Elucidating the structural, catalytic, and antibacterial traits of Ficus carica and Azadirachta indica leaf extract-mediated synthesis of the Ag/CuO/rGO nanocomposite.

The present exploration demonstrates the efficient, sustainable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly green approach for the synthesis of silver (Ag)-doped copper oxide (CuO) embedded with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite using the green one-pot method and the green deposition method. Leaf extracts of Ficus carica and Azadirachta indica were used for both methods as reducing and capping agents. The effect of methodology and plant extract was analyzed through different characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The lowest band gap of 3.0 eV was observed for the Ag/CuO/rGO prepared by the green one-pot method using F. carica. The reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the formation of metal oxide was confirmed through functional group detection using FT-IR. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters showed that all reactions involved were nonspontaneous and endothermic which shows the stability of nanocomposites. XRD studies revealed the crystallinity, phase purity and small average crystallite size of 32.67 nm. SEM images disclosed that the morphology of the nanocomposites was spherical with agglomeration and rough texture. The particle size of the nanocomposites calculated through HRTEM was found in agreement with the XRD results. The numerous properties of the synthesized nanocomposites enhanced their potential against the degradation of methylene blue, rhodamine B, and ciprofloxacin. The highest percentage degradation of Ag/CuO/rGO was found to be 97%, synthesized using the green one-pot method with F. carica against ciprofloxacin, which might be due to the lowest band gap, delayed electron-hole pair recombination, and large surface area available. The nanocomposites were also tested against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Facile synthesis of Ag/CuO/rGO nanocomposite using a green one-pot method and the green deposition method. The lowest band gap of 3.0 eV was observed for nanocomposite prepared by a green one-pot method using Ficus carica. Least average crystallite size of 32.67 nm was found for nanocomposite prepared by a green one-pot method using F. carica. Highest antibacterial and catalytic activity (97%) was obtained against ciprofloxacin with nanocomposite prepared through green one-pot method using F. carica. A mechanism of green synthesis is proposed.

Molecular interplay between phytoconstituents of Ficus Racemosa and neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a significant global health concern, primarily affecting middle and older populations. Recently, there has been growing interest in herbal therapeutics as a potential approach to address diverse neuropathological conditions. Despite the widespread prevalence of NDs, limited phytochemical has been reported for their promising therapeutic potential with distinct underlying mechanisms. Additionally, the intricate molecular pathways influenced by herbal phytoconstituents, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders, are also not well documented. This report explores the phytoconstituents of Ficus racemosa (F. racemosa), an unfamiliar plant of the Moraceae family, for their potential interactions with pathological pathways of NDs. The influential phytoconstituents of F. racemosa, including polyphenols, glycosides, terpenoids, and furocoumarin, have been reported for targeting diverse pathological states. We proposed the most convincing molecular interplay between leading phytoconstituents and detrimental signalling cascades. However, extensive research is required to thoroughly understand the phytochemical persuaded intricate molecular pathway. The comprehensive evidence strongly suggests that F. racemosa and its natural compounds could be valuable in treating NDs. This points towards an exciting path for future research and the development of potential treatments based on a molecular level.

A metabolomics approach for the evaluation of Ficus benghalensis female in vivo reproductive effects relative to its metabolite fingerprint as determined via UPLC-MS and GC-MS.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ficus benghalensis, commonly known as Banyan Fig, is the national tree of India and its aerial roots are used traditionally to treat female reproductive disorders. However, despite this traditional use, no pharmacological evidence could be traced supporting this use. Additionally, no comprehensive metabolite profiling was reported for F. benghalensis aerial roots. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study attempts to justify biochemically the traditional use of F. benghalensis aerial roots in treatment of female reproductive disorders and in relation to its secondary metabolite profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total ethanol extract (TEE) and subfractions [petroleum ether (PEF), chloroform (CHF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and n-butanol (BUF] were prepared from air-dried powdered aerial roots of F. benghalensis. Detailed in-vivo investigation of the hormonal activity and action mechanism of the total ethanol extract and subfractions was carried out through evaluation of estrogenic and gonadotropic activities. The estrogenic activity was evaluated on ovariectomized immature female rats through estimating uterine weight, vaginal cornification and serum estradiol level along with histological examination of uteri. The gonadotropic activity was measured by assay of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) like activities. Total follicular and corpora lutea counts in immature female rats were used to determine FSH and LH like activities, respectively in addition to histological picture of the genitalia. Comprehensive non-targeted metabolite profiling was carried out for the TEE and subfractions using UPLC-HRMS in negative and positive ionization modes. UPLC-MS fingerprint was subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares analyses to correlate the bioactivities to specific chemical constituents in F. benghalensis different subfractions. GC-MS was further used for non-polar silylated fractions. RESULTS: Results revealed that only the non-polar PEF and CHF displayed moderate estrogenic and FSH-like activities but with no LH-like activity. Metabolites profiling via (UPLC-HRMS) and multivariate PCA analysis enabled identification and comparison of various chemical classes in F. benghalensis extract and fractions. The active non-polar fractions revealed nearly similar metabolites profile being composed of isoflavonoids, triterpenes, sterols, fatty acids and cyclic peptides. In contrast, polar fractions were more abundant in apocarotenoids, fatty acyl amides, hydroxybenzoates and hydroxycinnamates in addition to two lignans. PLS analysis revealed strong correlation between hydroxylated fatty acids and pyranoisoflavones with estrogenic and FSH-like activities. GC-MS analysis was further employed for non-polar fractions profiling revealing for their enrichment in fatty acids/esters, terpenes, organic acids and phenolics. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to rationalize the use of F. benghalensis aerial root traditionally in treatment of gynecological disorders, revealing that the petroleum ether and chloroform non-polar subfractions of F. benghalensis showed estrogenic and FSH-like activity with absence of LH-like activity. This biological activity could possibly be attributed to its metabolites profile of isoflavonoids, fatty acids, triterpenes, sterols and cyclic peptides identified via UPLC-MS and GC-MS techniques. Consequently, F. benghalensis aerial roots should be used with caution in traditional treatment of female infertility or other reproductive disorders.

Skin hydration modulatory activities of Ficus deltoidea extract.

Ficus deltoidea was known for its potent antioxidant, anti-melanogenic and photoprotective skin barrier activities. These properties are contributed by its biomarkers which are vitexin and isovitexin. This study aims to optimize the yield of methanolic extraction of Ficus deltoidea leaves (EFD) and evaluate their effects on skin barrier function and hydration. For optimization, Box-Behnken design was utilized to investigate the effects of methanol concentration, sonication time, and solvent-to-sample ratio on the yields of vitexin and isovitexin in EFD. The optimal yields obtained were 32.29 mg/g for vitexin and 35.87 mg/g for isovitexin. The optimum extraction conditions were 77.66% methanol concentration, 20.03 min sonication time, and 19.88 mL/g solvent-to-sample ratio. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was utilized to measure variant marker genes of transglutaminase-1, caspase 14, ceramide synthase 3, involucrin, and filaggrin of EFD-induced keratinocyte differentiation by in vitro study. Exposure to EFD has elevated the mRNA levels of all tested marker genes by 0.7-9.2 folds. Then, in vivo efficacy study was conducted on 20 female subjects for 14 days to evaluate skin biophysical assessment of hydration. EFD topical formulation treatment successfully increased skin hydration on day 7 (43.74%) and day 14 (47.23%). In silico study by molecular docking was performed to identify intermolecular binding interactions of vitexin and isovitexin with the interested proteins of tested marker genes. The result of molecular docking to the interested proteins revealed a similar trend with real-time PCR data. In conclusion, EFD potentially enhanced the skin barrier function and hydration of human skin cells.

Bioactive compound composition and cellular antioxidant activity of fig (Ficus carica L.).

BACKGROUND: Fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit is consumed worldwide as a functional food. It contains phytochemicals that have been related to health benefits. However, the characteristic chemicals remain unclear. In this work, phytochemicals were prepared from figus by ultrasound-assisted extraction under optimized conditions. The chemical composition of fig fruit and leaves was characterized by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-seven compounds were identified, including 58 flavonoids, 29 coumarins, 19 acids, 15 terpenoids, 11 alkaloids, and 25 other compounds. The mass spectrum (MS) fragmentation pathways of representative chemicals were elucidated. Flavonoid glycosides and prenylated flavonoids were mainly present in fig fruit, whereas coumarins were abundant in leaves. Both fig fruit and leaf extracts showed good cellular antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: The full phytochemical profile of fig was revealed by UPLC-MS/MS. Prenylated flavonoids and prenylated coumarins were the characteristic phytochemicals. These data provided useful information for the extensive utilization of fig fruit in functional food. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antidiabetic Activity, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Properties of Compounds Isolated from Bioactive Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Ficus lutea Leaf Extract.

Diabetes contributes to the rising global death rate. Despite scientific advancements in understanding and managing diabetes, no single therapeutic agent has been identified to effectively treat and prevent its progression. Consequently, the exploration for new antidiabetic therapeutics continues. This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic bioactive ethyl acetate fraction of F. lutea at the molecular level to understand the molecular interactions and ligand-protein binding. To do this, the fraction underwent column chromatography fractionation to yield five compounds: lupeol, stigmasterol, α-amyrin acetate, epicatechin, and epiafzelechin. These compounds were evaluated in vitro through α-glucosidase inhibition and glucose utilization assays in C2C12 muscle and H-4-11-E liver cells using standard methods. In silico analysis was conducted using molecular docking and ADMET studies. Epicatechin exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 5.72 ± 2.7 µg/mL), while epiafzelechin stimulated superior glucose utilization in C2C12 muscle cells (33.35 ± 1.8%) and H-4-11-E liver cells (46.7 ± 1.2%) at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. The binding energies of the isolated compounds for glycogen phosphorylase (1NOI) and α-amylase (1OSE) were stronger (<-8.1) than those of the positive controls. Overall, all tested compounds exhibited characteristics indicative of their potential as antidiabetic agents; however, toxicity profiling predicted epiafzelechin and epicatechin as better alternatives. The ethyl acetate fraction and its compounds, particularly epiafzelechin, showed promise as antidiabetic agents. However, further comprehensive studies are necessary to validate these findings.

Physiological Effects of Fig Leaf Extract and Orlistat on Obesity, Kidney and Liver of Rats.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Obesity is a global health epidemic associated with various health complications. This study investigates the potential effects of ethanolic fig leaf extract and orlistat on obesity, as well as their impact on kidney and liver function in a rat model, aiming to contribute to the development of strategies for managing obesity-related health issues. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Forty male albino rats with hypercholesterolemia were divided into four groups: Group one served as a control and received a normal diet, group two was a control group that was fed a high-fat diet, group three received a high-fat diet with a daily force-fed ration of 3 g kg¹ b.wt., of fig leaves and group four received a high-fat diet along with daily administration of orlistat at 4 mg kg¹ b.wt. Blood samples were collected from all groups at baseline and after 30 days of treatment. <b>Results:</b> Rats in the high-fat diet group showed a significant increase in body weight by 49%, while rats treated with fig leaf extract showed a significant decrease in body weight by 18% (p<0 .01) and treatment with orlistat resulted in 12% elevation in body weight. Renal function markers creatinine and urea were decreased in the group treated with fig leaves. Liver enzymes AST, ALT and ALP decreased significantly in the group treated with fig leaves and orlistat. Albumin and globulin concentrations decreased more with fig leaf extract than with orlistat. <b>Conclusion:</b> Fig leaves and orlistat reduce body weight and improve kidney and liver function in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Phytochemical profiling and anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity of Ficus religiosa L. and molecular docking study against iNOS, TNF-α enzyme.

Ficus religiosa L., a member of the Moraceae family, is a medicinal plant having a number of pharmacological properties. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of an ethanolic extract of F. religiosa bark FRE (at 100 and 200mg/kg dosages) and the biomarker component quercetin QC (at 5 and 10mg/kg doses) were investigated. The estimate of quercetin was carried by using an HPTLC analysis of FRE. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative screening for key important phytocomponents was done using dried, ground plant stem barks. By using molecular docking, the molecular interaction profile with several anti-inflammatory drug targets was examined. Both the FRE as well as QC showed a substantial decline in paw volume when compared with the relevant control groups (p<0.01 & p<0.001). Following the administration of acetic acid to mice, the FRE and QC both demonstrate a substantial lengthening of the paw licking or leaping towards Eddy's hot plate as well as a decrease in the number of writhes (p<0.01 & p<0.001). This study supports the use of these herbs in conventional medicine to treat pain and inflammation by through similar mechanism as compound quercetin (QC).

Evaluation of bioactive compounds from Ficus carica L. leaf extracts via high-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with effect-directed analysis.

This study compares different solvent systems with the use of spontaneous fermentation on the phytochemical composition of leaf extracts from a locally grown white variety of common fig (Ficus carica Linn.). The aim was to detect and identify bioactive compounds that are responsible for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-amylase and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme inhibition, and compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity. Bioactive zones in chromatograms were detected by combining High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with enzymatic and biological assays. A new experimental protocol for measuring the relative half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) was designed to evaluate the potency of the extracts compared to the potency of known inhibitors. Although the IC50 of the fig leaf extract for α-amylase and AChE inhibition were significantly higher when compared to IC50 for acarbose and donepezil, the COX-1 inhibition by the extract (IC50 = 627 µg) was comparable to that of salicylic acid (IC50 = 557 µg), and antimicrobial activity of the extract (IC50 = 375-511 µg) was similar to ampicillin (IC50 = 495 µg). Four chromatographic zones exhibited bioactivity. Compounds from detected bioactive bands were provisionally identified by comparing the band positions to coeluted standards, and by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra from eluted zones. Flash chromatography was used to separate selected extract into fractions and isolate fractions that are rich in bioactive compounds for further characterisation with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The main constituents identified were umbelliferon (zone 1), furocoumarins psoralen and bergapten (zone 2), different fatty acids (zone 3 and 4), and pentacyclic triterpenoids (calotropenyl acetate or lupeol) and stigmasterol (zone 4).

Phytochemical, anti-hyperlipidemic and in silico studies of extracts of Ficus carica seeds.

Hyperlipidemia has been considered a disease primarily causing death along with other prevailing diseases such as coronary heart diseases, atherosclerosis and stroke. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic potential of Ficus carica. Extracts of seeds of Ficus carica were investigated for bioactive compounds and screened using in-vitro and in-vivo anti-hyperlipidemic activities. Fig seeds showed potential in-vitro by inhibition of pancreatic lipase while in-vivo study revealed that methanol extract of fig seeds exhibited the anti-hyperlipidemic property by beneficially modifying lipid profile of albino mice comparable to standard drug. GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of seeds of Ficus carica exhibited a variety of bioactive compounds. After further evaluation of ligands for their activity by using molecular docking and MM-GBSA study, it is concluded that 1,2,3-benzentriol has the highest binding affinity for pancreatic lipase enzyme. Hence, it is concluded that seeds of Ficus carica are medicinally important and have promising anti-hyperlipidemic potential.

[18F]-fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine (FET) in glioblastoma (FIG) TROG 18.06 study: protocol for a prospective, multicentre PET/CT trial.

INTRODUCTION: Glioblastoma is the most common aggressive primary central nervous system cancer in adults characterised by uniformly poor survival. Despite maximal safe resection and postoperative radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide-based chemotherapy, tumours inevitably recur. Imaging with O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) positron emission tomography (PET) has the potential to impact adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) planning, distinguish between treatment-induced pseudoprogression versus tumour progression as well as prognostication. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The FET-PET in Glioblastoma (FIG) study is a prospective, multicentre, non-randomised, phase II study across 10 Australian sites and will enrol up to 210 adults aged ≥18 years with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. FET-PET will be performed at up to three time points: (1) following initial surgery and prior to commencement of chemoradiation (FET-PET1); (2) 4 weeks following concurrent chemoradiation (FET-PET2); and (3) within 14 days of suspected clinical and/or radiological progression on MRI (performed at the time of clinical suspicion of tumour recurrence) (FET-PET3). The co-primary outcomes are: (1) to investigate how FET-PET versus standard MRI impacts RT volume delineation and (2) to determine the accuracy and management impact of FET-PET in distinguishing pseudoprogression from true tumour progression. The secondary outcomes are: (1) to investigate the relationships between FET-PET parameters (including dynamic uptake, tumour to background ratio, metabolic tumour volume) and progression-free survival and overall survival; (2) to assess the change in blood and tissue biomarkers determined by serum assay when comparing FET-PET data acquired prior to chemoradiation with other prognostic markers, looking at the relationships of FET-PET versus MRI-determined site/s of progressive disease post chemotherapy treatment with MRI and FET-PET imaging; and (3) to estimate the health economic impact of incorporating FET-PET into glioblastoma management and in the assessment of post-treatment pseudoprogression or recurrence/true progression. Exploratory outcomes include the correlation of multimodal imaging, blood and tumour biomarker analyses with patterns of failure and survival. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol V.2.0 dated 20 November 2020 has been approved by a lead Human Research Ethics Committee (Austin Health, Victoria). Other clinical sites will provide oversight through local governance processes, including obtaining informed consent from suitable participants. The study will be conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Results of the FIG study (TROG 18.06) will be disseminated via relevant scientific and consumer forums and peer-reviewed publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ANZCTR ACTRN12619001735145.

In-vivo anticoccidial efficacy of green synthesized iron-oxide nanoparticles using Ficus racemosa Linn leaf extract. (Moraceae) against Emeria tenella infection in broiler chicks.

Coccidiosis is an acute gastrointestinal parasitic disease and causes approximately $2.80 to $3.27 per m2 loss in a broiler farm of a 33-day-old flock. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were green synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Ficus racemosa as a reducing and capping agent to reduce the emerging resistance in coccidia spores against conventional treatments and boost the immune level in broilers. These IONPs were evaluated for their impacts on the growth performance, biochemistry, blood profile, and histology in the coccidiodized broiler chicken with Emeria tenella under in vivo conditions. The characteristics and stability of particles were obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray absorption (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential and zeta size. The results indicated that IONPs at the moderate dose of 15 mg/kg (p = 0.001) reduced the coccidial impacts by eliminating oocyst shedding per gram feces (up to 91%) and reducing clinical symptoms (lesions (LS = 0), bloody diarrhea (No), and mortality (0%) in chicken at day 10 of treatment as compared to the negative control group-B (infected & non-treated). A dose-dependent and time-dependent trend were observed during treatments (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) of 1-3 weeks using IONPs against the coccidial impacts on the growth parameters (body weight gain, mean feed consumption, feed conversion ratio) and biochemistry (plasma glucose, total protein, uric acid, ALT, AST, and ALP) in chickens. Additionally, F. racemosa IONPs at a dose of 15 and 20 mg/kg significantly recovered the parasitized and highly damaged hepatocytes, liver tissues, and ceca tissues after 1-3 weeks of treatment in broiler chickens. Overall, the 15 mg/kg concentration of IONPs exhibited fast recovery and growth enhancement in coccidiodized broilers. Therefore, the 15 mg/kg dose of green synthesized IONPs using leaf extract of F. racemosa could be a potential and safe anticoccidial agent with targeted implications in the poultry industry.

Comparative LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking, DNA fingerprinting, and in vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of three Egyptian Ficus cultivars.

Ficus species (Moraceae) have been used for nutrition and traditional medicine, and plants from this family are phytochemically abundant and serve as a potential source of natural products. As a result of the inherent complexity of the plant metabolomes and the fact that these Ficus species chemical space has not yet been fully decoded, it is still difficult to characterize their phytochemistry. Therefore, this study, we suggest the use of the molecular networking to elucidate the chemical classes existing in leaves of three Ficus species (F. deltoidei Jack, F. drupacea Thunb and F. sycomorus L.) and highlight the importance of molecular networking in examining their chemotaxonomy . By using computational tools, 90 metabolites were annotated , including phenolic acids, flavonoids, furanocoumarins, fatty acids and terpenoids. Phenolic acids were detected as the main class present in the three studied species. Flavonoids-C-glycosides, flavonoids-O-glycosides and isoflavonoids were mainly present in F. drupacea and F. sycomorus, while furanocoumarins were proposed in F. sycomorus. Vomifoliol-based sesquiterpenes were proposed in F. deltoidei. The chemotaxonomic differentiation agreed with the DNA fingerprinting using SCOT and ISSR markers. F. deltoidei, in particular, had a divergent chemical fingerprint as well as a different genotype. Chemotype differentiation using chemical fingerprints, in conjunction with the proposed genetic markers, creates an effective identification tool for the quality control of the raw materials and products derived from those three Ficus species. As well, F. drupacea exploited the most potent inhibition of H. pylori with MIC of 7.81 µg/ mL compared with clarithromycin. Overall, molecular networking provides a promising approach for the exploration of the chemical space of plant metabolomes and the elucidation of chemotaxonomy.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Ficus carica-Mediated Calcium Oxide (CaONPs) Phyto-Nanoparticles.

The significance of nanomaterials in biomedicines served as the inspiration for the design of this study. In this particular investigation, we carried out the biosynthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) by employing a green-chemistry strategy and making use of an extract of Ficus carica (an edible fruit) as a capping and reducing agent. There is a dire need for new antimicrobial agents due to the alarming rise in antibiotic resistance. Nanoparticles' diverse antibacterial properties suggest that they might be standard alternatives to antimicrobial drugs in the future. We describe herein the use of a Ficus carica extract as a capping and reducing agent in the phyto-mediated synthesis of CaONPs for the evaluation of their antimicrobial properties. The phyto-mediated synthesis of NPs is considered a reliable approach due to its high yield, stability, non-toxicity, cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. The CaONPs were physiochemically characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biological synthesis of the calcium oxide nanoparticles revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak (SPR) at 360 nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy, which clearly revealed the successful reduction of the Ca2+ ions to Ca0 nanoparticles. The characteristic FTIR peak seen at 767 cm-1 corresponded to Ca-O bond stretching and, thus, confirmed the biosynthesis of the CaONPs, while the scanning-electron micrographs revealed near-CaO aggregates with an average diameter of 84.87 ± 2.0 nm. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm analysis of the CaONPs showed inhibition of bacteria in the following order: P. aeruginosa (28 ± 1.0) > S. aureus (23 ± 0.3) > K. pneumoniae (18 ± 0.9) > P. vulgaris (13 ± 1.6) > E. coli (11 ± 0.5) mm. The CaONPs were shown to considerably inhibit biofilm formation, providing strong evidence for their major antibacterial activity. It is concluded that this straightforward environmentally friendly method is capable of synthesizing stable and effective CaONPs. The therapeutic value of CaONPs is indicated by their potential as a antibacterial and antibiofilm agents in future medications.

Spontaneous gelation behaviors and mechanism of Ficus awkeotsang Makino pectin.

Ficus awkeotsang Makino (jelly fig) can produce edible gels by rubbing its seeds in water at room temperature in which pectin is considered as the main gelling component. However, the spontaneous gelation mechanism of Ficus awkeotsang Makino (jelly fig) pectin (JFSP) is still unclear. This study aimed to reveal the structure, physicochemical properties, and spontaneous gelation behaviors and mechanism of JFSP. JFSP was first obtained by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method, with a pectin yield of 13.25 ± 0.42 % (w/w), weight-average molar mass (Mw) of 111.26 kDa, and methoxylation degree (DM) of 26.8 %. Analysis of monosaccharide compositions showed that JFSP was composed of 87.8 % galactose acid, indicating a high percentage of galacturonic acid blocks. Measurement on the gelling capacity suggested that JFSP gels can be easily formed by simply dispersing the pectin in water at room temperature without adding any co-solutes or metal ions. Gelation force analysis indicated that hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions were the main factors contributing to gel formation. At 1.0 % (w/v) of pectin concentration, JFSP gels exhibited relatively high gel hardness (72.75 ± 1.15 g) and good thermal and freeze-thawing stability. Overall, these findings highlight the potential application of JFSP as a promising commercial pectin resource.

Phytochemical Composition and Health Benefits of Figs (Fresh and Dried): A Review of Literature from 2000 to 2022.

With their rich history dating back 6000 years, figs are one of the oldest known plants to mankind and are a classical fruit in the Mediterranean diet. They possess a diverse array of bioactive components, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and tocopherols, which have been used for centuries in traditional medicine for their health-promoting effects addressing gastrointestinal, respiratory, inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular issues. This review summarizes the updated information on the phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity and other functional properties of fresh and dried figs cultivated in various parts of the world, highlighting variation in phenolic composition based on cultivar, harvesting time, maturity stage, processing, and fig parts. Additionally, the review delves into the bio-accessibility and bio-availability of bioactive components from figs and their potential influence on cardiovascular health, diabetes, obesity, and gut/digestive health. Data suggest that the intake of figs regularly in the diet, alone or with other dried fruits, increases select micronutrient intake and is associated with higher diet quality, respectively. Research in animal and human models of health and disease risk provide preliminary health benefits data on figs and their extracts from fig parts; however, additional well-controlled human studies, particularly using fig fruit, will be required to uncover and verify the potential impact of dietary intake of figs on modern day health issues.

Ex Vivo Antiplatelet and Thrombolytic Activity of Bioactive Fractions from the New-Fangled Stem Buds of Ficus religiosa L. with Simultaneous GC-MS Examination.

Different parts of Ficus religiosa are the common components of various traditional formulations for the treatment of several blood disorders. The new-fangled stem buds' powder was extracted with 80% ethanol and successively fractionated by chloroform and methanol. Chloroform and methanol fractions of Ficus religiosa (CFFR and MFFR) were tested for antiplatelet, antithrombotic, thrombolytic, and antioxidant activity in ex vivo mode. The MFFR was particularly investigated for GC-MS and toxicity. The antiplatelet activity of the CFFR, MFFR, and standard drug aspirin at 50 µg/mL was 54.32%, 86.61%, and 87.57%, and a significant delay in clot formation was noted. CFFR at different concentrations did not show a significant effect on the delay of clot formation, antiplatelet, and free radical scavenging activity. The most possible marker compounds for antiplatelet and antioxidant activity identified by GC-MS in the MFFR are salicylate derivatives aromatic compounds such as benzeneacetaldehyde (7), phenylmalonic acid (13), and Salicylic acid (14), as well as Benzamides derivatives such as carbobenzyloxy-dl-norvaline (17), 3-acetoxy-2(1H)-pyridone (16), and 3-benzylhexahydropyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione (35). A toxicity study of MFFR did not show any physical indications of toxicity and mortality up to 1500 mg/kg body weight and nontoxic up to 1000 mg/kg, which is promising for the treatment of atherothrombotic diseases.

Antibacterial and anti-Toxoplasma activities of Aspergillus niger endophytic fungus isolated from Ficus retusa: in vitro and in vivo approach.

Emergent records propose that Aspergillus niger endophytic fungus is a vital source for various bioactive molecules possessing many biological properties. The current study was designed to inspect the antibacterial and anti-Toxoplasma potentials of Ficus retusa-derived endophytic fungi. After isolation and identification (using 18S rRNA gene sequencing) of A. niger endophytic fungus, LC/MS was utilized for identification and authentication of the chemical profile of the A. niger endophyte extract. Then, the fungal extract was assessed for its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Additionally, its efficacy against Toxoplasma gondii was elucidated in vivo. The fungal extract displayed antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae isolates with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 64-512 µg/mL. It also possessed a membrane potential dissipating effect using flow cytometry. Moreover, it formed distorted cells with rough surfaces and deformed shapes using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Regarding its antibiofilm activity, it resulted in a dysregulation of the genes encoding biofilm formation (fimH, mrkA and mrkD) using qRT-PCR in nine K. pneumoniae isolates. The in vivo anti-Toxoplasma potential was demonstrated by decreasing the mortality rate of mice and reducing the tachyzoites' count in the peritoneal fluids and liver impression smears of mice. In addition, the deformities of the parasite decreased, as revealed by SEM and the inflammation in tissues diminished. Thus, A. niger endophytic fungi could be a valuable source of antibacterial and anti-Toxoplasma compounds.

The inhibitory potential of chemical constituents of Ficus carica targeting interleukin-6 (IL-6) mediated inflammation.

Inflammation is an innate reaction of the body of an individual when subjected to the noxious factors repeatedly. Pharmacological approaches focused at disrupting cytokine signaling networks have become significant therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of inflammatory illnesses, cancer and autoimmune disorders. High levels of inflammatory mediators, particularly interleukin IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha leads to a cytokine storm in the body. Among all the released cytokines in a patient suffering from inflammatory disorder, IL-6 mediator has a pivotal role in this inflammatory cascade which progresses to a cytokine storm. Therefore, the blockage of the IL-6 inflammatory mediator could be a promising treatment option for the patients with hyper inflammatory conditions. The phytochemicals could provide the new lead compounds against the IL-6 mediator. Ficus carica has been the ideal plant of research and investigation due to its commercial, economic and medical importance. The anti-inflammatory properties of F. carica were further investigated by in silico and in vivo approaches. The docking scores of Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, Kaempferol-7-O-rutinoside, Cyanidin-3-rhamnoglucoside, and Rutin are -9.231, -8.921, -8.840, and -8.335 Kcal/mole respectively. The free energy of binding and stability of the docked complexes of these top four phytochemicals with the IL-6 were further analyzed by Molecular Mechanics-Generalized Born Surface Area and Molecular Dynamic simulations, respectively. The in vivo anti-inflammatory carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model was used for the validation of in silico results. The maximum percentage paw edema inhibition with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate was 70.32% and 45.05%, respectively. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity confirms the anti-inflammatory potential of F. carica. Therefore, it is predicted that Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, Kaempferol-7-O-rutinoside, Cyanidin-3-rhamnoglucoside, and Rutin have the potential to inhibit the IL-6 mediator which will aid in mitigating the cytokine storm in patients with acute inflammations.

Xanthotoxin: An Aphicidal Coumarin From Ficus petiolaris against Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

In this research, we evaluated the aphicidal effect of the ethanolic extract of stems and bark of Ficus petiolaris Kunth (Moraceae), in laboratory bioassays in an artificial diet against apterous adult females of Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The extract was evaluated at different concentrations (500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, and 2,500 ppm), and the highest percentage of mortality (82%) was found at 2,500 ppm after 72 h. The positive control imidacloprid (Confial®) at 1% eliminated 100% of the aphids, and the negative control (artificial diet) only presented mortality of 4%. The chemical fractionation of the stem and bark extract of F. petiolaris yielded five fractions of FpR1-5, which were each evaluated at 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 ppm. FpR2 had the strongest aphicidal effect, with 89% mortality at 72 h at 1,000 ppm. The pure xanthotoxin compound extracted from this fraction was even more effective, with 91% aphid mortality after 72 h at 100 ppm. The lethal concentration (LC50) of xanthotoxin was 58.7 ppm (72 h). Our results indicate that the extract of F. petiolaris showed toxic activity against this aphid, and its xanthotoxin compound showed strong aphicidal activity at low concentrations.