Vitamin D inhibits ferroptosis and mitigates the kidney injury of prediabetic mice by activating the Klotho/p53 signaling pathway.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious public health problem worldwide, and ferroptosis is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of DN. Prediabetes is a critical period in the prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, in which kidney injury occurs. This study aimed to explore whether ferroptosis would induce kidney injury in prediabetic mice, and whether vitamin D (VD) supplementation is capable of preventing kidney injury by inhibiting ferroptosis, while discussing the potential mechanisms. High-fat diet (HFD) fed KKAy mice and high glucose (HG) treated HK-2 cells were used as experimental subjects in the current study. Our results revealed that serious injury and ferroptosis take place in the kidney tissue of prediabetic mice; furthermore, VD intervention significantly improved the kidney structure and function in prediabetic mice and inhibited ferroptosis, showing ameliorated iron deposition, enhanced antioxidant capability, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation accumulation. Meanwhile, VD up-regulated Klotho, solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression, and down-regulated p53, transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) and Acyl-Coenzyme A synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) expression. Moreover, we demonstrated that HG-induced ferroptosis is antagonized by treatment of VD and knockdown of Klotho attenuates the protective effect of VD on ferroptosis in vitro. In conclusion, ferroptosis occurs in the kidney of prediabetic mice and VD owns a protective effect on prediabetic kidney injury, possibly by via the Klotho/p53 pathway, thus inhibiting hyperglycemia-induced ferroptosis.

[Clinical study on growth impairment induced by oral glucocorticoids based on FGF23/Klotho homeostasis observations]. / 基于FGF23/Klothoç¨³æ€è§‚å¯Ÿå£æœç³–çš®è´¨æ¿€ç´ è‡´ç”Ÿé•¿éšœç¢çš„ä¸´åºŠç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the correlation between growth impairment induced by long-term oral glucocorticoids (GC) therapy and the ratio of FGF23/Klotho in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 56 children with GC-sensitive PNS who had discontinued GC therapy for more than 3 months and revisited the Department of Pediatrics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between June 2022 and December 2022. After monitoring qualitative and quantitative urine protein levels upon admission, the children with proteinuria relapse were treated with GC (GC group; n=29), while those without relapse did not receive GC treatment (non-GC group; n=27). In addition, 29 healthy children aged 3 to prepuberty were selected as the control group. Height, bone age, growth rate, and the FGF23/Klotho ratio were compared among the groups. The correlations of the FGF23/Klotho ratio with height, bone age, and growth rate were analyzed. RESULTS: The FGF23/Klotho ratio in the GC group was significantly higher than that in the non-GC group after 1 month of GC therapy (P<0.05), and the height and bone age growth rates within 6 months were lower than those in the non-GC group (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed significant negative correlations between the FGF23/Klotho ratio after 1 month of treatment and the growth rates of height and bone age within 6 months in children with PNS (r=-0.356 and -0.436, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The disturbance in FGF23/Klotho homeostasis is one of the mechanisms underlying the growth impairment caused by long-term oral GC therapy.

The Analysis of Serum Klotho Protein Level and Related Gene Polymorphism in Osteoporotic Fracture of Elderly Patients with Osteoporosis.

Objective: Klotho protein level are reported to play important roles in the osteoporosis. To investigate the correlation between serum Klotho protein level and related gene (Klotho G395-A gene) polymorphism and osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients with osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 62 elderly patients with osteoporosis admitted to the Department of Orthopedics of our hospital from January 2021 to June 2022 were included in the study group. Another 62 elderly patients without osteoporosis who underwent a physical examination at the same time were selected as the control group. Patients in the study group were divided into group A (n = 23, osteoporotic fracture) and group B (n = 39, osteoporotic fracture) according to the occurrence of osteoporotic fracture. Serum Klotho protein level was detected in all patients, and its related gene (Klotho G395-A gene) polymorphism was analyzed. After fasting in the morning (fasting for more than 8 hours), 3-5 ml venous blood was collected and immediately placed in a centrifuge tube. Serum was separated and serum Klotho protein level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Polymorphism typing was performed by Taqman allele-specific hybridization analysis. At the same time, general information (gender, age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, glycated glucose protein, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, bone mineral density) was collected. The differences in general data, serum Klotho protein level and Klotho G395-A gene polymorphism between the study group and the control group were analyzed. Spearman analysis was used to analyze the correlation between general data, serum Klotho protein level and Klotho G395-A gene and osteoporotic fracture. Logistic analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors of osteoporotic fracture. Results: There was no significant difference of the sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Klotho G395-A genotype GG and alleles A and G between the study group and the control group. There was significant difference of body mass index (BMI), glycated glucose protein, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), bone mineral density, serum Klotho protein level and Klotho G395-A genotype AA and AG were between the study group and the control group. Gender, age, glycated glucose protein and Klotho G395-A genotype AA were positively correlated with osteoporotic fracture (P < .05), while bone mineral density was negatively correlated with osteoporotic fracture (P < .05). There was no correlationship between the serum Klotho protein level and the incidence of osteoporotic fracture (P > .05). Logistic analysis showed that age, bone mineral density and Klotho G395-A genotype AA were independent risk factors for osteoporotic fracture. Conclusion: The level of serum Klotho protein and related gene polymorphisms are both related to osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients with osteoporosis. It is significant to reduce the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. In future, more experiments are needed to explore the underlying mechanism.

Comparing Western and traditional Chinese medicine for male sexual dysfunction: can Klotho represent a silk road?

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western Medicine both have shown efficacy in treating male sexual dysfunction (MSD). The aim of this perspective paper is to discuss a possible link between Western medicine and TCM in the MSD field as represented by the entity of Klotho. Klotho is a recently discovered protein, mainly expressed in the kidney, encoded by the anti-aging gene klotho. Not only is Klotho significantly correlated with the development and progression of kidney diseases and their complications, but increasing evidence indicates that it is also closely related to MSD. A comprehensive search within PubMed database was performed to retrieve available evidence on Klotho's roles, particularly in kidney and in MSD. Indeed, in the TCM theory, the concept of the "kidney" is entirely different from the Western medicine: it is closely related to metabolism and to the reproductive, nervous, endocrine systems, being more than just a urinary organ. According to the "Kidney storing essence (jing) and governing reproduction" (KSEGR) theory, a cornerstone in TCM, the treatment of MSD mainly consists of restoring the kidney's function. Signs of decreasing kidney essence show a consistent similarity to deficiencies of Klotho, also for what regards the male sexual function. Based on the current evidence, Klotho may represent a potential biological indicator for sexual desire and sexual function and a kind of new scientific Silk Road between TCM and Western medicine for MSD; nevertheless, there is a need to conduct further high-quality research to prove this hypothesis.

Insight into the mechanism of Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang alleviates irinotecan-induced diarrhea based on regulating the gut microbiota and inhibiting Gut ß-GUS.

BACKGROUND: Irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar@) is a first-line drug for metastatic colorectal cancer. CPT-11-induced diarrhea, which is closely related to the concentrations of ß-glucuronidase (ß-GUS) and SN-38 in the gut, largely limits its clinical application. PURPOSE: Herein, Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang (XCHT), a traditional Chinese formula, was applied to mitigate CPT-11-induced toxicity. This study initially explored the mechanism by which XCHT alleviated diarrhea, especially for ß-GUS from the gut microbiota. METHODS: First, we examined the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines and the anti-inflammatory cytokines in the intestine. Furthermore, we researched the community abundances of the gut microbiota in the CPT-11 and XCHT-treated mice based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Meanwhile, the level of SN-38 and the concentrations of ß-GUS in intestine were examined. We also resolved the 3D structure of ß-GUS from gut microbiota by X-ray crystallography technology. Moreover, we used virtual screening, SPR analysis, and enzyme activity assays to confirm whether the main active ingredients from XCHT could selectively inhibit ß-GUS. RESULTS: In XCHT-treated mice, the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines decreased, the anti-inflammatory cytokines increased, and the community abundances of beneficial Firmicutes and Bacteroidota improved in the gut microbiota. We also found that the concentrations of ß-GUS and the level of SN-38, the major ingredient that induces diarrhea in the gut, significantly decreased after coadministration of XCHT with CPT-11 in the intestine. Additionally, we revealed the structural differences of ß-GUS from different gut microbiota. Finally, we found that EcGUS had good affinity with baicalein and meanwhile could be selectively inhibited by baicalein from XCHT. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, XCHT could relieve the delayed diarrhea induced by CPT-11 through improving the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota and reduced inflammation. Furthermore, based on the three-dimensional structure, baicalein, especially, could be used as a candidate EcGUS inhibitor to alleviate CPT-11-induced diarrhea.

Green tea extract prevents CPT-11-induced diarrhea by regulating the gut microbiota.

Irinotecan (CPT-11) is an anticancer drug with indications for use in treating various cancers, but severe diarrhea develops as a side effect. We investigated the effects of green tea extract (GTE) on CPT-11-induced diarrhea, focusing on ß-glucuronidase and intestinal UGT1A1. When CPT-11 was administered to rats alone, the fecal water content was approximately 3.5-fold higher in this group than in the control group, and diarrhea developed. The fecal water content in the GTE-treated group was significantly higher than that in the control group, but the difference was smaller than that between the group treated with CPT-11 alone and the control group, and diarrhea improved. When CPT-11 was administered alone, the abundances of Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli, which are ß-glucuronidase-producing bacteria, increased and interleukin-6 and interleukin-1ß mRNA levels in the colon increased, but GTE suppressed these increases. CPT-11 decreased colon UGT1A1 and short-chain fatty acid levels; however, this decrease was suppressed in the GTE-treated group. The findings that GTE decreases the abundance of ß-glucuronidase-producing bacteria and increases colon UGT1A1 levels, thereby decreasing the production of the active metabolite SN-38 in the intestinal tract, indicate that GTE ameliorates CPT-11-induced diarrhea.

Serum and Urinary Soluble α-Klotho as Markers of Kidney and Vascular Impairment.

This study was designed to investigate the controversy on the potential role of sKlotho as an early biomarker in Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD), to assess whether sKlotho is a reliable marker of kidney α-Klotho, to deepen the effects of sKlotho on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) osteogenic differentiation and to evaluate the role of autophagy in this process. Experimental studies were conducted in CKD mice fed a normal phosphorus (CKD+NP) or high phosphorus (CKD+HP) diet for 14 weeks. The patients' study was performed in CKD stages 2-5 and in vitro studies which used VSMCs exposed to non-calcifying medium or calcifying medium with or without sKlotho. The CKD experimental model showed that the CKD+HP group reached the highest serum PTH, P and FGF23 levels, but the lowest serum and urinary sKlotho levels. In addition, a positive correlation between serum sKlotho and kidney α-Klotho was found. CKD mice showed aortic osteogenic differentiation, together with increased autophagy. The human CKD study showed that the decline in serum sKlotho is previous to the rise in FGF23. In addition, both serum sKlotho and FGF23 levels correlated with kidney function. Finally, in VSMCs, the addition of sKlotho prevented osteogenic differentiation and induced autophagy. It can be concluded that serum sKlotho was the earliest CKD-MBD biomarker, a reliable indicator of kidney α-Klotho and that might protect against osteogenic differentiation by increasing autophagy. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms of this possible protective effect.

Bioactivity Profiles on 15 Different Effect Mechanisms for 15 Golden Root Products via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

Planar chromatography has recently been combined with six different effect-directed assays for three golden root (Rhodiola rosea L.) samples. However, the profiles obtained showed an intense tailing, making zone differentiation impossible. The profiling was therefore improved to allow for the detection of individual bioactive compounds, and the range of samples was extended to 15 commercial golden root products. Further effect-directed assays were studied providing information on 15 different effect mechanisms, i.e., (1) tyrosinase, (2) acetylcholinesterase, (3) butyrylcholinesterase, (4) ß-glucuronidase, and (5) α-amylase inhibition, as well as endocrine activity via the triplex planar yeast antagonist-verified (6-8) estrogen or (9-11) androgen screen, (12) genotoxicity via the planar SOS-Umu-C bioassay, antimicrobial activity against (13) Gram-negative Aliivibrio fischeri and (14) Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis bacteria, and (15) antioxidative activity (DPPH• radical scavengers). Most of the golden root profiles obtained were characteristic, but some samples differed substantially. The United States Pharmacopeia reference product showed medium activity in most of the assays. The six most active compound zones were further characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the mass signals obtained were tentatively assigned to molecular formulae. In addition to confirming the known activities, this study is the first to report that golden root constituents inhibit butyrylcholinesterase (rosin was tentatively assigned), ß-glucuronidase (rosavin, rosarin, rosiridin, viridoside, and salidroside were tentatively assigned), and α-amylase (stearic acid and palmitic acid were tentatively assigned) and that they are genotoxic (hydroquinone was tentatively assigned) and are both agonistic and antagonistic endocrine active.

Mechanistic Understanding of D-Glucaric Acid to Support Liver Detoxification Essential to Muscle Health Using a Computational Systems Biology Approach.

Liver and muscle health are intimately connected. Nutritional strategies that support liver detoxification are beneficial to muscle recovery. Computational-in silico-molecular systems' biology analysis of supplementation of calcium and potassium glucarate salts and their metabolite D-glucaric acid (GA) reveals their positive effect on mitigation of liver detoxification via four specific molecular pathways: (1) ROS production, (2) deconjugation, (3) apoptosis of hepatocytes, and (4) ß-glucuronidase synthesis. GA improves liver detoxification by downregulating hepatocyte apoptosis, reducing glucuronide deconjugates levels, reducing ROS production, and inhibiting ß-Glucuronidase enzyme that reduces re-absorption of toxins in hepatocytes. Results from this in silico study provide an integrative molecular mechanistic systems explanation for the mitigation of liver toxicity by GA.

Anti-allergic property of dietary phytoestrogen secoisolariciresinol diglucoside through microbial and ß-glucuronidase-mediated metabolism.

Phytoestrogens play pivotal roles in controlling not only the endocrine system but also inflammatory metabolic disorders. However, the effects of dietary phytoestrogens on allergic diseases and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we revealed the unique metabolic conversion of phytoestrogen to exert anti-allergic properties, using an ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model. We found that dietary secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a phytoestrogen abundantly present in flaxseed, alleviated allergic rhinitis by the microbial conversion to enterodiol (ED). We also found that ED circulated mainly in the glucuronide form (EDGlu) in blood, and deconjugation of EDGlu to ED aglycone occurred in the nasal passage; this activity was enhanced after the induction of allergic rhinitis, which was mediated by ß-glucuronidase. We further found that IgE-mediated degranulation was inhibited by ED aglycone, but not by EDGlu, in a G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30)-dependent manner. These results provide new insights into the anti-allergic properties of phytoestrogens and their metabolism in vivo for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against allergic rhinitis.

Fibroblast growth factor 23-Klotho and mineral metabolism in the first year after pediatric kidney transplantation: A single-center prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The role of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels in mineral metabolism before and after kidney transplantation in pediatric patients is poorly understood. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 24 patients under 18 years of age (4.5 [3.3-9.8] years) who underwent living kidney transplantation between July 2016 and March 2018, and measured intact FGF23 and serum αKlotho levels, and other parameters of mineral metabolism before and after transplantation (Day 7, 1 and 4 months, and 1 year). Relationships between parameters were examined by linear analysis. RESULTS: FGF23 level was 440.8 [63.4-5916.3] pg/ml pre-transplant and decreased significantly to 37.1 [16.0-71.5] pg/ml at Day 7 post-transplant (-91.6%, p < .001). Thereafter, it remained at normal levels until 1 year. αKlotho level was 785 [568-1292] pg/ml pre-transplant and remained low at Day 7 and 1 month post-transplant, with an increasing trend at 4 months. Post-transplant phosphorus levels were significantly decreased compared with pre-transplant, with a lowest level of 1.7 [1.3-2.9] mg/dl, -5.7 [-6.8, -3.8] SD at Day 4, followed by gradual recovery. Phosphorus levels and the ratio of tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption were significantly and negatively associated with pre-transplant FGF23 until 4 months of post-transplant. Pre-transplant αKlotho was negatively associated with pre-transplant FGF23 but not FGF23 or other parameters after transplantation. CONCLUSION: FGF23 in pediatric kidney transplant patients decreased rapidly after transplantation and associated with post-transplant hypophosphatemia and increased phosphorus excretion. Post-transplant αKlotho was low early post-transplant but tended to increase subsequently. Post-transplant αKlotho was unaffected by pre-transplant FGF23 or other factors, suggesting pre-transplant chronic kidney disease status has no effect.

PTH, FGF-23, Klotho and Vitamin D as regulators of calcium and phosphorus: Genetics, epigenetics and beyond.

The actions of several bone-mineral ion regulators, namely PTH, FGF23, Klotho and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), control calcium and phosphate metabolism, and each of these molecules has additional biological effects related to cell signaling, metabolism and ultimately survival. Therefore, these factors are tightly regulated at various levels - genetic, epigenetic, protein secretion and cleavage. We review the main determinants of mineral homeostasis including well-established genetic and post-translational regulators and bring attention to the epigenetic mechanisms that affect the function of PTH, FGF23/Klotho and 1,25(OH)2D. Clinically relevant epigenetic mechanisms include methylation of cytosine at CpG-rich islands, histone deacetylation and micro-RNA interference. For example, sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B (PHP1B), a disease characterized by resistance to PTH actions due to blunted intracellular cAMP signaling at the PTH/PTHrP receptor, is associated with abnormal methylation at the GNAS locus, thereby leading to reduced expression of the stimulatory G protein α-subunit (Gsα). Post-translational regulation is critical for the function of FGF-23 and such modifications include glycosylation and phosphorylation, which regulate the cleavage of FGF-23 and hence the proportion of available FGF-23 that is biologically active. While there is extensive data on how 1,25(OH)2D and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulate other genes, much more needs to be learned about their regulation. Reduced VDR expression or VDR mutations are the cause of rickets and are thought to contribute to different disorders. Epigenetic changes, such as increased methylation of the VDR resulting in decreased expression are associated with several cancers and infections. Genetic and epigenetic determinants play crucial roles in the function of mineral factors and their disorders lead to different diseases related to bone and beyond.

Pharmacologic characterization of TBP1901, a prodrug form of aglycone curcumin, and CRISPR-Cas9 screen for therapeutic targets of aglycone curcumin.

Curcumin (aglycone curcumin) has antitumor properties in a variety of malignancies via the alteration of multiple cancer-related biological pathways; however, its clinical application has been hampered due to its poor bioavailability. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a synthesized curcumin ß-D-glucuronide sodium salt (TBP1901), a prodrug form of aglycone curcumin. In this study, we aimed to clarify the pharmacologic characteristics of TBP1901. In ß-glucuronidase (GUSB)-proficient mice, both curcumin ß-D-glucuronide and its active metabolite, aglycone curcumin, were detected in the blood after TBP1901 injection, whereas only curcumin ß-D-glucuronide was detected in GUSB-impaired mice, suggesting that GUSB plays a pivotal role in the conversion of TBP1901 into aglycone curcumin in vivo. TBP1901 itself had minimal antitumor effects in vitro, whereas it demonstrated significant antitumor effects in vivo. Genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 screen disclosed the genes associated with NF-κB signaling pathway and mitochondria were among the highest hit. In vitro, aglycone curcumin inhibited NF-kappa B signaling pathways whereas it caused production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, partially reversed antitumor effects of aglycone curcumin. In summary, TBP1901 can exert antitumor effects as a prodrug of aglycone curcumin through GUSB-dependent activation.

Cucumis melo var. momordica as a Potent Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Possible Anticovid Alternative: Investigation through Experimental and Computational Methods.

Diabetes mellitus is a typical life threatening of disease, which generate due to the dysfunction of ß cells of pancreas. In 2014, WHO stated that 422 million people were infected with DM. The current pattern of management of diabetes included synthetic or plant based oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin but drug resentence is become a very big issues in antidiabetic therapy. Thus, it's very earnest to discover now medication for this disease. Now the days, it is well acknowledged that diabetic patients are more prone towards covid and related complications. Thus, medical practitioners reformed the methodology of prescribing medication for covid infected antidiabetic therapy and encouraging the medication contains dual pharmacological properties. It is also well know that polyphenols specifically hold a significant role in oxidative stress and reduced the severity of many inflammatory diseases. Cucumis melo has rich history as ethano-pharmacological use in Indian subcontinent. The fruit and seed are well-known for the treatment of various diseases due to the presence of phenolics. Therefore, in this study, the combined mixture of flower and seeds were used for the extraction of polyphenolic rich extract and tested for antidiabetic activity through the antioxidant and in vivo experiments. The antioxidant potential measurement exhibited that the selected plant extract has the significant competence to down-regulate oxidative stress (DPPH scavenging IC50 at 60.7±1.05 µg/mL, ABTS IC50 at 62.15±0.50 µg/mL). Furthermore, the major polyphenolic phyto-compounds derived from the Cucumis melo were used for in silico anticovid activity, docking, and complementarity studies. The anticovid activity prognosis reflected that selected phyto-compounds amentoflavone and vanillic acid have optimal possibility to interact with 3C-like protease and through this moderate anticovid activity can be exhibit. The docking experiments established that the selected compounds have propensity to interact with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, 11ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase ß-glucuronidase receptor. In vivo experiments showed that 500 mg/kg, Cucumis melo extract ominously amplified body weight, plasma insulin, high-density lipoprotein levels, and biochemical markers. Furthermore, extract significantly downregulate the blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein.

Oxidative, epigenetic changes and fermentation processes in the intestine of rats fed high-fat diets supplemented with various chromium forms.

The aim of the study was to determine how feeding rats a high-fat diet (F) supplemented with various forms of chromium affects the responses of the immune and redox systems, as well as epigenetic changes in the ileal tissue and the course of fermentation processes in the caecum. The rats received a pharmacologically relevant dose 0.3 mg Cr/kg body weight in form of chromium(III) picolinate (Cr-Pic), chromium (III)-methionine (Cr-Met), or chromium nanoparticles (Cr-NPs). The F increased DNA oxidation and raised the level of interleukin IL-6. The F was shown to reduce the intensity of fermentation processes in the caecum while increasing the activity of potentially harmful enzymes in the faeces. The addition of Cr in the form of Cr-NPs and Cr-Met in rats fed F beneficially increased mobilization of enzymes of the DNA repair pathway. All forms of Cr, but especially Cr-NPs, beneficially decreased the activity of caecal bacterial ß-glucuronidase, faecal ß-glucosidase and ß-glucuronidase. However, due to the increase in level of cytokine IL-2 in small intestinal wall, induced by all tested forms of chromium, it is difficult to state conclusively that this element can mitigate unfavourable pro-inflammatory and oxidative changes induced by a F in the small intestinal wall.

23,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ is liberated as a major vitamin D₃ metabolite in human urine after treatment with ß-glucuronidase: Quantitative comparison with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ by LC/MS/MS.

The complete understanding of the excretion of surplus 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ [25(OH)D₃] in humans remains to be accomplished. In our previous study, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [24,25(OH)₂D₃] 24-glucuronide was identified as a major urinary vitamin D₃ metabolite, while the glucuronide of 23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [23,25(OH)₂D₃] is another metabolite of interest but has not been sufficiently evaluated. Although the quantitative analysis of 24,25(OH)₂D₃ liberated in urine by the treatment with ß-glucuronidase (GUS) has been conducted, no information was provided about the amount of the glucuronidated 23,25(OH)₂D₃ in the urine. In this study, we first developed and validated a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS)-based method for the simultaneous quantification of 23,25(OH)₂D₃ and 24,25(OH)₂D₃ liberated in urine by GUS. The analysis of the urine samples revealed that the amount of 23,25(OH)₂D₃ was almost as much as that of 24,25(OH)₂D₃, in contrast to the fact that the plasma concentration of 23,25(OH)₂D₃ was much lower than that of 24,25(OH)₂D₃. These results strongly suggested that 23,25(OH)₂D₃ is more susceptible to glucuronidation and more promptly excreted into urine than 24,25(OH)₂D₃. Furthermore, the amount ratios of 23,25(OH)₂D₃ to 24,25(OH)₂D₃ in the urine samples did not markedly vary during the day (morning/evening) and even by a week-long vitamin D₃ supplementation (1000 IU/body/day). We concluded that the C-23 hydroxylation plays a crucial role in the urinary excretion of surplus 25(OH)D₃.

Effects of Resistant Dextrin from Potato Starch on the Growth Dynamics of Selected Co-Cultured Strains of Gastrointestinal Bacteria and the Activity of Fecal Enzymes.

Preparations of resistant dextrins have become an interesting topic of research due to their properties, which bear resemblance those of prebiotics, e.g., the improvement of metabolic parameters, increased efficiency of the immune system and induction of vitamin production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the resistant dextrin produced from potato starch on the growth dynamics of typical gastrointestinal microbiota and the activity of fecal enzymes in order to assess a possible exhibition of prebiotic properties. In the study, in vitro cultivation of co-cultures of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, E. coli, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Bacteroides spp. was conducted on media enriched with the resistant dextrin. The CFU/mL for each strain was measured in time periods of 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h. Furthermore, the activities of α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, ß-glucosidase, ß-galactosidase and ß-glucuronidase were determined using spectrophotometric methods at a wavelength of 400 nm. The results show that the resistant dextrin can be utilized as a source of carbon for the growth of intestinal bacteria. Moreover, the results revealed that, after 168 h of cultivation, it enhances the viability of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. and decreases the growth of other intestinal strains (Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Bacteroides), which is demonstrated by a high Prebiotic Index (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant change in the pH of the cultures; however, the pace of the pH decrease during the cultivation was slower in the case of culture with resistant dextrin. Furthermore, it was revealed that usage of the resistant dextrin as a medium additive noticeably lowered the activities of ß-glucosidase and ß-glucuronidase compared to the control (p < 0.05), whereas the activities of the other fecal enzymes were affected to a lesser degree. The resistant dextrins derived from potato starch are a suitable prebiotic candidate as they promote the growth of beneficial strains of gut bacteria and improve health markers, such as the activity of fecal enzymes. Nevertheless, additional in vivo research is necessary to further assess the suspected health-promoting properties.

The intersection of mineralocorticoid receptor activation and the FGF23-Klotho cascade: a duopoly that promotes renal and cardiovascular injury.

The nexus of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) amplifies the morbidity and mortality of CKD, emphasizing the need for defining and establishing therapeutic initiatives to modify and abrogate the progression of CKD and concomitant CV risks. In addition to the traditional CV risk factors, disturbances of mineral metabolism are specific risk factors that contribute to the excessive CV mortality in patients with CKD. These risk factors include dysregulations of circulating factors that modulate phosphate metabolism, including fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and soluble Klotho. Reduced circulating levels and suppressed renal Klotho expression may be associated with adverse outcomes in CKD patients. While elevated circulating concentrations or locally produced FGF23 in the strained heart exert prohypertrophic mechanisms on the myocardium, Klotho attenuates tissue fibrosis, progression of CKD, cardiomyopathy, endothelial dysfunction, vascular stiffness and vascular calcification. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in nonclassical targets, mediated by aldosterone and other ligands, amplifies CVD in CKD. In concert, we detail how the interplay of elevated FGF23, activation of the MR and concomitant reductions of circulating Klotho in CKD may potentiate each other's deleterious effects on the kidney and heart, thereby contributing to the initiation and progression of kidney and cardiac functional deterioration, acting through multipronged, albeit complementary, mechanistic pathways.

Intron retention as a new pre-symptomatic marker of aging and its recovery to the normal state by a traditional Japanese multi-herbal medicine.

Intron retention (IR) is an important regulatory mechanism that affects gene expression and protein functions. Using klotho mice at the pre-symptomatic state, we discovered that retained-introns accumulated in several organs including the liver and that among these retained introns in the liver a subset was recovered to the normal state by a Japanese traditional herbal medicine. This is the first report of IR recovery by a medicine. IR-recovered genes fell into two categories: those involved in liver-specific metabolism and in splicing. Metabolome analysis of the liver showed that the klotho mice were under starvation stress. In addition, our differentially expressed gene analysis showed that liver metabolism was actually recovered by the herbal medicine at the transcriptional level. By analogy with the widespread accumulation of intron-retained pre-mRNAs induced by heat shock stress, we propose a model in which retained-introns in klotho mice were induced by an aging stress and in which this medicine-related IR recovery is indicative of the actual recovery of liver-specific metabolic function to the healthy state. Accumulation of retained-introns was also observed at the pre-symptomatic state of aging in wild-type mice and may be an excellent marker for this state in general.

Circulating α-klotho regulates metabolism via distinct central and peripheral mechanisms.

Emerging evidence implicates the circulating α-klotho protein as a prominent regulator of energy balance and substrate metabolism, with diverse, tissue-specific functions. Despite its well-documented ubiquitous role inhibiting insulin signaling, α-klotho elicits potent antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects. α-Klotho facilitates insulin release and promotes ß cell health in the pancreas, stimulates lipid oxidation in liver and adipose tissue, attenuates hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increases whole-body energy expenditure. The mechanisms underlying α-klotho's peripheral functions are multifaceted, including hydrolyzing transient receptor potential channels, stimulating integrin ß1➔focal adhesion kinase signaling, and activating PPARα via inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1. Moreover, until recently, potential metabolic roles of α-klotho in the central nervous system remained unexplored; however, a novel α-klotho➔fibroblast growth factor receptor➔PI3kinase signaling axis in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus has been identified as a critical regulator of energy balance and glucose metabolism. Overall, the role of circulating α-klotho in the regulation of metabolism is a new focus of research, but accumulating evidence identifies this protein as an encouraging therapeutic target for Type 1 and 2 Diabetes and obesity. This review analyzes the new literature investigating α-klotho-mediated regulation of metabolism and proposes impactful future directions to progress our understanding of this complex metabolic protein.