XGBoost in the Prediction of 28-Day Mortality in Critical Elderly Patients with Hip Fracture: A MIMIC-IV Cohort Study.

Background: The impact of hip fracture on older adults is significant, including increased mortality, reduced activity levels and abilities and reduced quality of life。 Hip fractures often occur in the elderly and increase the risk of death. The purpose of this study is to analyze the risk factors associated with 28-day mortality in elderly patients with severe hip fractures using two models, XG Boost and multivariate logistic regression, and to compare the predictive value of the two models. Methods: MIMIC database is a powerful tool to provide clinical data to clinical researchers. The database was established in 2003 with funding from the National Institutes of Health by the Computational Physiology Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) at Harvard Medical School, and Philips Medical. Patients with severe hip fractures in the elderly were included based on the MIMIC-IV database and were divided into a death group and a survival group based on the death 28 days after admission to the ICU. Baseline data differences between the two groups of patients were compared, and risk factors associated with 28-day mortality in severe elderly patients with hip fractures were analyzed using XG Boost and multivariate logistic regression models, respectively. The predictive power of the two models was compared using receiver operation characteristics curves. Results: 287 elderly patients with severe hip fractures were included, including 43 cases (15.0%) in the death group and 244 cases (85.0%) in the survival group. Logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age, male, congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), high sepsis-related organ failure (SOFA) score, high heart rate, high white blood cell count, high creatinine, high mean arterial pressure, and high hemoglobin levels were associated with 28-day mortality after admission to the ICU, while the higher the mean arterial pressure and the hemoglobin level, the lower the risk of death. Although the rate of using mechanical ventilation and receiving blood transfusion in the death group was higher than that in the survival group, neither of them reached statistical significance. The XG Boost model shows that the top 5 factors associated with 28-day mortality are Sequential organ failure score (SOFA) score (31 points), chronic heart failure (20 points), chronic structural pulmonary disease (18 points), age (17 points), and male (15 points). The higher the mean arterial pressure and the hemoglobin level, the lower the risk of death. The area under the ROC curve predicted by the multivariate logistic regression model for mortality risk was 0.729 (95% CI: 0.701-0.783), and the Jordan index was 0.412. The area under the ROC curve predicted by the XG Boost model for mortality risk was 0.804 (95% CI: 0.720-0.837), and the Jordan index was 0.492. Conclusion: The ability of the XG Boost model to predict the 28-day mortality risk in elderly patients with severe hip fractures is better than the multivariate logistic regression model, which will help healthcare professionals provide more support for elderly patients with hip fracture.

Excess mortality after hip fracture during COVID-19 pandemic: More about disruption, less about virulence-Lesson from a trauma center.

To date, literature has depicted an increase in mortality among patients with hip fractures, directly related to acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and not due to underlying comorbidities. Usual orthogeriatric pathway in our Department was disrupted during the pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate early mortality within 30 days, in 2019 and 2020 in our Level 1 trauma-center. We compared two groups of patients aged >60 years, with osteoporotic upper hip fractures, in February/March/April 2020 and February/March/April 2019, in our level 1 trauma center. A total of 102 and 79 patients met the eligibility criteria in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Mortality was evaluated, merging our database with the French open database for death from the INSEE, which is prospectively updated each month. Causes of death were recorded. Charlson Comorbidity Index was evaluated for comorbidities, Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL), and Activity of Daily Living (ADL) scores were assessed for autonomy. There were no differences in age, sex, fracture type, Charlson Comorbidity Index, IADL, and ADL. 19 patients developed COVID-19 infection. The 30-day survival was 97% (95% CI, 94%-100%) in 2019 and 86% (95% CI, 79%-94%) in 2020 (HR = 5, 95%CI, 1.4-18.2, p = 0.013). In multivariable Cox'PH model, the period (2019/2020) was significantly associated to the 30-day mortality (HR = 6.4, 95%CI, 1.7-23, p = 0.005) and 6-month mortality (HR = 3.4, 95%CI, 1.2-9.2, p = 0.01). COVID infection did not modify significantly the 30-day and 6-month mortality. This series brought new important information, early mortality significantly increased because of underlying disease decompensation. Minimal comprehensive care should be maintained in all circumstances in order to avoid excess of mortality among elderly population with hip fractures.

Fracture Liaison Service for Hip Fractures: Is It A Game Changer?

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a common medical condition in older ages. A devastating result of osteoporosis may be a hip fracture with up to 30% mortality rate in one year. The compliance rate of osteoporotic medication following a hip fracture is 20% in the western world. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of the fracture liaison service (FLS) model in the orthopedic department on patient compliance following hip fracture. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all patients with hip fracture who were involved with FLS. We collected data regarding kidney function, calcium levels, parathyroid hormone levels, and vitamin D levels at admission. We educated the patient and family, started vitamin D and calcium supplementation and recommended osteoporotic medical treatment. We phoned the patient 6-12 weeks following the fracture to ensure treatment initiation. RESULTS: From June 2018 to June 2019 we identified 166 patients with hip fracture who completed at least one year of follow-up. Over 75% of the patients had low vitamin D levels and 22% had low calcium levels at admission. Nine patients (5%) died at median of 109 days. Following our intervention, 161 patients (96%) were discharged with a specific osteoporotic treatment recommendation; 121 (73%) received medication for osteoporosis on average of < 3 months after surgery. We recommended on injectable medications; however, 51 (42%) were treated with oral biphsophonate. CONCLUSIONS: FLS improved the compliance rate of osteoporotic medical treatment and should be a clinical routine in every medical center.

Outcome of older hip fracture patients on anticoagulation: a comparison of vitamin K-antagonists and Factor Xa inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Older hip fracture patients are still challenging in daily clinical practice. Due to the high prevalence of osteoporosis and atrial fibrillation in this age group, the number of fragility fracture patients under oral anticoagulation (OAC) increases. The outcome is still disappointing, short- and long-term mortality and morbidity is high. The impact of pre-existing OAC is not yet clear, especially regarding new OAC drugs like Factor Xa inhibitors (FXa). The purpose of our study was to compare the short-term outcome of older hip fracture patients, without OAC (controls), on Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and on FXa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study is a retrospective case-control study including patients older than 70 years who sustained hip fractures caused by an inadequate trauma and treated at a level 1 trauma center from February 2017 to June 2018. Patient's information was taken from patient's charts. 102 cases were analysed, 61 controls, 41 on OAC (15 on VKA and 26 on FXa). As outcome parameter we defined mortality, perioperative complications, bleeding, need of blood supplements, delay of surgery, length of stay, and a combined outcome parameter (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, thromboembolic events, blood preservations, re-vision surgery, major bleeding and decline of hemoglobin). RESULTS: Eight patients died during hospital stay, in-hospital mortality was 7.8%. The highest mortality rate was found in patients on VKA (20%), compared to patients on FXa (3.8%) and controls (6.6%). However, mortality rate did not differ significantly within the groups. The combined endpoint was significantly more frequently seen in patients on OAC compared to controls (p = 0.006). No difference was observed between patients on VKA or FXa. Mean time to surgery and LOS was significantly longer in patients on OAC compared to controls. No significant differences were seen between VKA and FXa. CONCLUSIONS: In our study OAC was significantly associated with worse outcome compared to controls. Marginal differences were observed between patients on FXa or VKA. Further studies involving a higher number of patients are necessary to confirm our results. At that time, some our results have to interpreted carefully and need confirmation.

Hospital-based Hip fracture programs: Clinical need and effectiveness.

Hospital-based hip fracture programs are essential for effective, efficient care of elderly patients who have sustained hip fractures. Many of the gains in outcomes and patient survival are a result of such integrated care models. We review the rationale, elements, and benefits of such programs across the spectrum of inpatient centers, including low-volume and high-volume community hospitals and trauma centers.

Lower rates of mortality, readmission and reoperation in patients receiving acupuncture after hip fracture: a population-based analysis.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the effects of acupuncture on mortality and complication rates in hip fracture patients are limited by small sample size and short follow-up time. We aimed to assess the associations of acupuncture use with mortality, readmission and reoperation rates in hip fracture patients using a longitudinal population-based database. METHODS: A retrospective matched cohort study was conducted using data for the years 1996-2012 from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Hip fracture patients were divided into an acupuncture group consisting of 292 subjects who received at least 6 acupuncture treatments within 183 days of hip fracture, and a propensity score matched "no acupuncture" group of 876 subjects who did not receive any acupuncture treatment and who functioned as controls. The two groups were compared using survival analysis and competing risk analysis. RESULTS: Compared to non-treated subjects, subjects treated with acupuncture had a lower risk of overall death (hazard ratio (HR): 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24-0.73, p = 0.002), a lower risk of readmission due to medical complications (subdistribution HR (sHR): 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44-0.93, p = 0.019) and a lower risk of reoperation due to surgical complications (sHR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40-0.96, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to suggest that postoperative acupuncture in hip fracture patients is associated with significantly lower mortality, readmission and reoperation rates compared with those of matched controls.

Predictors of hip fractures and mortality in long-term care homes in Saskatchewan: Does vitamin D supplementation play a role?

High rates of hip fracture (HF) in long-term care (LTC) lead to increased hospitalization and greater risk of death. Supplementation of residents with vitamin D3 (vitD) has been recommended, but may be infrequently acted upon. Using a prospective cohort design, we explored use of vitD at doses ≥800 IU for hip fractures (HF) and for mortality among permanent LTC residents in Saskatchewan between 2008 and 2012, using provincial administrative health databases (N = 23178). We used stepwise backward regression with Cox proportional hazard multivariate analysis for time to first HF or to death upon entry into LTC (excluding the first three months), the association of daily vitD (determined during the first three months), age, sex, age*sex interaction, prior HF, osteoporosis diagnosis and Charlson Comormidity Score (CCS) was determined. Users of VitD were more likely older, women and those with previous HF. For HF, no significant impact of vitD or CCS was found. Models for mortality, stratified by sex, showed in women only, that vitD use resulted in a significant inverse association with time to death [HR (0.91(0.87-0.96)]; for men it was 0.94(0.88-1.01). The impact of VitD supplementation in LTC deserves further investigation, however, the mechanisms for its effect on mortality remain unclear.

Adherence to anti-osteoporosis medication associated with lower mortality following hip fracture in older adults: a nationwide propensity score-matched cohort study.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the association of anti-osteoporosis medication with mortality risk in older adults with hip fractures and evaluated the influence of medication adherence on mortality. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort study and identified a total of 13,123 patients aged 65 years or older with hip fracture from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database during the period 2001-2010. Individuals with (n = 2092) and without (n = 2092) receiving anti-osteoporosis medication were matched using propensity score matching (1:1 ratio). The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates after the index fracture were compared between patients with and without treatment. In the treated group, survival rate was compared between those with good and non-adherence. Good adherence was defined as the medication possession ratio of ≥80% and non-adherence as a ratio < 80%. RESULTS: The 1-, 3- and 5-year mortality rates were significantly lower in the treated vs. the non-treated group (all p < 0.0001). In the treated group, the estimated 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were higher in those with good adherence than in those with non-adherence (all p < 0.0001). Regarding all-cause mortality, the adjusted hazard ratio in the treated vs. the non-treated group was 0.63 (95% confidence interval 0.58-0.68, p < 0.0001). The good adherence subgroup showed a significantly lower mortality risk than that in the non-adherence subgroup (hazard ratio 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.32-0.51, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were significantly higher in patients receiving anti-osteoporosis medication than in the untreated group. All-cause mortality rates were lower in patients with good adherence to anti-osteoporosis medication.

Anti-Osteoporosis Medications Associated with Decreased Mortality after Hip Fracture.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of anti-osteoporosis therapies on mortality after hip fracture. METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University and enrolled 690 patients 50 years of age and older who were admitted with hip fractures between 2010 and 2015. The patients were followed in 2017: 690 patients aged was from 50 to 103 years. There were 456 women and 234 men. There were 335 patients with fractures of the femoral neck and 355 patients with intertrochanteric fractures of the femur. There were 444 (64.35%) patients who also had internal diseases. The Charlson comorbidity index was 0-6. The anti-osteoporosis medications were classified into no anti-osteoporosis medication, calcium + vitamin D supplementations, non-bisphosphonate medication, and bisphosphonate medication. The physicians followed the patients or family members by personal visit and telephone. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were done with known risk factors for mortality of hip fracture, such as gender, age, number of combined internal diseases, fracture type, place of residence, and Charlson comorbidity index, to show which anti-osteoporosis medications had significant effects on mortality after adjustment for these variables. RESULTS: Out of 690 patients with hip fractures, 149 patients received no anti-osteoporosis medication, 63 patients received calcium +vitamin D supplementations, 398 patients received non-bisphosphonate medication, and 80 patients received bisphosphonate medication. The patients were followed between 7 months and 52 months, with the average of 28.53 ± 9.75 months. A total of 166 patients died during the follow-up period. Of 166 deaths, 43 occurred within 3 months, 65 within 6 months, and 99 within 1 year after the hip fracture. In this study, fracture type, place of residence, and Charlson comorbidity index were not associated with the mortality, and the male gender, age > 75 years, and ≥ 2 combined internal diseases were the independent factors for deaths post-hip fracture. The cumulative mortality was 36.24% in the patients receiving no anti-osteoporosis medication. The hazard ratio for mortality after hip fracture with bisphosphonate medication, non-bisphosphonate medication, and calcium/vitamin D supplementation was 0.355 (95% CI, 0.194-0.648), 0.492 (95% CI, 0.347-0.699) and 0.616 (95% CI, 0.341-1.114), respectively, as compared with no anti-osteoporosis group. Bisphosphonate and non-bisphosphonate medications for osteoporosis were significantly associated with the reduction of cumulative mortality post-hip fracture (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Bisphosphonate and non-bisphosphonate medications for osteoporosis were significantly associated with decreased mortality after fragility hip fracture.

Comparison of combined lumbar and sacral plexus block with sedation versus general anaesthesia on postoperative outcomes in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery (CLSB-HIPELD): study protocol for a prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Hip fracture in elderly people is a global public health problem, with substantial associated mortality and disability. Nearly all patients with hip fracture undergo surgical treatment, but optimal anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in elderly patients is still inconclusive. Ultrasound-guided combined lumbar and sacral plexus block has been widely used in hip fracture surgery in recent years, especially for some high-risk patients. However, it is not clear whether it can improve the postoperative outcomes of elderly patients with hip fracture. METHOD AND ANALYSIS: This research project is a two-arm, parallel, multicentre, prospective randomised controlled trail. A total of 1086 patients aged 75 and older scheduled for hip fracture surgery in five clinical trial centres of China will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either combined lumbar and sacral plexus block plus sedation or general anaesthesia. The primary outcome will be the postoperative 1-year all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes will be the incidence of postoperative complications, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, early mobility after surgery, postoperative Visual Analogue Scale pain scores, postoperative delirium, length of stay in intensive care unit and hospital, cost-effective outcomes, Barthel Index and incidence of adverse events after discharge. Assessments will be conducted in four steps: preoperative, intraoperative, in-hospital data collection and post-discharge telephone follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been supported by Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning Foundation for Key Developing Disciplines (2015ZB0103) and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital [No: 2016-28-(2)]. At the time of manuscript submission, the protocol version is V.1.6 (March 2nd, 2018) with one subsequent approved amendment. Results will be disseminated via an international peer-reviewed publication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03318133.

Should we provide outreach rehabilitation to very old people living in Nursing Care Facilities after a hip fracture? A randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: to determine whether a 4-week postoperative rehabilitation program delivered in Nursing Care Facilities (NCFs) would improve quality of life and mobility compared with receiving usual care. DESIGN: parallel randomised controlled trial with integrated health economic study. SETTING: NCFs, in Adelaide South Australia. SUBJECTS: people aged 70 years and older who were recovering from hip fracture surgery and were walking prior to hip fracture. MEASUREMENTS: primary outcomes: mobility (Nursing Home Life-Space Diameter (NHLSD)) and quality of life (DEMQOL) at 4 weeks and 12 months. RESULTS: participants were randomised to treatment (n = 121) or control (n = 119) groups. At 4 weeks, the treatment group had better mobility (NHLSD mean difference -1.9; 95% CI: -3.3, -0.57; P = 0.0055) and were more likely to be alive (log rank test P = 0.048) but there were no differences in quality of life. At 12 months, the treatment group had better quality of life (DEMQOL sum score mean difference = -7.4; 95% CI: -12.5 to -2.3; P = 0.0051), but there were no other differences between treatment and control groups. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) gained over 12 months were 0.0063 higher per participant (95% CI: -0.0547 to 0.0686). The resulting incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were $5,545 Australian dollars per unit increase in the NHLSD (95% CI: $244 to $15,159) and $328,685 per QALY gained (95% CI: $82,654 to $75,007,056). CONCLUSIONS: the benefits did not persist once the rehabilitation program ended but quality of life at 12 months in survivors was slightly higher. The case for funding outreach home rehabilitation in NCFs is weak from a traditional health economic perspective. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12612000112864 registered on the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. Trial protocol available at https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id = 361980.

Effectiveness of home based intervention program in reducing mortality of hip fracture patients: A non-randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The study was done to investigate whether a postoperative intervention program is effective in reducing mortality and improving mobility in two comparative hip fracture patients over one year postoperatively. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial study with an intervention group of hip fracture patients and historical control group with 12 months follow up. One hundred twenty four admitted hip fracture patients to the Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospitals, aged 50 years and older were included from 1st July to 31st December 2014. They were divided into 64 and 60 patients as intervention and control groups respectively. Weight, height and bone mineral density were measured and baseline characteristics were taken. The intervention was a postoperative care program in the form of education sessions with an explanatory leaflet on discharge for nutrition and physical exercise program at home. Follow up phone calls were done at 3 months, 6 months and one year postoperatively by one assessor. Physical mobility was assessed by 24 items Western Ontario And McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). RESULTS: Mortality was significantly higher in the control group, WOMAC score was significantly better among intervention group through follow up. By multivariate Cox survival analysis, advancing age, no intervention, osteoporosis, postoperative complications, chest infections and heart attacks were significant predictors for mortality. CONCLUSION: A significant improvement in mobility and reduction of mortality was achieved by application of a postoperative care program that could be incorporated into the hip fracture patients' care pathway.

The consistency of care for older patients with a hip fracture: are the results of the integrated orthogeriatric treatment model of the Centre of Geriatric Traumatology consistent 10 years after implementation?

In the past 10 years after implementation, the orthogeriatric treatment model led in general to consistent outcomes for 1555 older adults in terms of most of the complications and mortality. Surgery was more often delayed to 24-48 h after arrival at the hospital, while the length of hospital stay shortened. INTRODUCTION: Since 1 April 2008, patients aged ≥ 70 years presenting themselves with a hip fracture at Ziekenhuisgroep Twente (ZGT) have been treated according to the orthogeriatric treatment model. The aim of this study was to investigate if outcomes of the orthogeriatric treatment model are consistent over the first 10 years after implementation. METHODS: Between 1 April 2008 and 31 December 2016, patients aged ≥ 70 years who were surgically treated at ZGT for a hip fracture were included and divided into three periods equally distributed in time. Patient characteristics, in-hospital logistics, complications, and mortality data were compared between the three periods. RESULTS: A total of 1555 patients were included. There was a shift in the surgical treatment for the fractured neck of femur from dynamic hip screw/cannulated screws to hemiarthroplasty (p < 0.001). Surgery within 24 h after arrival to the hospital decreased (p < 0.001), while surgery within 48 h stayed the same (p = 0.085). Length of hospital stay significantly decreased over time (p < 0.001). Complication rates were consistent except for the number of postoperative anemia, delirium, and urinary tract infections. Mortality rates did not change over the years. CONCLUSIONS: The orthogeriatric treatment model leads in general to consistent outcomes concerning mortality and most of the complications, except for postoperative anemia, delirium, and urinary tract infections. Inconsistent complication rates were influenced by altered diagnosis and treatment protocols. Length of hospital stay reduced, while time to surgery was more often delayed to 24-48 h. Monitoring clinical outcomes of the orthogeriatric treatment model over time is recommended in order to optimize and maintain the quality of care for this frail patient population.

Influence of demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly patients with a hip fracture on mortality: A retrospective, total cohort study in North-East Spain.

IMPORTANCE: The increased mortality after hip fracture (HF) is caused by multiple factors, and large samples are needed to assess the weight of each factor. To date, few studies have investigated these factors through a total cohort approach, and the complexity of underlying medical conditions has not been considered. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of demographic and clinical characteristics on increased mortality risk in elderly patients with hip fracture (HF). DESIGN: Retrospective, total cohort study collecting 4-year data. SETTING: All hospitals and primary care units owned by, or associated with, Catalonia's local health department (CatSalut) (north-east Spain). PARTICIPANTS: All patients aged ≥65 years, admitted to Catalan hospitals from CatSalut because of a HF between 1st January 2012 and 31st December 2015. EXPOSURE: Hip fracture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome was survival. Measures regarding demographic and clinical characteristics at the moment of hospital admission included age, sex, osteoporosis treatment, previous fractures, type of intervention, nutritional status, and comorbidities. Patients were stratified using the Adjusted Morbidity Groups (GMA) risk assessment tool. RESULTS: Of the 30,552 patients included in the study sample, 10,439 (34%) died during follow-up, 6821 (22%) within the first year after hospital admission. Mean (SD) age was 84 (7) years; 75% were female. Baseline factors with greater influence on survival were age (HRs 1.44 [95% CI 1.22-1.70], 2.38 [2.03-2.79], and 4.38 [3.73-5.15] for age groups 70-79, 80-89, and >89, respectively), underweight (HR 1.65 [1.36-2.01]), lack of surgical intervention (HR 2.64 [2.47-2.83]), and very high risk stratum of GMA risk (HR 1.58 [1.45-1.73]). Vitamin D/calcium supplementation and osteoporosis treatment showed a significant but moderate influence on mortality (HRs 0.84 (0.79-0.88) and 0.92 [0.85-0.99], respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In elderly patients with HF, age and health status factors at hospital admission have the greatest impact on mortality risk after hospital admission. Our findings encourage a comprehensive intervention aimed at improving underlying medical conditions of HF patients.

Association Between Race and Ethnicity and Hip Fracture Outcomes in a Universally Insured Population.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have documented racial and ethnic disparities in hip fracture treatment and outcome, and unequal access is commonly cited as a potential mediator. We sought to assess whether disparities in hip fracture outcome persist within a universally insured population of patients enrolled in a managed health-care system. METHODS: A U.S. integrated health systems registry was used to identify patients who underwent treatment for a hip fracture when they were ≥60 years of age from 2009 to 2014. Patient demographics, procedure details, and outcomes were obtained from the registry. Differences in outcome according to race/ethnicity were analyzed using multivariable regression analysis with adjustment for socioeconomic status and other potential confounders. RESULTS: Of 17,790 patients, 79.4% were white, 3.9% were black, 9.4% were Hispanic, and 7.4% were Asian. Compared with white patients, black patients had a similar 1-year mortality rate (odds ratio [OR] = 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79 to 1.09, p = 0.37), Hispanic patients had a lower rate (OR = 0.85, 95% = CI = 0.75 to 0.96, p = 0.01), and Asian patients also had a lower rate (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.76, p < 0.001). There were no differences in terms of surgical delay, 90-day emergency department visits, or reoperations during the patient's lifetime (p > 0.05) between the groups. Compared with white patients, black and Hispanic patients had fewer 90-day postoperative complications (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively); 90-day unplanned readmissions were less common among Asian patients (p = 0.03) but more common among black patients (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this study of hip fractures treated in an integrated managed care system, minority patients were found to have postoperative mortality rates that were similar to, or lower than, those of white patients. These findings may be related to the equal access and/or standardized protocols associated with treatment in this managed care system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Nutritional Status and Nutritional Treatment Are Related to Outcomes and Mortality in Older Adults with Hip Fracture.

Malnutrition is very prevalent in geriatric patients with hip fracture. Nevertheless, its importance is not fully recognized. The objective of this paper is to review the impact of malnutrition and of nutritional treatment upon outcomes and mortality in older people with hip fracture. We searched the PubMed database for studies evaluating nutritional aspects in people aged 70 years and over with hip fracture. The total number of studies included in the review was 44, which analyzed 26,281 subjects (73.5% women, 83.6 ± 7.2 years old). Older people with hip fracture presented an inadequate nutrient intake for their requirements, which caused deterioration in their already compromised nutritional status. The prevalence of malnutrition was approximately 18.7% using the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) (large or short form) as a diagnostic tool, but the prevalence was greater (45.7%) if different criteria were used (such as Body Mass Index (BMI), weight loss, or albumin concentration). Low scores in anthropometric indices were associated with a higher prevalence of complications during hospitalization and with a worse functional recovery. Despite improvements in the treatment of geriatric patients with hip fracture, mortality was still unacceptably high (30% within 1 year and up to 40% within 3 years). Malnutrition was associated with an increase in mortality. Nutritional intervention was cost effective and was associated with an improvement in nutritional status and a greater functional recovery. To conclude, in older people, the prevention of malnutrition and an early nutritional intervention can improve recovery following a hip fracture.

Safe working in a 7-day service. Experience of hip fracture care as documented by the UK National Hip Fracture Database.

Objective: to describe differences in care and 30-day mortality of patients admitted with hip fracture on weekends (Saturday-Sunday) compared to weekdays (Monday-Friday), and their relationship to the organisation of care. Methods: data came from the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) linked to ONS mortality data on 52,599 patients presenting to 162 units in England between 1 January and 31 December 2014. This was combined with information on geriatrician staffing and major trauma centre (MTC) status. 30-day mortality and care were compared for patients admitted at weekends and weekdays; separately for patients treated in units grouped by the mean level of input by geriatricians, weekend geriatrician clinical cover and MTC status. Differences were adjusted for variation in patients' characteristics. Results: there was no evidence of differences in 30-day mortality between patients admitted at weekends compared to weekdays (7.2 vs 7.5%, P = 0.3) before or after adjusting for patient characteristics in either MTCs or general hospitals. The proportion receiving a preoperative geriatrician assessment was lower at weekends (42.8 vs 60.7%, P < 0.001). 30-day mortality was lower in units with higher levels of geriatrician input, but there was no weekend mortality effect associated with lower levels of input or absence of weekend cover. Conclusion: there was no evidence of a weekend mortality effect among patients treated for hip fracture in the English NHS. It appears that clinical teams provide comparably safe and effective care throughout the week. However, greater geriatrician involvement in teams was associated with overall lower mortality.

Ortogeriatría: primer registro multicéntrico autonómico de fracturas de cadera en Castilla y León (España) / Orthogeriatrics: The First multicentre regional register of hip fractures in Castilla y León (Spain)

Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características de los pacientes con fractura de cadera en los hospitales públicos de Castilla y León recogidos durante un periodo de tiempo de 3 meses (noviembre del 2014 y octubre y noviembre del 2015). Material y método: El grupo de trabajo de Ortogeriatría de Castilla y León elabora un registro común para recoger datos de las fracturas de cadera. Se incluyen mayores de 74 años ingresados por fractura de cadera, en 13 hospitales públicos de la comunidad, los meses de noviembre del 2014 y octubre-noviembre del 2015. Es un estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo y observacional en el que se recogieron variables clínicas, funcionales, sociales y mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Resultados: Se analizaron 776 pacientes, con una edad media de 86,6±6 años. La demora quirúrgica fue de 4±2,8 días y la estancia media hospitalaria de 10±4,7 días. El riesgo anestésico fue ASA 3±0,6. El 66,5% de los pacientes tuvieron complicaciones médicas intrahospitalarias y precisaron transfusión el 55,5%. Fallecieron durante la hospitalización un 4,6%. La estancia media prequirúrgica se relacionó con la estancia global, con p<0,001. Conclusiones: Los registros de fractura de cadera son una herramienta esencial para evaluar el proceso y mejorar la calidad asistencial de estos pacientes. Este es el primer registro multicéntrico de fracturas de cadera en ancianos realizado en una región de España y puede ser un buen precedente de referencia ante el futuro registro nacional (AU)

Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of the patients with hip fracture admitted to the Public Hospitals of Castilla y León during three monthly periods (November 2014, and October and November 2015). Material and method: The Castilla y León orthogeriatrics work group created a common register to collect data on hip fractures. The study included patients 75 years-old and over hospitalised with hip fractures in the 13 public hospitals in the community during November 2014, and October and November 2015. A multicentre, prospective, and observational study was conducted, in which clinical, functional, and social variables, as well as in-hospital mortality, were collected. Results: The analysis included data from a total of 776 patients with a mean age of 86 (±6) years. The surgical delay was 4±2.8 days, and the mean hospital stay was 10±4.7 days. The anaesthesia risk was ASA 3±0.6. Around two-thirds (66.5%) of the patients had medical complications while in hospital, and 55.5% required a transfusion. In-hospital mortality was 4.6%. The mean pre-surgical stay was related to the overall stay: P<.001. Conclusions: Hip fracture registers are an essential tool for evaluating the process and for improving the treatment quality of these patients. This is the first multicentre register of hip fracture in the elderly created in a Spanish region, and could be a good precedent reference for a future national register (AU)

Effect of Surgeon and Hospital Volume on Morbidity and Mortality After Hip Fracture.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have examined the relationship between surgeon and hospital volumes and outcome following hip fracture surgical procedures, but the results have been inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to assess the hip fracture volume-outcome relationship by analyzing data from a large, managed care registry. METHODS: The Kaiser Permanente Hip Fracture Registry prospectively records information on surgically treated hip fractures within the managed health-care system. Using this registry, all surgically treated hip fractures in patients 60 years of age or older were identified. Surgeon and hospital volume were defined as the number of hip fracture surgical procedures performed in the preceding 12 months and were divided into tertiles (low, medium, and high). The primary outcome was mortality at 1 year postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were mortality at 30 and 90 days postoperatively as well as reoperation (lifetime), medical complications (90-day), and unplanned readmission (30-day). To determine the relationship between volume and these outcome measures, multivariate logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression were performed, controlling for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: Of 14,294 patients in the study sample, the majority were female (71%) and white (79%), and the mean age was 81 years. The overall mortality rate was 6% at 30 days, 11% at 90 days, and 21% at 1 year. We did not find an association between surgeon or hospital volume and mortality at 30 days, 90 days, or 1 year (p > 0.05). There was also no association between surgeon or hospital volume and reoperation, medical complications, or unplanned readmission (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis of hip fractures treated in a large integrated health-care system, the observed rates of mortality, reoperation, medical complications, and unplanned readmission did not differ by surgeon or hospital volume. In contrast to other orthopaedic procedures, such as total joint arthroplasty, our data do not suggest that hip fractures need to be preferentially directed toward high-volume surgeons or hospitals for treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Predictive factors of hospital stay, mortality and functional recovery after surgery for hip fracture in elderly patients. / Factores determinantes de estancia hospitalaria, mortalidad y evolución funcional tras cirugía por fractura de cadera en el anciano.

OBJECTIVES: Due to its high prevalence and serious consequences it is very important to be well aware of factors that might be related to medical complications, mortality, hospital stay and functional recovery in elderly patients with hip fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study of a group of 130 patients aged over 75 years admitted for osteoporotic hip fracture. Their medical records, physical and cognitive status prior to the fall, fracture type and surgical treatment, medical complications and functional and social evolution after hospitalization were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients with greater physical disability, more severe cognitive impairment and those who lived in a nursing home before the fracture had worse functional recovery after surgery. Treatment with intravenous iron to reduce transfusions reduced hospital stay and improved walking ability. Infections and heart failure were the most frequent medical complications and were related to a longer hospital stay. The prescription of nutritional supplements for the patients with real indication improved their physical recovery after the hip fracture CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of physical, cognitive and social status prior to hip fracture should be the basis of an individual treatment plan because of its great prognostic value. Multidisciplinary teams with continuous monitoring of medical problems should prevent and treat complications as soon as possible. Intravenous iron and specific nutritional supplements can improve functional recovery six months after hip fracture.