RESUMEN
The root of Dactylicapnos scandens (D.Don.) Hutch (Papaveraceae), one of the most famous ethno-medicinal plants from the Bai communities in P. R. China, is used to treat various inflammations and tumours. Bioassay-guided phytochemical research on D. scandens followed by semi-synthesis led to a series of undescribed tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids with dual inhibitory activities against indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). The previously undescribed dark-green alkaloid dactycapnine A exhibited the best dual inhibitor effects among the identified compounds. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed the importance of the base skeleton with a hyperconjugation system. The performed semi-synthesis further yielded bioactive dimeric and trimeric compounds with hyperconjugated systems. Performed STD NMR experiments disclosed direct interactions between dactycapnine A and IDO1/TDO. Inhibition kinetics indicated dactycapnine A as a mixed-type dual inhibitor. These findings provided a possible explanation for the anticancer properties of the ethno-medicinal plant species D. scandens.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides , Antineoplásicos , Fumariaceae , Plantas Medicinales , Antineoplásicos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Plantas Medicinales/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triptófano , Triptófano Oxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fumariaceae/químicaRESUMEN
Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara is a perennial plant species valued in the horticultural, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical markets. To date, however, there were no studies on tissue culture systems in this species when adjusted from non-meristematic explants. The aim of this study is to induce callogenesis, organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis in non-meristematic explants of Lamprocapnos spectabilis 'Alba' cultured in various media and to analyze the chemical diversity of the produced callus. Leaf, petiole, and internode explants were cultured on the modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with various combinations and concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and picloram (PIC). After 10 weeks of culturing, the morphogenetic response of explants was evaluated and the concentration of chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and polyphenols in callus was analyzed. There was no influence of explant type on the callogenesis efficiency (62.1-65.3%). The highest fresh weight of callus was produced on leaf explants in the presence of 2,4-D or PIC. In contrast, the highest share of dry weight was found in internode-derived calli and cultured on IAA-supplemented medium (up to 30.8%). Only 2.5% of all explants regenerated adventitious shoots, while rhizogenesis was reported in 4.5% of explants. Somatic embryos were produced indirectly by 0% to 100% of explants, depending on the culture medium and explant type. The highest mean number of embryos (11.4 per explant) was found on petioles cultured in the MS medium with 0.5 mg·L-1 BA and 1.0 mg·L-1 PIC. Calli cultured in media with NAA usually contained a higher content of primary and secondary metabolites. There was also a significant impact of explant type on the content of anthocyanins, polyphenols, and carotenoids in callus. Further studies should focus on the elicitation of metabolites production in callus culture systems of the bleeding heart.
Asunto(s)
Fumariaceae/embriología , Fumariaceae/metabolismo , Meristema/metabolismo , Metaboloma , Organogénesis , Técnicas de Embriogénesis Somática de Plantas , Medios de Cultivo , Citocininas/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Studies of pollen wall development produce a great deal of morphological data that supplies useful information regarding taxonomy and systematics. We present the exine development of Euptelea and Pteridophyllum, two taxa whose pollen wall development has never previously been studied using transmission electron microscopy. Both genera are representatives of the two earliest-diverging families of the order Ranunculales and their pollen data are important for the diagnosis of the ancestral pollen features in eudicots. Our observations show these genera are defined by having microechinate microreticulate exine ornamentation, perforate tectum, columellate morphology of the infratectum and the existence of a foot layer and endexine. The presence of lamellations is detected during the early stages of development in the nexine of both genera, especially in the apertures. Euptelea presents remains of the primexine layer during the whole maturation process, a very thin foot layer, and a laminate exinous oncus in the apertural region formed by ectexine and endexine elements. Pteridophyllum has a thicker tectum than Euptelea, a continuous foot layer and a thicker endexine. In the apertures, the exinous oncus is formed by islets and granules of endexine, in contrast to the Euptelea apertures. The secretory tapetum produces orbicules in both genera, but they have different morphology and electron-density. Comparisons with pollen data from related orders and families confirm the ancestral states for the pollen of eudicots proposed in previous studies: reticulate and echinate surfaces, columellate infractectum and a thin foot layer relative to the thickness of the ectexine. According to our observations, we propose considering the possibility of a polymorphic state for the aperture number in the ancestor of Ranunculales, and suggest the development of orbicules as the ancestral state in this order.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Biológica , Magnoliopsida/crecimiento & desarrollo , Polen/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fumariaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fumariaceae/ultraestructura , Magnoliopsida/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Polen/ultraestructura , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
pH-Zone-refining counter-current chromatography was successfully applied for the preparative separation of alkaloids from Dactylicapnos scandens. The two-phase solvent system was composed of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (3:7:1:9, v/v), where 20 mM of triethylamine (TEA) was added to the upper phase as a retainer and 5 mM of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the aqueous phase as an eluter. In this experiment, the apparatus with an adjustable length of the separation column was used for the separation of alkaloids from D. scandens and the resolution of the compounds can be remarkably improved by increasing the length of the separation column. As a result, 70 mg protopin, 30 mg (+) corydine, 120 mg (+) isocorydine and 40 mg (+) glaucine were obtained from 1.0 g of the crude extracts and each with 99.2%, 96.5%, 99.3%, 99.5% purity as determined by HPLC. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed by positive ESI-MS and (1)H NMR.
Asunto(s)
Aporfinas/aislamiento & purificación , Benzofenantridinas/aislamiento & purificación , Alcaloides de Berberina/aislamiento & purificación , Distribución en Contracorriente/instrumentación , Distribución en Contracorriente/métodos , Fumariaceae/química , Aporfinas/química , Benzofenantridinas/química , Alcaloides de Berberina/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/instrumentación , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Raíces de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the alkaloids in the roots of Dactylicapnos scanden (D. Don) Hutch. METHOD: The compounds were isolated by various column chromatographic methods. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. RESULT: Eight compounds were isolated and identified as d-isocorydine (1), protopine (2), d-magnoflorine (3), d-isocorydine-beta-N-oxide (4), d-corydine-alpha-N-oxide (5), d-corydine-beta-N-oxide (6), 6S, 6aS-N-methyllaurotetanine-alpha-N-oxide (7), and 6R, 6aS-N-methyllaurotetanine-beta-N-oxide (8). CONCLUSION: Compounds 4-8 were isolated from this species and the genus Dactylicapnos for the first time.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides/química , Fumariaceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Raíces de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the alkaloids in the roots of Dactylicapnos scanden (D. Don) Hutch.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The compounds were isolated by various column chromatographic methods. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Eight compounds were isolated and identified as d-isocorydine (1), protopine (2), d-magnoflorine (3), d-isocorydine-beta-N-oxide (4), d-corydine-alpha-N-oxide (5), d-corydine-beta-N-oxide (6), 6S, 6aS-N-methyllaurotetanine-alpha-N-oxide (7), and 6R, 6aS-N-methyllaurotetanine-beta-N-oxide (8).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 4-8 were isolated from this species and the genus Dactylicapnos for the first time.</p>
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides , Química , Fumariaceae , Química , Extractos Vegetales , Química , Raíces de Plantas , QuímicaRESUMEN
The occurrence of two butenolides, menisdaurilide and aquilegiolide, in commercial specimens of Dicentra spectabilis is reported for the first time; a rapid and direct isolation protocol is described. The ability of these lactones to induce apoptosis in human tumour cell lines at 10 microM concentration is also described. The high abundance and apoptosis-inducing activity reported here indicates that these constituents play a more significant role than the hormonal action previously attributed to them.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Fumariaceae , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , 4-Butirolactona/análogos & derivados , 4-Butirolactona/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Benzofuranos/química , Línea Celular Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Células HT29/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Células Jurkat/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Hojas de la Planta , Tallos de la PlantaRESUMEN
The antibacterial activity of extracts from species of plants used in the Chinese medicine, Zi Hua Di Ding (Viola yedoensis, V. prionantha, Corydalis bungeana and Gueldenstaedtia verna), was tested against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas syringae using a bioautographic assay. The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of all four species of plants showed activity against both species of bacteria, whereas the methanol and aqueous methanol extracts were inactive. Three fractions from the petroleum ether extracts of V. yedoensis, V. prionantha and C. bungeana showed activity against B. subtilis at 6.25 microg/mL. Preliminary analysis of these active fractions indicates that they contain long chain carboxylic acids.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Bacillus subtilis/efectos de los fármacos , Fabaceae , Flores , Fumariaceae , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Hojas de la Planta , Raíces de Plantas , Tallos de la Planta , Semillas , ViolaceaeRESUMEN
Regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from callus was studied in Dicentra spectabilis. To obtain somatic embryogenic callus, we cultured D. spectabilis seeds on MS basal media supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The highest percentage of embryogenic callus formation was observed on media containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D under dark conditions. Somatic embryogenesis was studied by transferring the callus onto MS basal medium containing different concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/l) of KIN (kinetin) and/or BAP. Somatic embryogenesis on MS basal media with 1.0 mg/l of KIN was excellent under light conditions. Somatic embryos were rooted by transferring them to half-strength MS basal media containing 2 g/l Phytagel. About 64.2% of the somatic embryos converted to rooted plantlets, 4% showed secondary embryogenesis and 31.8% did not develop and died. Rooted plantlets showed a 46% survival rate when acclimatized ex vitro.