A ketogenic diet rich in fish oil is superior to other fats in preventing NNK-induced lung cancer in A/J mice.

Given that ketogenic diets (KDs) are extremely high in dietary fat, we compared different fats in KDs to determine which was the best for cancer prevention. Specifically, we compared a Western and a 15% carbohydrate diet to seven different KDs, containing either Western fats or fats enriched in medium chain fatty acids (MCTs), milk fat (MF), palm oil (PO), olive oil (OO), corn oil (CO) or fish oil (FO) for their ability to reduce nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK)-induced lung cancer in mice. While all the KDs tested were more effective at reducing lung nodules than the Western or 15% carbohydrate diet, the FO-KD was most effective at reducing lung nodules. Correlating with this, mice on the FO-KD had low blood glucose and the highest ß-hydroxybutyrate level, lowest liver fatty acid synthase/carnitine palmitoyl-1a ratio and a dramatic increase in fecal Akkermansia. We found no liver damage induced by the FO-KD, while the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL was unchanged on the different diets. We conclude that a FO-KD is superior to KDs enriched in other fats in reducing NNK-induced lung cancer, perhaps by being the most effective at skewing whole-body metabolism from a dependence on glucose to fats as an energy source.

Comparison of Lipid Composition between Quasipaa spinosa Oil and Rana catesbeiana Oil and Its Effect on Lipid Accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Frog oil has been recognized for its nutritional and medicinal value. However, there is limited research on the role of frog oil in preventing obesity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the lipid composition of Quasipaa spinosa oil (QSO) and Rana catesbeiana oil (RCO) using lipidomics analysis. We compared the lipid accumulation effects of these two kinds of frog oils and soybean oil (SO) in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Additionally, we determined the gene expression related to lipid metabolism and used the nhr-49 mutant (RB1716) and sir-2.1 mutant (VC199) for validation experiments. The results showed that the lipid composition of QSO and RCO was significantly different (p < 0.05), and QSO was rich in more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). After feeding C. elegans, the lipid accumulation of the QSO group was the lowest among the three dietary oil groups. In addition, compared with RCO and SO, QSO significantly inhibited the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). The effects of three kinds of dietary oils on the fatty acid composition of C. elegans were significantly different. Compared with SO and RCO, QSO significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) the expression of sir-2.1 and ech-1 genes. The results showed that QSO might reduce lipid accumulation through the SIRT1 and nuclear hormone signaling pathways. Such a situation was verified experimentally by the nhr-49 mutant (RB1716) and sir-2.1 mutant (VC199). This study proposed a new functional oil, laying the groundwork for developing functional foods from Quasipaa spinosa.

Does dietary supplementation with lettuce seed oil enhance broiler performance, immunity, lipid profile, liver and kidney functions, antioxidant parameters, and intestinal microbiota?

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of lettuce seed oil (LSO) on the performance, carcass yield, kidney and liver indices, immunity, lipid profile, and cecal microbiota of fattening chicks. A total of 200, 7-day-old Cobb-500 were distributed into 5 experimental groups; each group contained 5 replicates with 8 birds each. The first group 1) the basal diet (only); 2) the basal diet plus lettuce seed oil (0.50 mL/kg); 3) the basal diet plus lettuce seed oil (1.00 mL/kg); 4) the basal diet plus lettuce seed oil (1.50 mL/kg); and 5) the basal diet plus lettuce seed oil (2.00 mL/kg). No significant effect was observed on growth performance, carcass traits, or kidney function at any level of oil. But, liver function was significantly affected due to LSO levels. Serum lipid profiles (total cholesterol-TC, triglyceride-TG, low-density lipoprotein-LDL, and very low-density lipoprotein-VLDL) were significantly reduced by using LSO levels compared to the control group. Dietary LSO significantly increased immunological and antioxidant parameters, except for malondialdehyde-MDA, which was reduced. On the other hand, the cecal microbiota was significantly improved by LSO additives. It was concluded that the dietary supplementation of LSO had beneficial effects on liver and kidney functions, lipid profile, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and the bacteriology of fattening chicks.

Dietary palm oil enhances Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis through inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in muscle of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea).

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) is considered to be a major regulator to control cholesterol homoeostasis in mammals. However, the role of SREBP2 in teleost remains poorly understand. Here, we explored the molecular characterisation of SREBP2 and identified SREBP2 as a key modulator for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which were rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis. Moreover, dietary palm oil in vivo or palmitic acid (PA) treatment in vitro elevated cholesterol content through triggering SREBP2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis in large yellow croaker. Furthermore, our results also found that PA-induced activation of SREBP2 was dependent on the stimulating of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in croaker myocytes and inhibition of ERS by 4-Phenylbutyric acid alleviated PA-induced SREBP2 activation and cholesterol biosynthesis. In summary, our findings reveal a novel insight for understanding the role of SREBP2 in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in fish and may deepen the link between dietary fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis.

Assessing different oil sources efficacy in reducing environmental heat-stress effects via improving performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant status, and meat quality.

Adding oil to the feed of genetically improved broilers is necessary to provide energy requirements, in addition to enhancing metabolism, growth performance, immune response. This study aims to reveal the effect of adding different oil sources in the diets of broilers exposed to environmental heat stress on performance, digestibility, oxidative status, plasma lipids, fatty acids content, and meat quality. Six hundred twenty-five one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to five groups as follows: the first group fed a diet without oil (CON) as a control, while the second to the fifth group fed a diet containing soy oil (SO), corn oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and fish oil (FO), respectively. Results indicated a significant deterioration in growth performance, carcass traits, and oxidative state with a significant decrease in carcass quality in heat-stressed chickens fed the CON diet. Results showed increased growth, enhanced feed conversion ratio, and carcass dressing in broilers fed the oil-supplemented diet compared to the control diet, however, the digestive enzymes activity was not affected by receiving an oil-supplemented diet. The best performance was in chickens fed OO and SO, compared with FO and CO. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased in broilers fed an oil-supplemented diet. Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) remarkably increased in broilers fed OO, whereas the malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased compared to the other groups. Adding different dietary oil sources enhanced the breast muscle's fatty acid composition. Broiler diets supplemented with oils positively affected meat quality by enhancing color measurements, and TBA values, while the best were in chicken fed OO. It was concluded that adding dietary oil at 3% in the diets of broiler chicken exposed to environmental heat stress positively affected growth performance, enhanced oxidative status, and meat quality, best results were in broilers fed a diet that included olive oil.

Low-Dose Dietary Fish Oil Improves RBC Deformability without Improving Post-Transfusion Recovery in Mice.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are important modulators of red blood cell (RBC) rheology. Dietary LC-PUFAs are readily incorporated into the RBC membrane, improving RBC deformability, fluidity, and hydration. Female C57BL/6J mice consumed diets containing increasing amounts of fish oil (FO) ad libitum for 8 weeks. RBC deformability, filterability, and post-transfusion recovery (PTR) were evaluated before and after cold storage. Lipidomics and lipid peroxidation markers were evaluated in fresh and stored RBCs. High-dose dietary FO (50%, 100%) was associated with a reduction in RBC quality (i.e., in vivo lifespan, deformability, lipid peroxidation) along with a reduced 24 h PTR after cold storage. Low-dose dietary FO (6.25-12.5%) improved the filterability of fresh RBCs and reduced the lipid peroxidation of cold-stored RBCs. Although low doses of FO improved RBC deformability and reduced oxidative stress, no improvement was observed for the PTR of stored RBCs. The improvement in RBC deformability observed with low-dose FO supplementation could potentially benefit endurance athletes and patients with conditions resulting from reduced perfusion, such as peripheral vascular disease.

Anti-cancer potentiality of linoelaidic acid isolated from marine Tapra fish oil (Ophisthopterus tardoore) via ROS generation and caspase activation on MCF-7 cell line.

The implication of inflammation in the pathophysiology of several types of cancers has been under intense investigation. Conjugated fatty acids can modulate inflammation and present anticancer effects, promoting cancer cell death. In this paper, we evaluated the efficacy of new conjugated fatty acids isolated from marine Opisthopterus tardoore (Tapra fish) in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. Linoelaidic acid, a marine fish (O. tardoore) derived unsaturated fatty acids, showed effective anticancer activity against MCF-7. Cell viability (MTT) assay revealed a dose-dependent decline in cancer cell viability. It was noteworthy that 5 µM linoelaidic acid decreased the MCF-7 cell viability by 81.82%. Besides that, linoelaidic acid significantly (P< 0.05) increased the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) studied by ELISA. Not only that, linoelaidic acid significantly decreased the reduced glutathione level and increased the oxidized glutathione level in MCF-7 cells indicating the oxidative stress inside the cell. Two different cell staining methods with acridine orange-ethidium bromide and DAPI confirmed that the linoelaidic acid rendered their detrimental effect on cancer cells. To decipher the mode of apoptosis Western blotting was performed in which the expression pattern of several proteins (p53, IL-10, and IL-1ra) established the apoptosis in the studied cell lines after linoelaidic acid exposure. Hence it may be conferred that linoelaidic acid has prompt anticancer activity. Therefore this drug can be used further for the treatment of cancer.

Impact of saturated compared with unsaturated dietary fat on insulin sensitivity, pancreatic ß-cell function and glucose tolerance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the dietary fat type on type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) with mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA, respectively) on insulin sensitivity, pancreatic ß-cell function, and glucose tolerance, as surrogate endpoints for T2D. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that replaced ≥5% of total energy intake provided by SFA with MUFA or PUFA and reported indexes of insulin sensitivity, ß-cell function, and/or glucose tolerance. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) up to 9 January, 2023. Eligible interventions had to be isocaloric, with no significant difference in other macronutrients. Data were synthesized using random-effects model meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of 6355 records identified, 10 parallel and 20 crossover trials with 1586 participants were included. The mean age of the participants was 42 years, 47% were male, mean body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) was 26.8, median baseline fasting glucose was 5.13 mmol/L, and the median duration of interventions was 5 weeks. Replacing SFA with MUFA or PUFA had no significant effects on insulin sensitivity [standardized mean difference (SMD) SFA compared with MUFA: 0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.06 to 0.09, I2 = 0% and SMD SFA compared with PUFA: 0, 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.14, I2 = 0%]. Replacing SFA with MUFA did not significantly impact the ß-cell function, evaluated by the disposition index (mean difference: -12, 95% CI: -158 to 133, I2=0%). Evidence on glucose tolerance (SFA compared with MUFA or PUFA) and on ß-cell function when SFA were replaced with PUFA was scant. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term substitution of saturated with unsaturated fat does not significantly affect insulin sensitivity nor ß-cell function (the latter in the SFA compared with MUFA comparison). Future studies are needed to elucidate longer term effects of dietary fat saturation on glucose homeostasis. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020178382.

Virgin Olive Oil Ranks First in a New Nutritional Quality Score Due to Its Compositional Profile.

Dietary oils play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy diet. However, with the increasing number of oils available, it became a challenging task for food producers and consumers to select the best oil for their needs. In this work, an easy-to-understand nutrition quality score was created, using a model that included beneficial lipid compounds criteria according to the dietary recommendations published by international food and health organizations. The algorithm assigned points for each component of the model considering their content in each particular oil. The points were added up and the fats and oils were classified by the corresponding percentile. As a result, among the 32 edible oils that were evaluated, virgin olive oil ranked first with a score of 100. All plant oils, except for margarine and coconut oil, ranked above the 50th percentile. Receiver-operator curves and regression models showed that saturated fatty acids may be able to predict the score, and thus, the nutritional quality of the oils. In conclusion, the proposed nutritional quality score would promote healthy and nutritious food options for consumers and would provide food producers with a valuable tool to select high-quality oils for their products, ensuring that they meet the nutritional requirements.

Dietary flaxseed oil and vitamin E improve semen quality via propionic acid metabolism.

Introduction: Flaxseed oil (FO) and vitamin E (VE) both have antioxidant effects on sperm. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with FO and/or VE on semen quality. Methods: 16 fertile Simmental bulls were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 4): the control group (control diet), FO group (control diet containing 24 g/kg FO), VE group (control diet containing 150 mg/kg VE) and FOVE group (control diet containing 150 mg/kg VE and 24 g/kg FO), and the trial lasted 10 weeks. Results: The results showed that the addition of FO independently can increase sperm motion parameters, the levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2), while reduce oxidative stress in seminal plasma (P < 0.05). Supplement of VE independently can increased the motility, motility parameters, CAT and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and reduce oxidative stress in seminal plasma (P < 0.05). There was an interaction effect of FO × VE on motility and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while GSH-Px and ROS were affected by week × VE 2-way interaction, levels of T and E2 were also affected by the dietary FO × week interaction (P < 0.05). The triple interaction effects of FO, VE and week were significant for malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, sperm from the FOVE group had a significantly higher in vitro fertilization (IVF) rate, and subsequent embryos had increased developmental ability with reduced ROS levels at the eight-cell stage, then increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and gene expression levels of CAT, CDX2, Nanog, and SOD at the blastocyst stage (P < 0.05). Metabolomic and transcriptomic results indicated that dietary supplementation of FO and VE increased the expression of the metabolite aconitic acid, as well as the expression of ABAT and AHDHA genes. Conclusion: With in-silico analysis, it can be concluded that the effects of dietary FO and VE on improving semen quality and embryo development may be related to increased aconitic acid via the ABAT and AHDHA genes involved in the propionic acid metabolism pathway.

Dietary Fats and All-cause and Breast Cancer-specific Mortality among Women with Breast Cancer: The Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer Study.

BACKGROUND: Study results of prediagnostic dietary fat intake and breast cancer mortality have been inconclusive. While dietary fat subtypes [saturated (SFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids] may have different biological effects, there is little evidence regarding the association of dietary fat and fat subtype intake with mortality after breast cancer diagnosis. METHODS: Women with incident, pathologically confirmed invasive breast cancer and complete dietary data (n = 793) were followed in a population-based study, the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer study. Usual intake before diagnosis of total fat and subtypes were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire completed at baseline. HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality were estimated with Cox proportional hazards models. Interactions by menopausal status, estrogen receptor (ER) status, and tumor stage were examined. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 18.75 years; 327 (41.2%) participants had died. Compared with lower intake, greater intake of total fat (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.65-1.70), SFA (1.31; 0.82-2.10), MUFA (0.99; 0.61-1.60), and PUFA (0.99; 0.56-1.75) was not associated with breast cancer-specific mortality. There was also no association with all-cause mortality. Results did not vary by menopausal status, ER status, or tumor stage. CONCLUSIONS: Prediagnostic intake of dietary fat and fat subtypes was not associated with either all-cause or breast cancer mortality in a population-based cohort of breast cancer survivors. IMPACT: Understanding factors affecting survival among women diagnosed with breast cancer is critically important. Dietary fat intake prior to diagnosis may not impact that survival.

Dietary olive oil intake induces female-specific hepatic lipid accumulation without metabolic impairment in mice.

Olive oil is one of the most widely researched Mediterranean diet components in both experimental models and clinical studies. However, the relationship between dietary olive oil intake and liver function in a healthy state of the body remains unclear. Because men are at a greater risk of developing hepatic diseases than women, and because hepatic metabolism is regulated by sex hormones, we hypothesized that olive oil-induced changes in hepatic metabolism would differ by sex. To test our hypothesis, 12-week-old C57BL/6JJcl male and female mice were fed an olive oil diet for 4 weeks. Blood was collected and serum biochemical components were analyzed. Hepatic lipid accumulation was determined via histological analysis using Sudan III staining. Finally, transcript expression levels of hepatic metabolism-related genes were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We observed significant increased hepatic lipid droplet accumulation in olive oil-fed female mice. Serum biochemical and liver messenger RNA expression analyses revealed that the hepatic lipid accumulation was nonpathological and did not involve inflammation. Moreover, the expression of genes related to triacylglycerol and fatty acid synthesis (Dgat1, Dgat2, Agpat3, and Fasn) was significantly upregulated in the liver of olive oil-fed female mice compared with control female mice. Our study demonstrates female-specific hepatic lipid accumulation without liver impairment in a dietary olive oil-fed mouse model. These findings provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of sex-dependent hepatic lipid metabolism of dietary oils.

Recovery of Fatty Acid and Volatile Flavor Compound Composition in Farmed Tiger Puffer (Takifugu rubripes) with a Fish Oil-Finishing Strategy.

Booming fish farming results in a relative shortage of fish oil (FO) supply, meaning that alternative oils are increasingly used in fish feeds, which leads to reduction of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and other relevant changes in fish products. This study investigated the efficacy of an FO-finishing strategy in recovering the muscle quality of farmed tiger puffer. An eight-week feeding trial (growing-out period) was conducted with five experimental diets, in which graded levels (0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of added FO were replaced by poultry oil (PO). Following the growing-out period was a four-week FO-finishing period, during which fish in all groups were fed the control diet. Dietary PO significantly decreased the muscle LC-PUFA content, whereas in general, the FO-finishing strategy recovered it to a level comparable with that of the group fed FO continuously. The recovery efficiency of EPA was higher than that of DHA. Dietary PO also led to changes of volatile flavor compounds in the muscle, such as butanol, pentenal, and hexenal, whereas the FO-finishing strategy mitigated the changes. In conclusion, the FO-finishing strategy is promising in recovering the LC-PUFA and volatile-flavor-compound composition in farmed tiger puffer after the feeding of PO-based diets.

Evaluation of intervention effects of dietary coenzyme Q10 supplementation on oxidized fish oil-induced stress response in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether dietary coenzyme Q10 could alleviate stress response of Micropterus salmoides caused by oxidized fish oil. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 100% fresh fish oil (FFO), 50% fresh fish oil + 50% oxidized fish oil (BFO), 100% oxidized fish oil (OFO) and 100% oxidized fish oil + 0.1% coenzyme Q10 (QFO) and were fed to Micropterus salmoides (95 ± 0.60 g) for 70 days. Higher weight gain rate was recorded in fish fed diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). FFO and BFO significantly increased contents of fat and energy in whole-body, while protein and energy retention significantly decreased in fish fed OFO. Apparent digestibility of energy and fat showed a significant decrease trend with increased the proportion of dietary oxidized fish oil. Fish fed OFO significantly increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, while CoQ10 supplementation significantly reduced activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in plasma. Contents of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and highly unsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA in liver and muscle significantly decreased in fish fed OFO. Transcriptome analysis indicated that a total of 1238, 1189 and 1773 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, |log2(fold change) | >= 1 and q-value<=0.001) were found in the three comparison groups (FFO vs. OFO, FFO vs. QFO, OFO vs. QFO), respectively. After KEGG enrichment, the main changed pathways in the two comparison groups (FFO vs. OFO, OFO vs. QFO) related to the immune system. Dietary OFO up-regulated the expression of immune-related genes and inflammatory factors, while dietary CoQ10 supplementation reduced these effects.

Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on growth, intestinal inflammation, hepatic antioxidant capacity, muscle development and skin color in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed an oxidized fish oil diet.

Under oxidative stress condition, the protective effects of dietary chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation on liver antioxidant capacity, intestinal inflammation and barrier function, muscle development and skin coloration in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were explored in the current study. With that purpose, I. punctatus were fed five experimental diets containing 2% fresh fish oil (FFO, 9.2 meqO2/kg) or 2% oxidized fish oil (OFO, 897.4 meqO2/kg) without or with CGA supplementation (0.02%, 0.04% and 0.08%) for 8 weeks. Upon comparative analysis, the oxidized fish oil consumption significantly lowered weight gain rate, decreased intestinal villi length and muscular thickness values and the tight junction proteins mRNA abundance, augmented the intestinal proinflammatory factors, attenuated hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities and related genes mRNA expression levels, influenced the myogenic regulatory factors expression profile and impacted the myocyte density, myocyte area values as well as the skin pigments contents compared to the FFO treatment. Collectively, long-term feeding of the oxidized fish oil diet suppressed the growth performance, destroyed intestinal structural integrity, caused intestinal inflammation and hepatic oxidative stress, impacted the skeletal development and skin color of I. punctatus. Whereas CGA supplementation in oxidized fish oil diets partially counteracted the negative effects of the oxidized fish oil on I. punctatus in terms of increasing the growth performance, improving the intestinal mucosal structure, alleviating hepatic oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation, recompiling the myogenic regulatory factors expression and improving skin color. In conclusion, CGA has great potential to be an aquatic feed additive.

Effect of dietary oregano essential oil and milk replacer on physiological status and immunological responses of pre- and post-weaned Ghoongroo piglets.

Ghoongroo pigs have good adaptability in a low input production system with high prolificacy. The present study was conducted on pre-and post-weaned Ghoongroo piglets from 2-3 days to 12 weeks of age to evaluate the effect of a milk replacer and oregano essential oil (EO) on growth, physiological and immunological responses. Thirty six piglets were randomly divided into three groups. The control group (n = 12) was allowed to suck mother's milk. Second group piglets were provided milk replacer (MR) and piglets of the third group were provided milk replacer along with oregano EO at 500 mg/kg diet. After weaning, piglets were provided standard concentrate diets. The results showed that the body weight in MR and MR + EO groups were significantly higher compared with the control. The MR + EO group had better intestinal microbiota, greater nonspecific innate immunity with the phagocytosis efficacy of neutrophils, lower cortisol concentration and more stable thyroid hormones than the other groups. The better haematological status supported the rapid organ development and improved intestinal health status in both the experimental groups. In conclusion, milk replacer, especially with the inclusion of oregano EO, can lower weaning stress, enhance nonspecific immunity and improve growth and health status of piglets.

Preferences for dietary oils and fats in cooking and food preparation methods: a cross-sectional analysis of Australian adults.

Dietary oils and fats contain different fatty acid compositions that are associated with cardiometabolic disease risk. Despite their influence on disease outcomes, the types of dietary oils and fats predominately used in Australian households remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of dietary oils and fats in cooking and food preparation in Australia. Adults living in Australia completed a cross-sectional online survey outlining their current household oil and fat use from July to December 2021. The survey was disseminated via social media platforms and included questions about the types of dietary oils and fats used for different cooking methods and the perceived motivators for choosing the main household oil. A total of 1248 participants responded to the survey. Participants were mostly female (91·6 %) aged between 25 and 44 years (56·7 %). The majority of participants (84·5 %) reported using some form of olive oil as their main source of oil for cooking and food preparation. Almost two-thirds of the sample (65·4 %) reported using extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), mainly in raw food preparation (71·5 %) or savoury baking and roasting (58 %). Fewer households reported using rice bran oil (4·6 %), canola oil (4·3 %) and vegetable oil (1·8 %). Almost half of all participants (49·6 %) identified perceived health benefits as the primary motivating factor for their main choice of oil, followed by sensory preference (46·7 %), versatility (10·2 %) and convenience (8·8 %). Australian adults frequently use olive oil, specifically EVOO, as the main oil for cooking and food preparation in the household.

Metabolomics and Proteomics Characterizing Hepatic Reactions to Dietary Linseed Oil in Duck.

The imbalance in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition in human food is ubiquitous and closely related to obesity and cardiovascular diseases. The development of n-3 PUFA-enriched poultry products is of great significance for optimizing fatty acid composition. This study aimed to improve our understanding of the effects of dietary linseed oil on hepatic metabolism using untargeted metabolomics and 4D label-free proteome analysis. A total of 91 metabolites and 63 proteins showed differences in abundance in duck livers between the high linseed oil and control groups. Pathway analysis revealed that the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, glycerophospholipid, and pyrimidine metabolisms were significantly enriched in ducks fed with linseed oil. Meanwhile, dietary linseed oil changed liver fatty acid composition, which was reflected in the increase in the abundance of downstream metabolites, such as α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) as a substrate, including n-3 PUFA and its related glycerophospholipids, and a decrease in downstream n-6 PUFA synthesis using linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) as a substrate. Moreover, the anabolism of PUFA in duck livers showed substrate-dependent effects, and the expression of related proteins in the process of fatty acid anabolism, such as FADS2, LPIN2, and PLA2G4A, were significantly regulated by linseed oil. Collectively, our work highlights the ALA substrate dependence during n-3 PUFA synthesis in duck livers. The present study expands our knowledge of the process products of PUFA metabolism and provides some potential biomarkers for liver health.

Oxidized Dietary Oil, High in Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Induces Antioxidant Responses in a Human Intestinal HT29 Cell Line.

When oxidized, dietary oils generate products which have the potential to cause adverse effects on human health. The objective of the study was to investigate whether lipid oxidation products in an oxidized dietary oil can be taken up in intestinal cells, induce antioxidant stress responses and potentially be harmful. The in vitro cell model HT29 was exposed to camelina oil with different extents of oxidation, or only 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). The cellular content of HHE increased with an increasing extent of oxidation of the camelina oil added to the cell's growth media, whereas HNE did not show a similar trend. Deuterated HHE was taken up by the HT29 cells, with 140 µM HHE metabolized within 0.5-1 h. The low oxidation degree of the camelina oil increased the gene expression of antioxidant markers (GPX, ATF6, XBP1). The increase in the gene expression of SOD at medium oxidation levels of the oil might indicate different regulation mechanisms. Highly oxidized camelina oil and a low concentration of HHE, over time, induced SOD and catalase enzyme activity in HT29 cells. Oxidized camelina oil contains multiple oxidation products which can be responsible for the intracellular responses observed in HT29 cells, while HHE and HNE in combination with other oxidation products induce antioxidant defence responses.