[Selected aspects regarding social factors in skin diseases]. / Ausgewählte Aspekte sozialer Faktoren bei Hautkrankheiten.

Skin diseases are complex and cannot be explained solely by genetic or environmental factors but are also significantly shaped by social influences. This review illuminates the bidirectional relationship between social factors and skin diseases, demonstrating how social determinants such as socioeconomic status, living environment, and psychosocial stress can influence the onset and progression of skin conditions. Simultaneously, it explores how skin diseases can affect individuals' social lives and work capability, leading to a cycle of social withdrawal and further deterioration of the condition. The paper describes the need for a holistic approach in dermatology that goes beyond the biomedical perspective and incorporates social factors to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. The increasing prevalence of skin diseases in Europe and the expected rise in allergies due to climate change make the consideration of social determinants even more urgent. The findings of this review aim to raise awareness of the complex interconnections between social factors and skin health and contribute to reducing social disparities in skin health.

Integrating the social determinants of health into curriculum: AMEE Guide No. 162.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) as the non-medical factors influencing health outcomes. SDOH is associated with conditions in which people are born, grow, work, and live. Medical schools and licensing bodies are increasingly recognizing the need for doctors and healthcare professionals to be aware of their patient's social context and how it impacts their states of health and disease. However, there is considerable variation in the approaches of different institutions and countries to incorporating SDOH into their curricula. In order to allow clinicians to adopt a holistic approach to patient health, equipping them with extensive knowledge of SDOH would give learners the confidence, skills, knowledge, and attitudes needed to effectively engage with patients and their families. This approach aids health professionals with knowledge of the influence of the social context and cultural factors that affect patients' behaviors in relation to health. Incorporating the SDOH in medical and health professional school curricula would contribute towards adequately preparing future healthcare practitioners to provide effective, comprehensive, and equitable care, especially to marginalized and underserved populations. The Guide will take an evidence-based approach grounded in the available contemporary literature and case studies. The focus will be on integrating SDOH into undergraduate and postgraduate medical curricula to promote an understanding of the social factors that influence patients' and communities' health. Ultimately, this guide seeks to contribute to the reduction of inequalities in health.

Special Issue: Examining the Impacts of Social Determinants on HIV Health and Prevention.

Assessing the impact of social determinants of health (SDoH) has become an important part of the holistic view of an individual's health status [...].

Relações familiares, saúde bucal e fatores sociais em crianças pré-escolares mineiras / Family relationships, oral health and social factors in preschool children from Minas Gerais

As relações familiares desempenham um importante papel no desenvolvimento infantil, podendo influenciar comportamentos saudáveis que se repercutem até a vida adulta. Foi objetivo deste estudo avaliar a associação entre fatores socioeconômicos, comportamentais, psicossociais e de saúde bucal com as relações familiares de crianças pré-escolares, no município de São Francisco, região norte de Minas Gerais. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa de desenho transversal, com amostra representativa de 247 crianças de 5 anos de idade e respectivas mães. Os dados foram coletados a partir de questionários validados autoaplicáveis direcionados às mães, e exames intrabucais nas crianças por meio do índice de dentes decíduos cariados, perdidos ou obturados (ceo-d). As relações familiares foram avaliadas por meio da escala de Coesão Familiar (CF), que representa o grau de união entre os familiares. Foi utilizado software SPSS para análise bivariada e regressão logística multinominal, com nível de significância de 5%. Considerou-se a CF média como categoria de referência e foi incluído no modelo final as variáveis com valor de p<0,25 para pelo menos uma das categorias (CF alta ou baixa). Na análise bivariada, mostraram-se associadas à alta CF experiência de cárie dentária; e as variáveis associadas à baixa CF foram escolaridade materna, estado civil, limpeza bucal noturna materna e experiência de cárie. No modelo final, famílias com CF alta apresentaram mais chances de ausência de trabalho materno remunerado [3,56 (1,12-11,31), p=0,031] e menos chances experiência de cárie [0,32 (0,11-0,96), p=0,042]; enquanto famílias com CF baixa tiveram mais chances de estado civil materno não casado [2,34 (1,02-5,36), p=0,045]. Assim, variáveis socioeconômicas e de saúde bucal mostraram-se associadas à coesão familiar de crianças aos 5 anos de idade e suas mães, demonstrando a necessidade de um cuidado participativo e integral da família, além de políticas públicas sociais intersetoriais, para a promoção da saúde e bem-estar das crianças.

Family relationships play an important role in child development and can influence healthy behaviors that have repercussions into adulthood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic, behavioral, psychosocial and oral health factors with family relationships of preschool children in the city of São Francisco, northern region of Minas Gerais. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 247 5-year-old children and their mothers. Data were collected from validated self-administered questionnaires addressed to mothers, and intraoral examinations in children through the decayed-missing-filled primary teeth (dmft) index. Family relationships were assessed using the Family Cohesion (FC) scale, which represents the degree of unity between family members. SPSS software was used for bivariate and multinomial logistic regression analysis, with a significance level of 5%. The average FC was considered as the reference category and the variables with p<0.25 for at least one of the categories (high or low FC) were included in the final model. In the bivariate analysis, dental caries experience was associated with high FC; and the variables associated with low FC were maternal education, marital status, maternal nocturnal oral cleaning and caries experience. In the final model, families with high FC were more likely to have no maternal paid work [3.56 (1.12-11.31), p=0.031] and less likely to experience caries [0.32 (0.11- 0.96), p=0.042]; while families with low FC were more likely to have an unmarried maternal marital status [2.34 (1.02-5.36), p=0.045]. Thus, socioeconomic and oral health variables were associated with the family cohesion of 5-year-old children and their mothers, demonstrating the need for participatory and comprehensive care for the family, in addition to intersectoral social public policies for health promotion and well-being of children.

Building engagement to support adoption of community-based substance use prevention initiatives.

BACKGROUND: System-level approaches that target social determinants of health are promising strategies to support substance use prevention, holistic youth development and wellbeing. Yet, the youth services system is largely based on individual-focused programs that do not adequately account for social determinants of health and place the responsibility for wellness on the individual. There is a need to understand how to enhance adoption of complex system-level approaches that support comprehensive youth development. The Icelandic Prevention Model (IPM) represents a collaborative initiative that takes an ecological, system-level approach to prevent substance use and promote wellness in youth. This research was designed to examine key stakeholder perceptions to better understand social motivations and contextual complexities that influence stakeholder support to garner community-level adoption of the IPM in a rural Canadian community. METHODS: This research applies a case study approach using qualitative interviews to explore strategies to support uptake in the early stages of IPM adoption associated with developing community buy-in and acceptance. A thematic analysis was applied using QSR NVivo. RESULTS: Nine interviews were conducted with community partners leading the implementation of the IPM. Three over-arching themes emerged from the data: 1) Motivating influences 2) Strategies to develop buy-in, and 3) Resistance to the adoption of the IPM. Findings reflect issues that affect behaviour change in system transformation in general as well as upstream prevention and the IPM, in particular. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this research describe critical insight derived from implementing community-driven initiatives that are designed to support health promotion. It contributes new scientific knowledge related to implementation of complex system-level innovations and practical information that is useful for communities interested in implementing the IPM or following similar approaches to prevent substance use.

Black Nativity and Health Disparities: A Research Paradigm for Understanding the Social Determinants of Health.

After more than a century of research and debate, the scientific community has yet to reach agreement on the principal causes of racialized disparities in population health. This debate currently centers on the degree to which "race residuals" are a result of unobserved differences in the social context or unobserved differences in population characteristics. The comparative study of native and foreign-born Black populations represents a quasi-experimental design where race is "held constant". Such studies present a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the social determinants of population health disparities. Since native and foreign-born Black populations occupy different sociocultural locations, and since populations with greater African ancestry have greater genetic diversity, comparative studies of these populations will advance our understanding of the complex relationship between sociocultural context, population characteristics and health outcomes. Therefore, we offer a conceptual framing for the comparative study of native and foreign-born Blacks along with a review of 208 studies that compare the mental and physical health of these populations. Although there is some complexity, especially with respect to mental health, the overall pattern is that foreign-born Blacks have better health outcomes than native-born Blacks. After reviewing these studies, we conclude with suggestions for future studies in this promising area of social and medical research.

Maternal mental health of adolescent mothers: a cross-sectional mixed-method study protocol to determine cultural and social factors and mental health needs in Lilongwe, Malawi.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence marks a transition of life from childhood to adulthood. Becoming a mother during adolescence presents unique challenges that have a significant mental and physical burden and may increase the likelihood of developing common mental disorders (CMDs). Untreated CMDs have serious effects on both the mother and her child. Culture constitutes an important context for most experiences, and affects how individuals seek help. However, there is limited research that has investigated how culture and social factors influence the adolescent mother's mental health during the postpartum period in Malawi. METHODS/DESIGN: A cross-sectional sequential mixed methods design will be carried out in four phases. Phase one will include the preparatory phase and scoping review. The second phase will comprise a survey with adolescent mothers. The sample for the survey consists of adolescent postpartum mothers aged 14-19 years (with infants of up to 6 months of age) who have the capacity to consent for the study. Phase three will be a qualitative study in which in-depth interviews and focus group discussions will be employed to collect data from health workers and informal healthcare providers in the community (eg, traditional healers, traditional birth attendants). The fourth phase will involve developing recommendations for policy and practice ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study will provide an understanding of the impact of culture and social factors that influence adolescent mother's mental health and well-being, including the identification of potential risk and protective factors. The findings will inform recommendations for an appropriate, culturally accepted spectrum of interventions, including universal, selective and indicated prevention strategies. The findings will be disseminated to stakeholders working in maternal health in Malawi. Ethical approval was received from the Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2021-0223) and (P.05/21/575) Malawian Ethics Board National Committee on Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and Humanities.

Cognitive, psychological and social factors associated with older adults' mobility: a scoping review of self-report and performance-based measures.

Although many factors have been associated with mobility among older adults, there is paucity of research that explores the complexity of factors that influence mobility. This review aims to synthesise the available evidence for factors comprising the cognitive, psychological, and social mobility determinants and their associations with mobility self-reported and performance-based outcomes in older adults (60 years). We followed Arksey and O'Malley's five stages of a scoping review and searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Web of Science, AgeLine, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Sociological Abstract databases. Reviewers in pairs independently conducted title, abstract, full-text screening and data extraction. We reported associations by analyses rather than articles because articles reported multiple associations for factors and several mobility outcomes. Associations were categorised as significantly positive, negative, or not significant. We included 183 peer-reviewed articles published in 27 countries, most of which were cross-sectional studies and conducted among community-dwelling older adults. The 183 articles reported 630 analyses, of which 381 (60.5%) were significantly associated with mobility outcomes in the expected direction. For example, older adults with higher cognitive functioning such as better executive functioning had better mobility outcomes (e.g., faster gait speed), and those with poor psychological outcomes, such as depressive symptoms, or social outcomes such as reduced social network, had poorer mobility outcomes (e.g., slower gait speed) compared to their counterparts. Studies exploring the association between cognitive factors, personality (a psychological factor) and self-reported mobility outcomes (e.g., walking for transportation or driving), and social factors and performance-based mobility outcomes in older adults are limited. Understanding the additive relationships between cognitive, psychological, and social factors highlights the complexity of older adults' mobility across different forms of mobility, including independence, use of assistive devices, transportation, and driving.

Social Determinants of Health: What Are They and How Do We Screen.

The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity report recognizes nurses' impact on the medical and social factors that drive health outcomes (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [NASEM], 2021). The report calls for nursing to take bold steps to address individual and structural level social determinants of health (SDoH)-or social and environmental factors contributing to poor health, poor health outcomes, and health disparities (NASEM, 2021, p. 5). Nurses must recognize the significance of SDoH on patient health outcomes in order to advance health equity and employ nursing interventions to affect positive change for our patients. SDoH are part of our patients' stories, and holistic nursing means we know the whole patient story. Although it is now widely recognized that SDoH affect health outcomes, a key challenge for nurses is that they represent an enormous range of factors-from food and housing insecurity to personal safety and environmental exposures-that may be more or less able to change with interventions in clinical settings. Furthermore, concerns have been raised that screening for SDoH-especially when not done with sensitivity, cultural competence, or ready intervention-may compromise therapeutic relationships and marginalize patients (Wallace et al., 2020). However, despite these concerns, healthcare systems are widely adopting SDoH assessments, generally through electronic health record screening questions, and attempting to implement associated workflows and interventions. Given this landscape, the purpose of this article, within this special issue of Orthopaedic Nursing, is to provide an overview of SDoH factors, identify best practices related to screening and referral, and highlight nurse-directed interventions in clinical settings.

Social determinants of quality of life among PLHIV in Australia: implications for health promotion.

A cascade of care model is central to contemporary approaches to HIV prevention. The model prioritizes strategies to increase rates of HIV testing and promote early and sustained uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) among people living with HIV (PLHIV). The model aims to prevent new HIV transmissions by increasing the number of PLHIV who have achieved HIV viral suppression. However, good quality of life (QoL) among PLHIV has been proposed as an additional goal. This prioritizes the basic right of PLHIV to lead meaningful lives and acknowledges the relationship between better QoL and consistent ART use. A better understanding of factors associated with the QoL can thus inform health promotion programmes for PLHIV. In this study, N=465 Australian participants, recruited through social media and various HIV community organizations, completed an online survey that included a measure of QoL and a range of demographic, health-related and social variables. Overall, social factors accounted uniquely for the most variance in QoL (18%), followed by health-related (11%) and demographic factors (2%). Social support, HIV-related discrimination and treatment convenience were among the strongest determinants of QoL. These findings reinforce the importance of a more holistic approach to health promotion among PLHIV. Specifically, our results indicate that to improve the QoL of PLHIV and to boost related public health benefits, community advocates and healthcare professionals must be responsive to the broader psychological, social and functional needs of PLHIV.

Beneficios de la evaluación integral en adultos mayores con dolores crónicos de columna en un centro periférico del conurbano bonaerense / Benefits of the comprehensive evaluation in older adults with chronic back pain, in a peripheral medical center of the Buenos Aires suburbs

Introducción. Desde hace varios años, el abordaje de los pacientes adultos mayores que consultan por dolor crónico en un centro periférico del Hospital Italiano del conurbano bonaerense se realiza de manera integral, mediante la evaluación conjunta de una kinesióloga y un médico de familia, lo que facilita la indicación terapéutica individualizada, con la aplicación de estrategias cognitivo-conductuales. Objetivo. Documentar los resultados clínicos luego de una evaluación integral de pacientes mayores de 60 años que consultaron por dolor crónico de columna refractarios a tratamientos monodisciplinarios. Métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico tipo antes-después, prospectivo. Recolectamos variables descriptivas de los participantes al momento de la evaluación integral (demográficas, antropométricas, contextuales y clínicas) y de desenlace: dolor, calidad de vida y actividad física a los tres y seis meses, consultas no programadas y a servicio de traumatología durante ese periodo. Estimamos necesaria una muestra de 30 pacientes, pero debido a la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2finalizamos precozmente el estudio con los pacientes reclutados hasta ese momento. Resultados. Incluimos nueve participantes (edad media 66,5 años, desviación estándar 4,9; 67 % sexo femenino). Todos completaron el seguimiento a seis meses. Observamos reducción del dolor y mejoría de la calidad de vida a los seis meses (cambio en la escala visual analógica [EVA] -3, intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 % -5,1 a -0,94; cambio en el puntaje del EQ-5D-3L 0,17, IC 95 % 0,08 a 0,26, respectivamente). Conclusión. En los pacientes adultos mayores de 60 años con dolor crónico de columna no oncológico evaluados de manera integral por un médico de familia y un kinesiólogo se observó una mejoría del dolor y la calidad de vida a los seis meses de seguimiento. Debido a que el diseño no incluyó un grupo control estas diferencias no pueden atribuirse de manera fehaciente a la intervención, aunque estos hallazgos son concordantes con los de ensayos previos. (AU)

Introduction. For several years, the approach of elderly patients who consult for chronic pain in a peripheral center ofthe Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires has been carried out in a comprehensive way, through the joint evaluation of akinesiologist and a family doctor, which facilitates individualized therapeutic indication, with the application of cognitive-behavioral strategies.Objective. To document the clinical results after the comprehensive evaluation of patients over 60 years of age whoconsulted for chronic back pain refractory to monodisciplinary treatments. Methods. Observational, analytical, before-after, prospective study. We collected descriptive variables from the participantsat the time of the comprehensive evaluation (demographic, anthropometric, contextual and clinical) and outcome variables:pain, quality of life and physical activity at three and six months, unscheduled consultations and trauma service during thatperiod. We estimate that a sample of 30 patients is necessary, but due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic we ended the studyearly with the patients recruited up to that time. Results. We included nine participants (mean age 66.5 years, standard deviation 4.9; 67 % female). All completed the six-month follow-up. We observed reduction in pain and improvement in quality of life at six months (change in visual analogscale [VAS] -3, 95 % confidence interval [CI] -5.1 to -0.94; change in score of the EQ-5D-3L 0.17, 95 % CI 0.08 to 0.26,respectively). Conclusion. In adult patients over 60 years of age with chronic non-cancer back pain who were comprehensively evaluatedby a family doctor and a kinesiologist, an improvement in pain and quality of life was observed at six months of follow-up. Since the design did not include a control group, these differences cannot be reliably attributed to the intervention, althoughthese findings are consistent with those of previous trials. (AU)

Clinical, behavioural and social factors associated with racial disparities in COVID-19 patients from an integrated healthcare system in Georgia: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To identify sociodemographic, clinical and behavioural drivers of racial disparities and their association with clinical outcomes among Kaiser Permanente Georgia (KPGA) members with COVID-19. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort of patients with COVID-19 seen from 3 March to 29 October 2020. We described the distribution of underlying comorbidities, quality of care metrics, demographic and social determinants of health (SDOH) indicators across race groups. We also described clinical outcomes in hospitalised patients including length of stay, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, readmission and mortality. We performed multivariable analyses for hospitalisation risk among all patients with COVID-19 and stratifyied by race and sex. SETTING: KPGA, an integrated healthcare system. PARTICIPANTS: 5712 patients who all had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Of them, 57.8% were female, 58.4% black, 29.5% white, 8.5% Hispanic and 3.6% Asian. RESULTS: Black patients had the highest proportions of living in neighborhoods under the federal poverty line (12.4%) and in more deprived locations (neighbourhood deprivation index=0.4). Overall, 14.4% (n=827) of this cohort was hospitalised. Asian patients had the highest rates of ICU admission (53.1%) and mechanical ventilation (21.9%). Among all patients, Hispanics (adjusted 1.60, 95% CI (1.08, 2.37)), blacks (1.43 (1.13, 1.83)), age in years (1.03 (1.02, 1.04)) and living in a zip code with high unemployment (1.08 (1.03, 1.13)) were associated with higher odds of hospitalisation. COVID-19 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2.59 (1.67, 4.02)), chronic heart failure (1.79 (1.31, 2.45)), immunocompromised (1.77 (1.16, 2.70)), with glycated haemoglobin >8% (1.68 (1.19, 2.38)), depression (1.60 (1.24, 2.06)), hypertension (1.5 (1.21, 1.87)) and physical inactivity (1.25 (1.03, 1.51)) had higher odds of hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS: Black and Hispanic KPGA patients were at higher odds of hospitalisation, but not mortality, compared with other race groups. Beyond previously reported sociodemographics and comorbidities, factors such as quality of care, lifestyle behaviours and SDOH indicators should be considered when designing and implementing interventions to reduce COVID-19 racial disparities.

Using Three Delay Model to Understand the Social Factors Responsible for Neonatal Deaths Among Displaced Tribal Communities in India.

In the tribal region, risk of death among neonates is influenced to a great extent by factors related to the mother such as situation of the mother prior to and post pregnancy, care received before, during and after pregnancy, birth order, and care received by the child during the first few years of his/her life. There is paucity of basic epidemiological data on reproductive health outcomes of displaced people (Hynes et al. in JAMA 288(5):595-603, 2002). Therefore, this study aims to examine the social factors responsible for neonatal deaths among displaced tribal communities in India. Sequential exploratory study design was used to collect data from displaced tribal communities in the state of Odisha and Chhattisgarh during 2016-2017. A purposive sampling method was used to select the sample from the definite population. Results indicate that in total 115 (59.3%) women had experienced at least one child deaths. Analysis of neonatal deaths suggests that about 39.2% women experienced at least one or more neonatal death during the last 5 years. Women who chose to deliver at home experience higher neonatal deaths (47.1%) in comparison to the women who delivered at the health facility (26.0%). The logistic regression analysis indicate that mothers education, place of delivery, utilization of the services, possession of Below Poverty Line (BPL) card and Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) status are significant predictors of neonatal mortality. The probability of occurrence of neonatal mortality is 60% lower for literate women as compared to the illiterate women. Findings of the study identified three phases of delay that affect displaced tribal women in accessing and receiving health care services. Displaced tribal women are late in recognizing health problems of neonates and delay in seeking medical care due to rooted cultural barriers. Women who participated in this study had low levels of risk perception about delivering children at home and visiting traditional healer for the treatment. This is mainly due to their personal experiences of uneventful deliveries conducted by mothers-in-law or Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) and sociocultural beliefs. There is need for provision of culturally sensitive instruction to service providers. This would further motivate service providers to sensitize the displaced tribal communities on various free healthcare services available to them.

Necrotizing fasciitis in a patient with Chiari malformation Type II - A family case analysis / The Health Sciences Journal

@#The biopsychosocial approach to healthcare is fundamental to Family and Community Medicine specialists. Using the patient-centered, family-focused, community-oriented (PFC) matrix, the interplay of a myriad of biomedical and psychosocial factors is assessed in order to provide a thorough medical management that is custom-made to meet the needs and inherent values of a patient and his/her family. Family assessment tools are also utilized to better understand the family dynamics of a patient that may impact on the prescribed management plan. In addition, social determinants of health are evaluated to ascertain which ones may facilitate or hamper proper utilization of community resources. This family case analysis documented the medical ordeal of a young professional who had been diagnosed with two rare medical conditions: necrotizing fasciitis and Chiari malformation Type II. Employing the PFC matrix, the Family and Community Medicine specialist was able to provide inter-disciplinary care for the patient and his family in a holistic manner by recognizing patient needs, creating an enabling family support environment, and helping the family unit navigate various community resources.

Barreiras à implementação das Diretrizes Nacionais de Assistência ao Parto Normal: uma análise prototípica das representações sociais de atores estratégicos / Barriers to the implementation of the National Guidelines for Assistance to Normal Childbirth: a prototypical analysis of the social representations of strategic actors

Resumo Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as representações sociais de atores estratégicos envolvidos na assistência ou gestão em saúde, sobre as questões que envolvem a mulher, o parto e o nascimento, buscando identificar e compreender barreiras à implementação das Diretrizes Nacionais de Assistência ao Parto Normal. Realizou-se estudo qualitativo descritivo, de corte transversal, baseado num teste de associação livre de palavras, com 12 atores estratégicos. As palavras - Parto; Enfermeira obstétrica; Nascimento; Médico obstetra; Mãe; Complicação; Mulher - foram selecionadas a partir de uma análise textual das contribuições da sociedade na Consulta Pública das Diretrizes, com o software IRaMuTeQ. A análise do resultado do teste de associação de palavras foi realizada na abordagem estrutural das Representações Sociais, com os softwares OpenEVOC e IRaMuTeQ. Foram identificadas como potenciais barreiras à implementação as representações sobre parto associado a dor, o médico obstetra como obstrutor e os estereótipos que marcam o papel da mulher e da mãe na sociedade. Compreender essas representações é importante para evidenciar as convenções que subjazem nas atitudes e práticas de profissionais e usuárias, possibilitando a definição de estratégias específicas para cada grupo.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the social representations of strategic actors involved in health care or management, on issues involving women, childbirth, and birth, seeking to identify and understand barriers to the implementation of the National Guidelines for Assistance to Normal Childbirth. A qualitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted, based on a word association test with 12 strategic actors. The words - Childbirth; Midwife; Birth; Obstetrician; Mother; Complication; Woman - were selected from a textual analysis of society's contributions to the Public Consultation of the Guidelines, supported by IRaMuTeQ software. The analysis of the word association test result was carried out in the structural approach of Social Representations, with the OpenEVOC and IRaMuTeQ software. Representations about childbirth associated with pain, the obstetrician as an obstructer and the stereotypes that mark the role of women and mothers in society were identified as potential barriers to implementation. Understanding these representations is important to highlight the conventions that underlie the attitudes and practices of professionals and users of services, enabling the definition of specific strategies for each group.

Cuidado de si: representações sociais de cuidadores familiares de pacientes com AVC / Caring for oneself: social representations of stroke patients' family caregivers / Cuidado de sí mismos: representaciones sociales de los cuidadores de pacientes con familiares accidente cerebrovascular

Objetivo: Analisar as representações sociais de cuidadores familiares de pacientes acometidos por AVC, sobre o cuidado de si. Método: Estudo descritivo, no qual foi utilizado como aporte teórico as representações sociais. Foram investigados 20 cuidadores que frequentavam duas clinicas especializadas em Belém do Pará. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e organizados pela técnica de análise temática indutiva. Resultados:O cuidado de si foi representado pelos cuidadores como de difícil agregação às suas atividades de cuidar do adoecido pelo AVC devido à sobrecarga de trabalho, a qual gerou estresse e frustração. Alguns cuidadores conseguiram transformar esse estresse em uma representação pertencente a complexidade da sua vivência e da realidade do cuidado. Conclusão:Foi possível acessar o seu imaginário social e consequentemente a produção de significados atrelados as ações dos cuidadores, comportamentos e componentes cognitivos envolvidos na realidade do cuidar

Objective:The study's main goal has been to investigate the social representations of stroke patients' family caregivers by focusing on self-care. Methods: It is a descriptive study, which used the theoretical approach of social representations. There were investigated 20 caregivers who attended two specialized clinics in Belém city, Pará State, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and processed by the inductive thematic analysis technique. Results: Self-care was represented by caregivers as difficult to combine to their activities of caring for the person suffering from stroke due to work overload, which generated stress and frustration. Some caregivers were able to transform this stress into a representation belonging to a complexity of their experience and the care reality. Conclusion: It was possible to access their social imagery and, consequently, the production of linked meanings as caregivers' actions, behaviors and cognitive components involved in the care reality

Objetivo: Analizar las representaciones sociales de los cuidadores de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular de la familia en el auto cuidado.Método: Estudio descriptivo, que se utilizó como las representaciones sociales teóricas. Investigaron 20 cuidadores que asisten a dos clínicas especializadas en Belem. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y organizadas por la técnica de análisis temático inductivo. Resultados: El cuidado de sí estuvo representada por los cuidadores como difíciles de agregar sus actividades para atender a los enfermos por accidente cerebrovascular debido a la sobrecarga de trabajo, lo que causó el estrés y la frustración. Algunos cuidadores fueron capaces de convertir ese estrés en una representación que pertenece a la complejidad de su experiencia y la realidad cuidado. Conclusión: Fue posible acceder a los imaginarios sociales y por lo tanto la producción de significados vinculado las acciones de los cuidadores, el comportamiento y los componentes cognitivos implicados en la realidad de la atención

Representações sociais de pacientes portadores de úlceras vasculogênicas sobre qualidade de vida / Social representations of patients with vasculogenic ulcers on quality of life

As úlceras vasculogênicas são tidas como um problema grave, mundial, sendo responsáveis por altos índices de morbimortalidade e causando significante impacto social e econômico, devido a sua natureza recorrente e ao longo tempo decorrido entre a abertura da ferida e sua cicatrização. Caracterizam-se, pois, por um processo crônico, doloroso, que repercute na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Objetivou-se identificar as RS dos pacientes portadores de úlcera vasculogênica acerca da sua qualidade de vida; Descrever as práticas de enfrentamento adotadas pelos pacientes portadores de úlcera vasculogênica diante da sua condição; Elencar os cuidados adotados e requeridos pelos pacientes à luz de suas representações sociais; Analisar as possibilidades de tecnologias de cuidado de enfermagem passíveis de implementação voltadas à melhoria da qualidade de vida. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, de caráter descritivo e abordagem qualitativa, que aplicou a teoria das Representações Sociais, na vertente processual. Os participantes foram 30 pacientes portadores de úlceras vasculogênicas há mais de três meses. A coleta de dados ocorreu em dois momentos: a primeira etapa através da Técnica Projetiva de fotolinguagem, que utilizou seis imagens relacionadas a aspectos envolvidos na qualidade de vida e uma pergunta estímulo, cujos dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo; e a segunda etapa por meio de entrevistas utilizando um roteiro de perguntas semi-estruturadas, que posteriormente foram processadas pelo software Alceste. O pensamento sobre a qualidade de viver bem é construído a partir da reconfiguração do cotidiano que esta condição traz, considerando a intensidade das mudanças no estilo de vida dos pacientes com úlceras vasculogênicas que são provocadas pela presença das manifestações clínicas e pela necessidade de adoção de determinados cuidados consigo em face da terapêutica da doença. Em muitos casos essas mudanças afetam a autonomia/independência colocando em destaque perdas individuais e sociais. Tais perdas afloram afetos que direcionam o modo como vêem a si mesmo, a sua vida e enfrentam o dia-a-dia de convivência com esta condição. Nesta medida, a inserção do paciente em um contexto em que há suporte social familiar ajuda a superar os afetos negativos provocados pela dor e pelas limitações dela advinda, resultando numa forma de enfrentamento em que os pacientes se comportam de maneira mais ativa, adaptando o seu cotidiano para que consigam realizar as atividades rotineiras, investindo na sua recuperação. Por outro lado, há pacientes que estão desestimulados e desmotivados diante dos aspectos que limitam a sua vida, vivenciando menor amparo social e familiar e, com isso, se acostumam com a ferida, adotando menor cuidado de si e se afastando socialmente. Com isto, concluiu-se que é preciso intervir com tecnologias de cuidado que conduzam o paciente a um novo significado para estas mudanças que afetam a sua vida: leves, com a criação de um grupo de cuidado voltado a esta clientela, que ofereça suporte terapêutico e emocional aos pacientes e seus familiares; leve-duras, com a implementação do processo de enfermagem na assistência a este paciente; e duras, com a utilização de coberturas, protocolos por profissionais especializados no tratamento de feridas.

The vascular ulcer is considered a problem serious in world because of the responsibility of high morbidity and mortality rates and causing significant social and economic impact, due to its recurrent nature and at the long time elapsed between the opening of the wound and its cicatrization. They are characterized for a process chronic, painful that echoes in the quality of the patients' life. To identify the patients' bearers of ulcer vasculogenic social representations concerning his/her life quality; To describe the coping practices adopted by the patient's bearers of ulcer vasculogenic due to its condition; To analyze the possibilities of technologies of nursing care to be implemented returned to the improvement of the life quality, considering the elaboration of representations. It's a field research, descriptive and qualitative approach, with an application of the Social Representations Theory in the procedural slope. The participants were 30 patients with vasculogenic ulcers more than three months. The collection of data happened in two moments: the first stage through the photo language Projective Technique, whom used six images related to aspects involved in the life quality and a question incentive, whose data were analyzed by the technique of content analysis; and the second stage was through interviews using an itinerary of semi-structured questions, whom later were processed by the software Alceste. The thinking about the quality of living well is built starting from the reconfiguration of the daily that condition brings, considering the intensity of the changes in the patients' lifestyle with vasculogenic ulcers whom are provoked by the presence of the clinical manifestations and for the need of adoption certain cares in face of the therapeutics of the disease. In many cases those changes affect the autonomy / independence putting in evidence individual and social losses. Such losses affections arise that direct the way they see themselves, their live and they face the coexistence day by day with this condition. This way, the patient's insert in a context in family social support context helps to overcome the negative affections provoked by the pain and for its limitations, resulting in a coping form the patients behave in a more active way, adapting their daily one so that they get to accomplish the routine activities, investing in their recovery. On the other hand, there are patients that are discouraged and unfounded against the aspects that limit their lives, experiencing less social and family support and, thereby they get used to with the wound, adopting smaller care of themselves and moving away from the society. it is necessary to intervene with care technologies of care leading the patient to a new meaning for these changes affect their lives: soft technologies with the creation of a group of care aimed at this clientele, offering therapeutic support to patients and their families; Soft -hard Technologies with the implementation of the nursing process in the care of this patient; and hard, with the use of coverings, protocols by professionals specialized in the treatment of wounds.

Las úlceras vasculares son vistos como un problema grave en todo el mundo, siendo responsables de altos índices de morbilidad y mortalidad y causando un significativo impacto social y económico debido a su naturaleza recurrente ya largo tiempo entre la apertura de la herida y su cicatrización. Se caracterizan sin embargo, por un proceso crónico, doloroso, que repercute en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Identificar las representaciones sociales de los pacientes con úlceras vasculares sobre su calidad de vida; Describir las prácticas de enfrentamiento adquiridas por los pacientes portadores de úlcera vascular ante su condición; Analizar las posibilidades de tecnologías de cuidado de enfermería a ser implementadas para la mejora de la calidad de vida, teniendo en cuenta las representaciones elaboradas. Investigación de campo, de carácter descriptivo y abordaje cualitativo, que aplicó la teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, en la vertiente procesal. Los participantes fueron 30 pacientes con úlceras vasculares hace más de tres meses. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo en dos pasos: el primer paso a través de la técnica de fotolenguaje proyectiva, que utilizó seis imágenes relacionadas a aspectos de la calidad de vida y una pregunta estímulo, cuyos datos fueron analizados por la técnica de análisis de contenido; y el segundo paso a través de entrevistas utilizando un script preguntas semiestructuradas, que luego fueron procesados por el software Alceste. El pensamiento sobre la calidad de vivir bien es construido a partir de la reconfiguración de lo cotidiano que esta condición trae, considerando la intensidad de los cambios en el estilo de vida de los pacientes con úlceras vasculares que son provocadas por la presencia de las manifestaciones clínicas y por la necesidad de adopción de determinados cuidado con usted frente a la terapia de la enfermedad.. En muchos casos, estos cambios afectan la autonomía / independencia, poniendo de relieve las pérdidas individuales y sociales. Tales pérdidas afloran afectos que orientan el modo en que se ven a sí mismos, su vida y enfrentan el día a día de convivencia con esta condición. En este sentido, la inclusión del paciente en un contexto en el que hay un apoyo social de la familia ayuda a superar los efectos negativos causados por el dolor y las limitaciones que surjan de la misma, lo que resulta en una forma de enfrentamiento en el ambiente donde los pacientes se comportan de forma más activa, la adaptación de su vida diaria para que puedan realizar actividades rutinarias, invirtiendo en su recuperación. Por otro lado, hay pacientes que estén desanimados y desmotivados ante los aspectos que limitan su vida, experimentan menos apoyo social y familiar, y con ella, se acostumbran a la herida, idando menos de sí y alejándose socialmente. Conclusión: Es necesario intervenir con tecnologías de cuidado que lleven al paciente a un nuevo significado para esos cambios que afectan sus vidas: blandas, con la creación de un grupo de cuidado orientado a esa clientela, que ofrece soporte terapéutico y emocional a los pacientes y sus familias; blanda-dura, con la implementación del proceso de enfermería en el cuidado de este paciente; y duras, con la utilización de coberturas, protocolos por profesionales especializados en el tratamiento de heridas.

Medicina complementaria o alternativa. Estudio exploratorio sobre las prácticas, creencias y actitudes de los familiares de pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades oncológicas / Complementary and alternative medicine. Exploratory study on the practices, beliefs, and attitudes of relatives of pediatric patients with oncologic diseases

La medicina alternativa o complementaria (MAC, o en inglés CAM) es una práctica con una importante presencia en nuestro medio actual. De origen milenario y presencia en todos los pueblos y culturas del mundo, su práctica persiste frente a los avances tecnológicos de la medicina alópata occidental. En nuestro país, la práctica integral de salud más convencional es la medicina alópata occidental (MAO), por lo que las otras prácticas son complementarias o alternativas, respecto de ella. Esta investigación intentó describir el contexto en el que trabajan los profesionales médicos en relación con los pacientes que practican MAC y, más específicamente, se pretendió explorar algunos aspectos de la utilización de MAC en un grupo específico de pacientes pediátricos, como es el caso de los tratados por enfermedad oncológica en el Hospital de Pediatría Dr. Juan P. Garrahan. El abordaje fue cuali y cuantitativo. Se debe considerar que el problema metodológico al abordar realidades sociales y culturales de actitudes y prácticas es especialmente complejo, ya que el objeto de estudio es de difícil aprehensión por su naturaleza y por el hecho de que la realidad estudiada es parte constitutiva de los sujetos sociales. Los datos cualitativos se obtuvieron con la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a los padres y/o familiares de los pacientes. Esto permitió el diseño de una encuesta para la obtención de datos cuantitativos donde se exploraron distintas variables para obtener una descripción detallada de los datos según pertenencia social, creencias religiosas, nivel educativo, lugar de origen entre otros. (AU)

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a non-conventional medical practice that has gained momentum in the modern world. With a history spanning thousands of years and healing methods that are present in different cultures, its relevance has not waned in spite of the new technological advances obtained in Western allopathic medicine (WAM). In our country, the mainstream medical practice is Western allopathic medicine, and other medical approaches become complementary or alternative in relation to the former. The aim of the present research study was to describe the context in which medical doctors work in relation to the patients that follow CAM practices, and, more specifically, to explore some aspects of CAM approaches to health care in a group of pediatric patients, such as those with oncological diseases treated at Hospital de Pediatría Dr. Juan P. Garrahan. A qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed. The methodological difficulties that are encountered when social and cultural realities of attitudes and practices are studied should be taken into account, since the object of study here is, by nature, difficult to assess and since the reality explored becomes part of the social subjects. Qualitative data were obtained by means of semistructured interviews to parents and/or family members of the patients. These interviews provided information to design a survey in order to obtain quantitative data. Several variables were analyzed in the survey, such as social class, religious beliefs and educational level, place of origin, among others. (AU)