Calcium Chloride and Calcium Gluconate in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Solutions without Cysteine: Compatibility Studies Using Laser Light Obscuration Methodology.

There are no compatibility studies for neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions without cysteine containing calcium chloride or calcium gluconate using light obscuration as recommended by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). The purpose of this study was to do compatibility testing for solutions containing calcium chloride and calcium gluconate without cysteine. Solutions of TrophAmine and Premasol (2.5% amino acids), containing calcium chloride or calcium gluconate were compounded without cysteine. Solutions were analyzed for particle counts using light obscuration. Maximum concentrations tested were 15 mmol/L of calcium and 12.5 mmol/L of phosphate. If the average particle count of three replicates exceeded USP guidelines, the solution was determined to be incompatible. This study found that 12.5 and 10 mmol/L of calcium and phosphate, respectively, are compatible in neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions compounded with 2.5% amino acids of either TrophAmine or Premasol. There did not appear to be significant differences in compatibility for solutions containing TrophAmine or Premasol when solutions were compounded with either CaCl2 or CaGlu-Pl. This study presents data in order to evaluate options for adding calcium and phosphate to neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions during shortages of calcium and cysteine.

Standardization and in vivo antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of fruit and leaf of Piper sarmentosum.

The present study aimed to investigate standardized ethanol extracts of fruit and leaves of Piper sarmentosum for their in vivo antioxidant activity in rats using a CCl (4)-induced oxidative stress model. The standardization was based on the quantification of the markers pellitorine, sarmentine and sarmentosine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and determination of total primary and secondary metabolites. The rats, divided into 7 groups each (n = 6), were used as follows: group 1 (CCl (4), negative control), group 2 (untreated, control), groups 3 and 4 (fruit extract 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively), groups 5 and 6 (leaf extract 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) and group 7 (vitamin-E 100 mg/kg, positive control). The doses were administered orally for 14 days; 4 h following the last dose, a single dose of CCl (4) (1.5 mg/kg) was given orally to all the groups except group 2, and after 24 h, blood and liver of each animal were obtained. Analysis of plasma and liver homogenate exhibited significant preservation of markers of antioxidant activity, total plasma antioxidant activity (TPAA), total protein (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), in the pretreated groups as compared to the CCl (4) group (p < 0.05). Histology of the liver also evidenced the protection of hepatocytes against CCl (4) metabolites in the pretreated groups. The results of this study indicate the IN VIVO antioxidant activity of both extracts of the plant, which may be valuable to combat diseases involving free radicals.

Plasma glucose turnover and oxidation during hemodialysis: nutritional effect of dialysis fluid.

Mass transfer of glucose from dialysis fluid into patients is a source of energy and a form of nutrition during hemodialysis. The effect of glucose mass transfer on endogenous glucose metabolism and the overall nutritional importance of glucose transfer is not known. Rates of plasma glucose turnover and oxidation were determined by radioisotope-dilution techniques in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) in the basal state, during hemodialysis, and during the infusion of glucose at a rate similar to the mass transfer rate (Mt: 6.6 +/- 0.7 mumol.min-1.kg-1). Rates of plasma glucose turnover (11.8 +/- 0.8 mumol.min-1.kg-1) and oxidation (4.0 +/- 0.4 mumol.min-1.kg-1) and contribution of glucose oxidation to the metabolic rate were similar to those of control subjects both in the basal state and during glucose infusion. During hemodialysis with acetate and glucose, the plasma glucose turnover rate was similar to that in the basal state, but the energy from glucose oxidation was less (P < or = 0.02) even though energy expenditure was increased by 21%. Immediate oxidation of plasma glucose and acetate accounted for 65% of the patients' energy expenditure. Energy (1172 kJ) from acetate Mt and glucose Mt surpassed the patients' energy requirements, offsetting the utilization of endogenous fuels, a sparing effect equivalent to 31 g fat or 70 g carbohydrate. Rates of plasma glucose turnover and oxidation during bicarbonate-glucose and glucose-free acetate hemodialysis were similar to that during acetate-glucose hemodialysis. However, without glucose or acetate in the bath fluid, a deficit as much as 669 kJ must be met by the oxidation of endogenous fuels. Addition of organic nutrients that supply energy to dialysis fluids may over time be a beneficial supplemental treatment for the malnutrition and body wasting commonly observed in CRF.

Bioavailability of digestible lysine in heat-damaged soybean meal for chick growth.

Previous experiments indicated that true digestible Lys values for soybean and cottonseed meals obtained with the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay were accurate estimators of Lys bioavailability for chick growth. This study was conducted to determine whether the digestible Lys in overheated soybean meal (SBM) was totally bioavailable for protein synthesis. Soybean meal alone or mixed with dextrose (SBM:dextrose ratio = 3:1) was autoclaved at 114 C and 97 kPa for 0 to 60 min. True digestibility of Lys in SBM was determined using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Bioavailability was then assessed by chick growth assay using purified crystalline amino acid diets deficient in Lys that were supplemented with varying levels of crystalline L-Lys.Cl or a SBM. Multiple regression slope-ratio methodology indicated that the digestible Lys in unautoclaved SBM was 100% bioavailable. For SBM autoclaved for 40 or 60 min and SBM-dextrose autoclaved for 20 min, bioavailability of digestible Lys based on weight gain or carcass Lys gain was 81 to 87% and significantly less (P < 0.05) than 100%, whereas bioavailability values based on feed efficiency and carcass N gain did not differ (P > 0.05) from 100%. Bioavailability values for digestible Lys in SBM:dextrose autoclaved for 30 min ranged from 55 to 73% for all performance criteria. Partitioning the response criteria, so that only the response to the supplemental Lys source (not the basal diet) was being evaluated, increased the bioavailability values for all treatments except SBM:dextrose autoclaved for 30 min. The results of this study indicated that digestible Lys in severely heat-damaged SBM measured by the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay was not totally bioavailable for protein synthesis.

Programa INS de control de calidad: IV. El efecto de usar standares de uma sola fuente en sistemas imprecisos o inexactos / INS quality control program: IV. Effect of using standars from a single source in imprecise or inaccurate systems

En el tercer informe del Programa de los INS (Institutos Nacionales de Salud de México) se observó la presencia de imprecisión en 11 de los 30 sistemas evaluados y se atribuyeron a falta de precisión en el manejo de estándares de algunos participantes (3). Las mediciones de esa tercera fase Programa se realizaron silmuntáneamente en los sueros controles y en estándares acuosos de trabajo, esto es, en estándares que ya no tenían que ser manipulados sino que se incluían en el lote como si fueran muestras problemas (estos estándares INS fueron preparados especialmente para el Progrma). Se consideró de interés reanalizar los datos de los sistemas con imprecisión y/o inexactitud a base de comparar los datos originales versus los mismos datos recalculados con los estándares INS, y es el motivo de este informe. Sólo en una minoria de los sistemas (3 de 13) desapareceu los problemas al recalcular los datos con los Estándares INS (precisión en dos sistemas de glucosa y exactitud enb uno de urea: tabla 5). O sea, sólo en dos sistemas el manejo de sus estándares reperente en variabilidad de la concentración de los mismos. En los demás sistemas, el problema de manejo de estándares no repercute en la concentración sino que, más probablemente, la viaribilidad obedece a variaciones de los volúmenes de reactivos, sueros y/o estándares que mezclan en el proceso de medición