[Developing traditional medical heritage for further achievements in medical history and literature research-Commemorating the establishment of China Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Literature in the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine].

The Institute of Chinese Medical History and Literature in the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine was officially established on May 28, 1982. Its predecessor was the Medical History Research Office in the Chinese Medicine Institute of the Central Institute of Health, the Editorial Office of the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the Theory and Literature Research Office of the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Before that, the Research Office of Chinese Medical History and Literature in the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine was established in 1971. It made remarkable achievements in scientific research, personnel training and discipline construction in terms of medical history and literature. It was upgraded to the Institute with the approval of the Ministry of Health in 1980. After its establishment, the institute has benefited from great achievements.

[An approach to the research of medical history : The publication of Index of Research on the History of Medicine in Chinese(1900s-2019)].

This paper introduced the content of the Index of Research on the History of Medicine in Chinese (1900s-2019), explained the compilation methods and their features and followed with comprehensive comments. The paper clarified the importance of this book for history research and the possible influence it might bring to practical research for medical history, with historical research method. It was found that the book failed to offer page numbers for some monographs, failed to sort alphabetically by authors' last names, and failed to compile chronologically according to the year of publication. However, this book integrated the research results of physicians, scientists, and historians in a variety of areas and fields, presented the century-old development of Chinese medical history and enabled readers to review the overall development trends of medicine. It might be helpful for readers to develop their own research proposals and methods by making use of this book with its databases.

Associação Médica Brasileira: história e construção da verdadeira casa dos médicos do Brasil / Brazilian Medical Association: history and construction of the real home of doctors in Brazil

A História da Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB) é também a história recente da medicina e dos médicos do pais. A entidade completou uma jornada de mais de sete décadas, cumpre, desde os seus primórdios, papel importante nos principais eventos que marcaram a trajetória do Brasil. Foi assim quando esteve presente nos movimentos reivindicatórios da classe, semente de sua origem no ano de 1951; ao atuar na luta sem trégua por mais qualidade no ensino médico nestes mais de setenta anos; ao se juntar aqueles que gritavam por Diretas Já e, depois, por uma nova constituição, tendo em mente que estas mudanças trariam melhores condições à saúde brasileira; e, mais recentemente, assumindo o protagonismo no enfrentamento da pandemia da Covid-19. Tudo isso é recuperado nesta obra essencial, que traça a trajetória e o papel da entidade, desde os eventos que antecederam a sua criação, remetendo à década de 1920, a fatos contemporâneos. São 100 anos de cobertura, que resultam em 17 capítulos e um texto revelador e sem maquiagem do caráter desta importante instituição, que, desde a sua fundação, vem ecoando as vozes de médicos e médicas de todo o País e lutando por mais qualidade na assistência à saúde do povo brasileiro.

Discovery of drugs to combat covid-19 inspired by traditional Chinese medicine / Descubrimiento de medicamentos para combatir la covid-19 inspirados en la medicina tradicional china

Abstract Contributions from traditional knowledge and history have proven useful in recent years to advance drug discovery. In response to the emergence of covid-19, scientists revisited traditional Chinese medicine. This source of inspiration for drugs to treat this new disease is described here at three different levels: traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, traditional Chinese medical formulas, and traditional Chinese medical texts. Drug discovery inspired by traditional Chinese medicine still faces serious resistance for various reasons, including its system of formulas and clinical trial design. A perspective that includes related issues would benefit the reasonable application of traditional knowledge in drug research and development.

Resumen Las contribuciones del conocimiento tradicional y la historia han demostrado ser útiles en los últimos años para avanzar en el descubrimiento de los medicamentos. En respuesta a la aparición de covid-19, los científicos revisaron la medicina tradicional china. Esta fuente de inspiración de los medicamentos para tratar esta nueva enfermedad se describe aquí en tres niveles diferentes: hierbas medicinales chinas tradicionales, fórmulas médicas chinas tradicionales y textos médicos chinos tradicionales. El descubrimiento de fármacos inspirado en la medicina tradicional china aún enfrenta serias resistencias por varias razones, incluido su sistema de fórmulas y el diseño de ensayos clínicos. Una perspectiva que incluya cuestiones conexas beneficiaría la aplicación razonable de los conocimientos tradicionales en la investigación y el desarrollo de fármacos.

The Beginnings of English Paracelsian Lexicography: Two Collections of Words from Elizabethan Cambridge.

This article identifies the first two collections of Paracelsian words to have been printed in England: a body of 153 new and rare words, or new senses of existing words, dispersed in the third edition of Thomas Thomas's Latin-English Dictionarium of 1592, and a list of forty-three words forming part of Joseph Hall's Latin prose satire Mundus alter et idem, published in 1605. The Paracelsian material in the Dictionarium has been practically unknown until now, and the Paracelsian material in Mundus alter et idem has been insufficiently studied. Both collections of words are edited here, with discussion of their sources and the principles on which they were selected, and with discussion of their influence for the period of more than half a century when they were the only collections of Paracelsian words printed in England.

Da medicina psicossomática à psicologia médica: a trajetória teórica e institucional de Julio de Mello Filho / From psychosomatic medicine to medical psychology: the theoretical and institutional trajectory of Julio de Mello Filho

Resumo Os estudos sobre as causalidades das patologias e da relação médico/paciente a partir de formulações psicanalíticas receberam duas denominações no Brasil: medicina psicossomática e psicologia médica. O médico e psicanalista Julio de Mello Filho assumiu o protagonismo dessa proposta a partir da doença incapacitante do psiquiatra e psicanalista Danillo Perestrello. A estruturação da concepção teórica do movimento psicossomático e as estratégias institucionais utilizadas para a consolidação desse campo disciplinar no cenário brasileiro são o objeto deste estudo. Por meio de um referencial epistemológico e histórico, conclui-se que a proposta inicial de transformação do modelo médico hegemônico perde força e observa-se um deslocamento da psicologia médica como um campo da psicologia da saúde.

Abstract Studies on the causality of pathologies and the doctor/patient relationship based on psychoanalytic formulations received two denominations in Brazil: psychosomatic medicine and medical psychology. The physician and psychoanalyst Julio de Mello Filho took a leading role in this movement after the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Danillo Perestrello was incapacitated by illness. This study investigates how the theoretical concepts of the psychosomatic movement were structured and the institutional strategies used to establish this discipline in Brazil. From an epistemological and historical point of view, the initial notion of transforming the hegemonic medical model was seen to lose force, followed by a shift in medical psychology as a field of health psychology.

A exaltação do artesão / The craftsman exaltation

Embora ainda sem a íntegra da mesa redonda "Homeopatia e Ética Medica", que aconteceu no dia 11/09/1989 na sede do Con-selho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo, não sei se vou encontrar elogio maior à Homeopatia que as palavras do colega presidente do CREMESP Dr. Heitor Buzzoni, ao afirmar: Para mim a Homeopatia é uma "especialidade artesanal". Artesania consiste no trabalho individual, no exercer a arte com seu sentimento e com suas mãos, por aqueles que têm habilidade e vo-cação para isso, no campo da arte e dos ofícios tradicionais. A ONU enfatiza que para o ser manter-se em harmonia o seu trabalho deve ser criativo. (AU)

[Salerno, the first medical school in Europe - Birthplace of university medicine]. / Salerno, die erste Medizinschule Europas ­ Die Geburtsstätte der Hochschulmedizin.

Salerno in southern Italy is regarded as the birthplace of modern European university medicine. A practical and scientifically oriented medical discipline developed from monastic and monastery medicine. The Salernitan school, which considered itself as "Civitas Hippocratica", was based initially on the traditions of Hippocrates, the Alexandrian doctors and Galen. In the 11th century a new era began with Constantinus Africanus, who translated the scripts of Greco-Arabic medicine into Latin. By the 12th century, nearly the entire literature by Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna and Rhazes was available in Latin. Salerno became an important medical training centre - for women and men - with a fixed course curriculum and provided a public health system. Medical training was firmly established under Emperor Friedrich II who placed it under state supervision.

Historia de la seguridad social en el Perú: 1936 - 2021 / History of social security in Peru: 1936 - 2021

En estos 200 años de Independencia del Perú, el Seguro Social de Salud ­ EsSalud celebra sus 85 años de gestión institucional, realizando una cobertura de prestaciones de salud, económicas y sociales a más de 11 millones de asegurados, asumiendo un reto difícil y delicado por la actual pandemia que nos ha llevado a replantear nuevas estrategias de gestión y coordinación con otras entidades públicas y privadas, así como fortalecer nuestras buenas prácticas institucionales que nos permitan cumplir el objetivo de servir a nuestros asegurados y a la sociedad peruana. A lo largo de nuestra historia las diferentes gestiones han identificados sus fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas, las cuales han exigido renovar y establecer nuevos mecanismos y políticas institucionales para mejorar y modernizar la seguridad social, como lo fue en su momento la contratación de personal administrativo y asistencial; construcción de hospitales; funcionamiento de escuelas de enfermeras, nutricionistas, laboratoristas; construcción de viviendas; otorgamiento de préstamos hipotecarios; cobertura de prestaciones pensionarias; protección con subsidios; funcionamiento de centros de adulto mayor, rehabilitación profesional y social, medicina complementaria, centros de salud especializados y otros hasta nuestras actuales funciones misionales. Es en este contexto, que nos satisface presentar este resumen de nuestra historia institucional para que la sociedad y las futuras generaciones conozcan de la importancia social que hemos desarrollado a lo largo de éstas décadas, así como para fortalecer nuestra identidad institucional en nuestros asegurados, funcionarios, servidores y personal de apoyo que día a día escriben la historia de la seguridad social en el Perú

The teaching of the History of Medicine in Italy: a path in progress.

BACKGROUND: The increasing attention to the potential application of technology in medicine represents a dangerous warning in the direction of a reductionist approach. The academic system should therefore be strongly engaged to ensure even in medical practice the greatest enhancement of the human dimension. Targets: How much space is offered to the teaching of History of Medicine (HM) in Italian Universities? This work aims to answer this question through an in-depth analysis of the teaching plans of the degree courses in Medicine and Surgery (CLMC) activated in Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey was carried out through the consultation of information, relating to the year 2019-2020, contained in the UniversItaly portal of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research, created to accompany students in their studies, as well as through the information published in the web portals of the various universities. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In Italy in 43 out of 97 Universities there is the Degree Course in Medicine and Surgery for a total of 66 degree courses; some Universities have activated more degree courses depending on the number of learners or on issues of territorial distribution. The teaching of HM is present in the curricula of 54 CLMC (82%) and in these is mandatory. In 93% of the cases, it is included in integrated courses (CI) and for only 4 CLMC it results as autonomous teaching. For the most part (86%) it is included in the first year's educational plan. The typology of the different CIs is extremely varied, both in terms of denomination, year and content, as well as in the overall CFUs assigned. The current teaching staff is divided as follows: 6 full professors; 12 associate professors; 13 Researchers (RU/RD); 20 contract professors. 19 are the researchers/professors engaged in the scientific field of the HM (MED/02). CONCLUSION: Those findings indicate that the HM subject in the Italian medical education programs is not yet universally recognized as able to stimulate medical students to a holistic view of the person and illness and therefore not sufficiently valued.

Libro del Bicentenario de la Independencia Nacional / Book of the Bicentennial of National Independence

El presente libro consta de diversos artículos de tal manera que nos hace transitar del siglo XIX al XXI; continúa con la importante participación del doctor José Hipólito Unanue y Pavón en la independencia nacional, las tertulias médicas en el viejo anfiteatro y el martirologio de los cirujanos y médicos de aquel entonces; luego nos recuerda los hitos de la Medicina y los aportes de sus principales lumbreras en estas semblanzas; de igual manera hay artículos que nos refrescan la memoria sobre las consecuencias de las epidemias y la actual pandemia en el país, así comprenderemos en qué fallamos como Estado y sociedad frente a la COVID-19; otro detalla el rol del Colegio Médico del Perú en sus más de cinco décadas de existencia, sin descuidar los temas y retos del siglo XI, como el enorme aporte de la informática y su aplicación en la medicina peruana; la medicina experimental y la medicina tradicional también ocupan un espacio preferente en este libro, que cierra con un importante aporte y reflexión de lo que les espera a las futuras generaciones en el momento de ejercer este sacerdocio

The Anatomy in Greek Iatrosophia during the Ottoman domination era.

The knowledge of Anatomy during the Ottoman domination in Greece has not been widely studied. Medical knowledge of the time can be retrieved from folk and erudite books called Iatrosophia. The majority of these books focused on empirical diagnostics and therapeutics. However, a small quota of these Iatrosophia includes important information about anatomy. The interest in anatomy appears only after the Neohellenic Enlightenment (1750-1821) and has been associated to the scholarly background of the 1821 revolution against the Ottomans. At the same time, anatomy has been discussed by various authors in diverse contexts. All in all, it appears that a consensus on the importance of anatomy has been established among Greek scholars in the late 18th century, leading to the translation of current anatomical knowledge to the contemporary language and literature.

History with Heart-and Impact: The National Library of Medicine Michael E. DeBakey Fellowship in the History of Medicine.

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) Michael E. DeBakey Fellowship in the History of Medicine is a unique program in a unique institution: the world's largest biomedical library, which is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The fellowship is rooted in strong connections between its namesake and the NLM and is an expression of Dr. Michael E. DeBakey's longstanding appreciation of the library and the role of the humanities in medical education and practice. This article explains Dr. DeBakey's connections to the NLM and describes the origins, development, and structure of the NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellowship in the History of Medicine. It also highlights research achievements of selected NLM Michael E. DeBakey Fellows, demonstrating that the fellowship is successfully carrying forward Dr. DeBakey's principles and practices of weaving science, technology, and the humanities to form holistic understanding of the human condition, inspiring well-rounded careers built on both scientific and humanistic knowledge.

Pneuma: receta colonial eficaz en el tratamiento de la disnea / Pneuma: colonial prescription effective in treatment of dyspnea

Objetivo: el archivo histórico Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María de la Universidad de La Sabana cuenta con múltiples recetas médicas empleadas por médicos y boticarios en el Nuevo Reino de Granada. Una de ellas prescribe el cacao para disminuir síntomas generados por afecciones del sistema respiratorio. Objetivos: describir el análisis de una receta médica empleada entre los siglos XVIII y XIX para el tratamiento del ahogo y describir la propiedad fitoterapéutica del cacao conocida gracias a la evidencia científica actual. Materiales y métodos: búsqueda documental en el Archivo Histórico Cipriano Rodríguez Santamaría de la Biblioteca Octavio Arizmendi Posada de la Universidad de La Sabana. Transcripción y análisis del documento denominado "Ahogo" y revisión de la literatura científica actual, así como de los textos originales, sin límite de tiempo. Resultados: la receta médica describe las características del cacao (Theobroma cacao) como agente fitoterapéutico con propiedades antiinflamatorias, analgésicas, antioxidantes e inmunomoduladoras aportadas por componentes como los ácidos oleico, esteárico, palmítico y flavonoides entre otros. La teobromina ejerce efectos broncodilatadores y antitusivosConclusiones: el legado histórico colonial conservado en los archivos locales permite comprender racionalmente las propiedades de los agentes herbarios empleados para enfermedades y síntomas asociados. Existe evidencia científica que respalda el uso del cacao para disminuir la sintomatología asociada con el ahogo. Pese a ello, la escasa o nula descripción de la posología y los efectos secundarios, dificulta analizar la eficacia de esta tradición. En consecuencia, no se puede establecer su eficacia científicamente.

Objetive: The Cipriano Rodríguez Santamaria Historical Archive at Universidad de La Sabana includes multiple medical prescriptions used by physicians and apothecaries in the New Kingdom of Granada. Among them, cocoa was prescribed to relieve symptoms generated by respiratory diseases. Objectives: to describe the analysis of a medical prescription used between the 18th and 19th centuries to treat shortness of breath ("ahogo") and to describe the phytotherapeutic properties of cocoa through current scientific evidence. Materials and Methods: a documentary search in the Cipriano Rodríguez Santamaria Historical Archive: Octavio Arizmendi Posada Library, Universidad de La Sabana. Transcription and analysis of the document named "ahogo" and review of the current scientific literature, as well as, of the original texts, with no time limit. Results: the medical prescription describes the characteristics of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) as a phytotherapeutic agent featuring anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties provided by components such as oleic, stearic, palmitic and flavonoid acids, among others. Theobromine exerts a bronchodilator and antitussive effect. Conclusions: the colonial historical legacy preserved in local archives allows a rational understanding of the properties of herbal agents as treatment for diseases and their symptoms. There is scientific evidence supporting the use of cocoa to reduce the symptoms associated with dyspnea. However, little or no description of dosage and side effects makes it difficult to analyze the efficacy of this tradition. Consequently, its efficacy cannot be scientifically established.

Historia de la medicina complementaria en el seguro social de salud del Perú / History of complementary medicine in the social health insurance of Peru

La historia de la Medicina Complementaria en el Seguro Social de Salud comenzó con el IMET, pero siguió avanzando. En 1994, en una evaluación realizada por la Gerencia de Recursos Médicos de la Gerencia Central de Prestaciones de Salud, se realizó un análisis del consumo de medicamentos, determinando que los medicamentos de mayor consumo eran los antiinflamatorios, los analgésicos, los antihipertensivos y los ansiolíticos, esto condujo a que se planteara la necesidad de buscar otras formas de ayudar al paciente a mejorar sus niveles de salud. Dicha inquietud dio lugar a la realización de una experiencia piloto en uno de los Policlínicos del Seguro Social de Salud, ubicado en el Callao ­ Lima.

Apuntes históricos sobre el surgimiento de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional en Pinar del Río / Historical notes on the materialization of Natural and Traditional Medicine Service in Pinar del Rio province, Cuba

Introducción: la Medicina Natural y Tradicional término adoptado en Cuba, es conocida internacionalmente como alternativa, energética y naturalista o complementaria, forma parte del acervo de la cultura universal, es decir, conceptos y prácticas que se han heredado de generación en generación. Objetivo: describir la evolución histórica de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional en la provincia de Pinar del Río, Cuba, para las actuales y futuras generaciones de estudiantes y profesionales de la salud. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cualitativa, histórica y situacional, descriptiva; con la utilización de testimonios de las personas que formaron parte de la misma, en particular de los autores y fuentes secundarias para la recolección de la información. Esto permitió hacer una síntesis de su desarrollo a través de los años. Resultado: se evidenció que la evolución de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional en la provincia marchó acorde con los cambios emanados de las directivas dictadas por la dirección del estado para el desarrollo de la misma; el termalismo es una de las practicas naturales más antiguas de la provincia, fue notable el desarrollo alcanzado en la preparación de profesionales y técnicos. Conclusiones: la provincia de Pinar del Río cuenta con una historia de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional prolija, y lugares de importante valor para el mantenimiento y recuperación de la salud, por lo que es importante su conocimiento.

Joseph Franz Domin (1754-1819) and His Contribution to Electrotherapy.

Joseph Franz Domin (1754-1819) as the croatian theologian and philosopher is primary animist (vitalist), and in practice he has worked as physicist - mechanist, although the humoral theory at that time will be a foundation of medical philosophy more than twenty centuries from Hippocrates to the half of 19th century and Virchow's cellular theory. Besides his academic and researcher's work he has been working on electrotherapy of numerous conditions and diseases about which he has published (cephalea, neuralgia, paresis, plegias, pterigyum oculi, rheumatisms, Gicht, epilepsia, arthralgias, febres etc). The latter is undoubtedly progressive natural scientific theory which at that time have widely spread at Habsburgs Monarchy Universities and as proof between first and second Wien's medical school by integration of other scientific branches (physics and chemistry) in medicine. According to the various researchers Domin was an author of the first electrotherapy manual published in Zagreb, practitioner of electrotherapy in pregalvanic era in contemporary Austrian empire and for sure a scientist who have left a significant remark in contemporary applied physics in medicine, which continued in professional and scientific elaborations not until the end of the 19th century.

Trends and Prospects of Studies on the Modern History of Medicine in Korea: the Rise of Socio-historical Perspective and the Decline of Nationalist Dichotomy.

In the 2010s, research on modern history of medicine in Korea has yielded notably outcomes. There have been social historical inquiries investigating the organic relationship between medicine and society, and there has been a study overcoming the traditional nationalistic dichotomous approach. A social historical perspective has been used to analyze the issues of knowledge and politics; the time period of its application was clustered around the colonial period. The condition of colonialism is both important and convenient for analyzing how and to what extent medicine, which is usually deemed neutral, contains a will of authority. Building on existing research, an attempt to understand a subject based on a combination of various elements or from various angles is needed. Accumulating empirical data is important to further advance related research. It is necessary to verify the accuracy of basic facts and build up verified facts. Sometimes theories are applied to research on the history of medicine. However, they are merely a passive application of existing theories and fail to lead to modification and fortification of the theories based on the case of Korea, let alone the establishment of an independent theory. Accumulating empirical studies would help create a unique theory for the Korean case. To establish a new theory, characteristics of the Korean case need to be identified, which have been formed by the Korean tradition. An understanding of the modern situation inevitably leads to an interest in the tradition. Another necessary effort is to expand territories, and one of them would be to develop interests in patients and consumers.

Significance of Artemisia Vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) in the History of Medicine and Its Possible Contemporary Applications Substantiated by Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies.

Artemisia vulgaris L. (common mugwort) is a species with great importance in the history of medicine and was called the "mother of herbs" in the Middle Ages. It is a common herbaceous plant that exhibits high morphological and phytochemical variability depending on the location where it occurs. This species is well known almost all over the world. Its herb-Artemisiae vulgaris herba-is used as a raw material due to the presence of essential oil, flavonoids, and sesquiterpenoids lactones and their associated biological activities. The European Pharmacopoeia has listed this species as a potential homeopathic raw material. Moreover, this species has been used in traditional Chinese, Hindu, and European medicine to regulate the functioning of the gastrointestinal system and treat various gynecological diseases. The general aim of this review was to analyze the progress of phytochemical and pharmacological as well as professional scientific studies focusing on A. vulgaris. Thus far, numerous authors have confirmed the beneficial properties of A. vulgaris herb extracts, including their antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antispasmolytic, antinociceptive, estrogenic, cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. In addition, several works have reviewed the use of this species in the production of cosmetics and its role as a valuable spice in the food industry. Furthermore, biotechnological micropropagation of A. vulgaris has been analyzed.