In this paper, a rapid, simple and reliable quantitative analysis method for Phosphorus and Sulfur in milligram quantities of plant samples by EDXRF has been described. The method uses a thin film sample preparation procedure which includes drying, suspension samples, filtration and pressing of the thin film samples. By measuring four random points of the same thin film sample, the homogenization of thin layer samples was evaluated to ensure the stability of the quantitative analysis results. The calibration curves of P, S, Ca and Fe was established by changing the weight of certified reference materials (CRMs) deposited on the filter. Then, the emission-transmission (E-T) method was used for correcting the matrix absorption effects of phosphorus and sulfur in the thin layer samples. After the correction, the correlation coefficients (R2) of the calibration curves of P and S were higher than 0.99. To evaluate the accuracy of quantitative analysis method, three vegetation verification samples were synthesized by adding the analytical pure powder to CRMs. The quantitative analytical results of EDXRF and ICP-OES were compared to the synthesized value. For P and S elements, the relative error of EDXRF and ICP-OES were 1.2%-6.4% and 4.2 %to 11.4%, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Fósforo/análisis , Plantas/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Azufre/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisis , CalibraciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The elemental composition of herbal infusions and teas has not been sufficiently investigated. It could potentially be used for defining fingerprints for individual herbal / tea infusions, differentiation of botanical families, detecting the influence of packaging, and other purposes. The objective of this study was to determine the elemental composition, including the trace element content, of various herbal infusions and teas by means of total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF), with a chemometrics approach using principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: This study determined the elemental composition of various herbal infusions and teas, including trace elements, using total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). The methodology for the sample preparation was established, including the multiple-steepings procedure for the two tea samples (Oolong and Pu-erh). Data from 29 samples were collected. We hypothesized that the elemental content of infusions could reflect certain features, such as the influence of processing and the type of tea. CONCLUSION: A chemometric approach (PCA) was applied, and differences between teas and herbal infusions were found. This was further corroborated by explicit differentiation of one botanical family, Theaceae. The influence of packaging (tea bags) on herbal material was identified. The three types of tea (Camellia sinensis) appeared to be separated with PCA, and elemental concentrations in Pu-erh changed with multiple steepings.
Asunto(s)
Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Tés de Hierbas/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisis , Fluorescencia , Análisis de Componente PrincipalRESUMEN
A new Rococoâ 2 X-ray fluorescence detector was implemented into the cryogenic sample environment at the Hard X-ray Micro/Nano-Probe beamline P06 at PETRAâ III, DESY, Hamburg, Germany. A four sensor-field cloverleaf design is optimized for the investigation of planar samples and operates in a backscattering geometry resulting in a large solid angle of up to 1.1â steradian. The detector, coupled with the Xspressâ 3 pulse processor, enables measurements at high count rates of up to 106â counts per second per sensor. The measured energy resolution of â¼129â eV (Mn Kα at 10000â countsâ s-1) is only minimally impaired at the highest count rates. The resulting high detection sensitivity allows for an accurate determination of trace element distributions such as in thin frozen hydrated biological specimens. First proof-of-principle measurements using continuous-movement 2D scans of frozen hydrated HeLa cells as a model system are reported to demonstrate the potential of the new detection system.
Asunto(s)
Espectrometría por Rayos X/instrumentación , Sincrotrones , Calcio/análisis , Cloruros/análisis , Criopreservación , Electrodos , Diseño de Equipo , Células HeLa/química , Humanos , Fósforo/análisis , Potasio/análisis , Compuestos de Silicona , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Azufre/análisis , Rayos XRESUMEN
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are multifunctional oxide metal nanoparticles that have been considered by many due to their unique properties including UV filtration, semiconducting, antimicrobial, antifungal, and photocatalytic activity. In the present study, ZnO-NPs have been synthesized from Zn(SO4)·7H2O through the use of "green synthesis" method that utilizes Prosopis farcta aqueous extract. The characterization of synthesized ZnO-NPs have been performed by UV-Vis absorption, Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman, Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Results have illustrated that the synthesized nanoparticles contain a hexagonal shape and sheet form with sizes of 40-80â¯nm. The antifungal activity of ZnO-NPs against Candida albicans has shown that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were 128 and 256⯵g/ml, respectively. The cytotoxicity activity of synthesized nanoparticles was tested on breast cancer cells (MCF7), while the IC50 was calculated to be 90⯵g/ml.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Óxido de Zinc/química , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo/métodos , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión/métodos , Tamaño de la Partícula , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Difracción de Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
This study describes the use of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy in Crotalaria ochroleuca seed technology. This work evaluated X-ray fluorescence techniques to estimate the physiological performance of different C. ochroleuca seed coat colours based on the concentration and distribution of Ca, P, K, and S in seed structures. The treatments consisted of seeds separated by coat colours (yellow, green, and red) and a control treatment (colour mix according to their natural occurrence in commercial lots), and was carried out in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The physiological performance was evaluated by analyzing the water content, germination, first germination count, germination speed index, electrical conductivity, seedling emergence, and seedling length and dry mass. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy techniques were carried out with quantitative analyses (Ca, P, K, and S concentration in the seed coat and the whole seed) and qualitative analyses (macronutrient mapping). The EDXRF and µ-XRF techniques are efficient and promising to differentiate the physiological performance of C. ochroleuca seeds, based on the concentration and distribution of Ca, P, K, and S in different structures. Ca is predominant in the seed coat, and K, S, and P are found throughout the embryonic axis. Seeds of yellow and green coats have higher nutrients concentration and distribution in the embryonic axis, revealing high germinative capacity and physiological performance. Seeds of red coat have higher nutrients concentration in the seed coat and lower assimilation, showing less vigour, which interferes directly in the quality of commercial lots.
Asunto(s)
Crotalaria/fisiología , Germinación/fisiología , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Calcio/análisis , Color , Crotalaria/química , Fósforo/análisis , Potasio/análisis , Semillas/fisiología , Azufre/análisisRESUMEN
A convenient approach is proposed for the quantitation of elemental cofactors in proteins and the determination of metal/protein stoichiometry, on the basis of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF). The analysis of proteins containing the metals Cu, Fe, Zn, and Ca and also the nonmetallic element P is shown as a demonstration of the generality of the method. In general, the reported method gives limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values in the low ppm range and requires only a few microliters of protein sample at micromolar concentrations. Moreover, sample preparation does not require any digestion steps before the analysis. The expected metal/protein stoichiometry was observed for each protein analyzed, highlighting the precision and accuracy of the method in all the tested cases. Furthermore, it is shown that the method is compatible with multimeric proteins and those with post-translational modifications such as glycosylation.
Asunto(s)
Metales/análisis , Fósforo/análisis , Proteínas/análisis , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Límite de Detección , Metales/química , Fósforo/química , Proteínas/químicaRESUMEN
This study reports a facile and ecofriendly approach for the ultrasound assisted synthesis of silver and iron oxide nanoparticles and their enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The fenugreek seed extract was used as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The transmission electron microscopy results showed that nanoparticles synthesized by ultrasonication have a smaller size (~20 nm) as compared to the nanoparticles fabricated by magnetic stirring (~40 nm). The color change of the solution from milky white to brown suggested the formation of silver nanoparticles which was confirmed by the presence of an absorbance peak at 396 nm. The results of powder X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the crystallinity and elements present in nanoparticles synthesized using fenugreek seed extract. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the fenugreek seed phytochemicals were coated on the nanoparticle surface. Thermal gravimetric analysis showed the thermal degradation and stability of nanoparticles. Magnetization study of iron oxide nanoparticles confirmed the superparamagnetic nature. The silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activities against both gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, while no antibacterial activities were observed for iron oxide nanoparticles. The ultrasound assisted nanoparticles showed higher stability and antibacterial and antioxidant activity compared with the nanoparticles fabricated by magnetic stirring.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Compuestos Férricos/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Semillas/química , Plata/química , Trigonella/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Espectrometría por Rayos X/métodos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) are essential elements for plant growth and physiological functioning. Their deficiency can limit N2 fixation and nodule development in nodulated legumes. The location of S within nodule tissues could provide insights into S metabolism and its little-known relationship with N2 fixation. Determinate and indeterminate nodules were inoculated with specific rhizobia and grown hydroaeroponically under sufficient versus deficient P supplies. Cryogenic and freeze-dried thin sections of nodules at the flowering stage were mapped using synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence to determine the S distribution within the nodule tissues with a spatial resolution of 2 or 3 µm. A large accumulation of S was found in the middle cortex for both types of nodules. S was also found in all of the other tissues but with a significantly lower signal. In the middle cortex, P deficiency decreased the S maximum fluorescence intensity by 20% and 25% for the determinate and indeterminate nodules, respectively. In addition, Mg and Cl maps were also collected showing that Mg was mostly localized in the middle and inner cortex, forming a Mg-rich ring consisting of several cell layers for the determinate nodules compared with only one cell layer for the indeterminate nodules. Cl was mainly accumulated in the outer cortex. It is concluded that the accumulation of S in the middle cortex is consistent with its involvement in the ionic equilibrium of the nodule, and in the osmotic variation of the inner cortex cell-size, which would regulate nodule permeability to oxygen.