Updated association of tea consumption and bone mineral density: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Current studies evaluating the association of tea consumption and bone mineral density (BMD) have yielded inconsistent findings. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between tea consumption and BMD. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were comprehensively searched, and a meta-analysis performed of all observational studies assessing the association of tea consumption and BMD. Forest plots were used to illustrate the results graphically. The Q-test and I statistic were employed to evaluate between-study heterogeneity. Potential publication bias was assessed by the funnel plot. RESULTS: Four cohort, 1 case-control, and 8 cross-sectional studies including a total of 12,635 cases were included. Tea consumption was shown to prevent bone loss [odds ratio (OR): 0.66; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47-0.94; P = 0.02], yielding higher mineral densities in several bones, including the lumbar spine [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.19; 95% CI, 0.08-0.31; P = 0.001], hip (SMD: 0.19; 95% CI, 0.05-0.34; P = 0.01), femoral neck [mean difference (MD): 0.01; 95% CI, 0.00-0.02; P = 0.04], Ward triangle (MD: 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01-0.04; P = 0.001), and greater trochanter (MD: 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02-0.04; P < 0.00001), than the non-tea consumption group. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis provided a potential trend that tea consumption might be beneficial for BMD, especially in the lumbar spine, hip, femoral neck, Ward triangle, and greater trochanter, which might help prevent bone loss.

Impact of chemotherapy followed by aromatase inhibitors on bone health of women with ER-positive early breast cancer in real world clinical settings in Greece: Results of the POCHARBI trial conducted by the Hellenic Society of Breast Surgeons.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this observational study was to assess the combined impact of chemotherapy (CT) and aromatase inhibitors (AI) therapy on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive early breast cancer. METHODS: Patients were treated with a third generation AI, either as adjuvant therapy (HT cohort, n = 166) or as subsequent endocrine therapy after initial treatment with chemotherapy (CT cohort, n = 124), and were followed up for a 12-month period. BMD was evaluated at lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (HP) before CT, before AI therapy and after 12 months of AI therapy. The primary study objective was changes in LS BMD between pre CT treatment and post 12 months AI therapy in the CT cohort. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant changes in LS BMD, either within CT or HT cohort. In the CT cohort, the mean LS BMD change was -0.72% (95% CI: -2.97%, +1.53%, p = 0.5526) between CT start and month 12 of AI therapy, while it was -0.19% (95% CI: -2.12%, +1.74%, p = 0.8309) and -0.59% (95% CI: -3.18%, +2.00%, p = 0.4759) between CT start and AI start and AI start and month 12 of AI therapy respectively. The mean change in LS BMD in the HT cohort (i.e. after 12 months of AI treatment) was +1.51% (95% CI: -0.96%, +3.98%, p = 0.7420). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that, under routine clinical practice, most postmenopausal patients who receive CT before AI therapy do not experience debilitating BMD consequences during the first year of AI treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01298362.

Effect of Low Dose Oral Vitamin-D and Calcium Replacement in HIV Patients.

BACKGROUND: There is high prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency and abnormal bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV patients. Our aim is to find out the effect of replacement of low dose oral vitamin-D (800 International unit) with calcium (500mg) as a once daily regimen along with antiretroviral (ARV) on serum vitamin-D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) level and bone mineral density (BMD) changes on patients with HIV infection who have vitamin- D deficiency. METHODS: This is a non-randomised, open label study. We collected information about demography, viral load, CD-4 count, fracture risk factors. We measured serum 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (intact PTH), inorganic phosphate, corrected calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and BMD of hip and spine at baseline and after 12 months of routine follow up. Patients were treatment experienced and were divided into tenofovir containing, efavirenz containing, and protease Inhibitor (PI) containing regimens. RESULTS: The study included 87 treatment experienced HIV patients with mean age 42.8 (+/-7.8) years, 55 (63%) females, 73 (84%) black African ethnicity, CD4 count 451.7 (+/-184.6) cells/dL, plasma VL 1.6 log (+/-0.03) copies/mL, exposure to antiretroviral therapy 43.2 (+/-30.2) months and duration of illness 58.4 (+/- 24.1) months. Forty four patients agreed to take vitamin-D with calcium replacement and 43 patients did not agree to take the replacement. After 12 months of follow up patients on vitamin D and calcium replacement (n=44) had significant increase in vitamin-D level (15.4+/-6.2 vs. 55.9+/-22.6, p=0.0001), reduction in PTH (8.04 +/-7.5, vs. 4.7 +/-1.8, p=0.005), alkaline phosphatase (111.1 +/-79.1 vs. 90.2+/-42.2, p=0.038) and increase in corrected calcium (2.18 +/-0.09 vs. 2.19 +/-0.09 p=0.001). In patients not on vitamin-D replacement (n=43), there was increase in vitamin-D (16.9 +/-12.1 vs. 49.4 +/-29.2, p=0.001) and corrected calcium (2.12 +/-0.09 vs. 2.16 +/-0.08 p=0.0001) level, but PTH and ALP did not change. BMD of hip and spine did not show any significant change in either of the two groups. In multivariate analysis that included all significant variables, vitamin-D and calcium replacement independently was associated with increase in vitamin-D level (OR 1.07, CI 1.02, 1.12, p=0.005), decrease in PTH level (OR 0.53, CI 0.35, 0.82, p=0.004), but not with change in corrected calcium, alkaline phosphatase, BMD of hip or spine. CONCLUSION: After 12 months of follow up, replacement of low dose once daily oral vitamin-D with calcium in treatment experienced HIV patients with vitamin-D deficiency can increase vitamin-D level, reduce PTH level without any change in BMD of hip and spine.

Effect of vitamin D replacement on hip structural geometry in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: We have shown in a randomized controlled trial that vitamin D increases bone mass, lean mass and bone area in adolescent girls, but not boys. These increments may translate into improvements in bone geometry and therefore bone strength. This study investigated the impact of vitamin D on hip geometric dimensions from DXA-derived hip structural analyses in adolescents who participated in the trial. METHODS: 167 girls (mean age 13.1 years) and 171 boys (mean age 12.7 years) were randomly assigned to receive weekly placebo oil or vitamin D3, at doses of 1400 IU or 14,000 IU, in a double blind placebo-controlled 1-year trial. DXA images were obtained at baseline and one year, and hip images were analyzed using the hip structural analysis (HSA) software to derive parameters of bone geometry. These include outer diameter (OD), cross sectional area (CSA), section modulus (Z), and buckling ratio (BR) at the narrow neck (NN), intertrochanteric (IT), and shaft (S) regions. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine group differences for changes of bone structural parameters. RESULTS: In the overall group of girls, vitamin D supplementation increased aBMD (7.9% and 6.8% in low and high doses, versus 4.2% in placebo) and reduced the BR of NN (6.1% and 2.4% in low and high doses, versus 1.9% in placebo). It also improved aBMD (7.9% and 5.2% versus 3.6%) and CSA (7.5% and 5.1% versus 4.1%) of the IT and OD of the S (2.4% and 2.5% versus 0.8% respectively). Significant changes in the OD and BR of the NN, in the overall group of girls remained, after adjusting for lean mass, and were unaffected with further adjustments for lifestyle, pubertal status, and height measures. Conversely, boys did not exhibit any significant changes in any parameters of interest. A dose effect was not detected and subgroup analyses revealed no beneficial effect of vitamin D by pubertal stage. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D supplementation improved bone mass and several DXA-derived structural bone parameters, in adolescent girls, but not boys. This occurred at a critical site, the femoral neck, and if maintained through adulthood could improve bone strength and lower the risk of hip fractures.

Bone mineral density loss during adjuvant chemotherapy in pre-menopausal women with early breast cancer: is it dependent on oestrogen deficiency?

Pre-menopausal women given adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer experience both premature ovarian failure and loss of bone mineral density (BMD), and this study was designed to see if these observations are causally linked. Chemotherapy was administered to 41 pre-menopausal women with early breast cancer enrolled prospectively in a study of ovarian function and BMD in such women given systemic therapy. After giving written informed consent, all patients underwent baseline and regular on-treatment measurements of BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan, bone turnover and ovarian function by analysis of serum hormone levels and self-reported menstrual diaries. Baseline lumbar spine BMD in the 41 women given chemotherapy was higher than the normal population (Z score 0.28 ± 0.14 (mean ± SEM), P = 0.047), and fell significantly over the first 6 months from a mean of 1.05-1.01 g/m(2), P < 0.0001, and similar but smaller changes were demonstrated in hip BMD. This fall was independent of age at diagnosis, type of chemotherapy, development of amenorrhoea or either baseline or on-treatment estradiol concentration. During the 6 months after completion of adjuvant chemotherapy, BMD fell further only in those women with low estradiol or experiencing amenorrhoea during the first 6 months, although all groups showed evidence of increased bone turnover. This study demonstrates loss of both spine and hip BMD in pre-menopausal women during 6 months' adjuvant systemic chemotherapy to be independent of changes in ovarian function. Ovarian function was, however, related to BMD changes after chemotherapy ceased.

[Effect of the diet with different microelement composition on the state of alveolar and pelvic bones in rats].

During this experimental study with 6 week-old rats the rate of alveolar bone resorption increased with the balanced diet and drinking water containing 50 mg/l NaF, which is similar to the group of rats observed in case of periodontitis model with the same diet and supplemented with ammonium chloride 5 mg/kg. The mineral complex (Mg-sulfat, Zn-sulfat, Mr-sulfat, Na-citrat) 300 mg/kg possessing a pronounced anti acidosis effect when added to the same balanced diet and sodium fluoride in drinking water with the same concentration prevents resorption processes in the alveolar bone and reduces toxicity action of fluorides on the alveolar and pelvic bones by decreasing metabolic acidosis in the bone tissue.

The effect of transvaginal estradiol on bone in aged women: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of transvaginal estradiol on bone mineral density and bone metabolism. METHODS: One hundred and fifteen women (mean age 73.8+/-3.2 years) were randomly assigned to a 2-year open-label parallel group clinical trial and were treated with either transvaginal estradiol (7.5 microg/24h), or no estradiol. Both groups received 400 IU vitamin D and 500 mg calcium/day. The bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed in the hip and spine using DXA technique and in the heel using DXL technique. RESULTS: The intention to treat analysis showed that the increase in BMD in the estradiol group was significant at total hip by 0.6% (P=0.04) while the control group decreased in their BMD by 0.7%. At lumbar spine the estradiol group increased in BMD by 2.6% (P=0.011) while the control group increased by 2.2%. Bone turnover markers and PTH-levels decreased while 25-OH vitamin D levels increased in both groups, a probable effect of the calcium and vitamin D supplementation. The bone resorption marker CTx decreased more significantly in the treatment group (P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The transvaginal estradiol treatment of 7.5 microg/24h had a small but significant effect on the BMD of total hip and lumbar spine after a follow-up of 2 years.

Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women.

UNLABELLED: Dietary supplementation with vitamin K(1), with vitamin D(3) and calcium or their combination, was examined in healthy older women during a 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Combined vitamin K with vitamin D plus calcium was associated with a modest but significant increase in BMC at the ultradistal radius but not at other sites in the hip or radius. INTRODUCTION: The putative beneficial role of high dietary vitamin K(1) (phylloquinone) on BMD and the possibility of interactive benefits with vitamin D were studied in a 2-year double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy Scottish women > or =60 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy, nonosteoporotic women (n = 244) were randomized to receive either (1) placebo, (2) 200 microg/day vitamin K(1), (3) 10 microg (400 IU) vitamin D(3) plus 1000 mg calcium/day, or (4) combined vitamins K(1) and D(3) plus calcium. Baseline and 6-month measurements included DXA bone mineral scans of the hip and wrist, markers of bone turnover, and vitamin status. Supplementation effects were tested using multivariate general linear modeling, with full adjustment for baseline and potential confounding variables. RESULTS: Significant bone mineral loss was seen only at the mid-distal radius but with no significant difference between groups. However, women who took combined vitamin K and vitamin D plus calcium showed a significant and sustained increase in both BMD and BMC at the site of the ultradistal radius. Serum status indicators responded significantly to respective supplementation with vitamins K and D. Over 2 years, serum vitamin K(1) increased by 157% (p < 0.001), the percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%GluOC) decreased by 51% (p < 0.001), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] increased by 17% (p < 0.001), and PTH decreased by 11% (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence of a modest synergy in healthy older women from nutritionally relevant intakes of vitamin K(1) together with supplements of calcium plus moderate vitamin D(3) to enhance BMC at the ultradistal radius, a site consisting of principally trabecular bone. The substantial increase in gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin by vitamin K may have long-term benefits and is potentially achievable by increased dietary intakes of vitamin K rather than by supplementation.

Role of soy diet and L-arginine in cyclosporin-A-induced osteopenia in rats.

Our previous studies show that chronic administration of L-arginine decreases cyclosporin-A-induced bone loss. The present study was designed to investigate whether a soy diet could prevent cyclosporin A-induced osteopenia and eventually improve the protective effect of L-arginine. Rats on soy diet were treated with cyclosporin-A, L-arginine, cyclosporin-A + L-arginine or saline. Control groups received a normal diet and the same pharmacological treatment. Our results show that a soy diet prevents osteopenia only in the spinal cord (+30%) and confirm the protective effect of L-arginine in cyclosporin-A-induced osteopenia in whole body, pelvis and spine of rats on a normal diet (+31%, +55%, +55%, respectively). Moreover these data show that the osteoprotective effect of L-arginine in the whole body, pelvis and spine improves in the case of soy diet (+60%, +72%, +89%, respectively). The results suggest that a soy diet exerts a positive effect in cyclosporin-A-induced osteopenia only in sites with high turn-over and improves the osteoprotective effect of L-arginine.

A co-twin study of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during adolescence.

The effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated in female twin pairs aged 10-17 years with a mean age of 14 years. Forty-two twin pairs (22 monozygotic, 20 dizygotic; (including one monozygotic pair from a set of triplets) completed at least 6 months of the intervention: 37 pairs to 12 months and 28 pairs to 18 months. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In a double-blind manner, one twin in each pair was randomly assigned to receive daily a 1000 mg effervescent calcium tablet (Sandocal 1000), and the other a placebo tablet similar in taste and appearance to the calcium supplement but containing no calcium. Compliance (at least 80% tablets consumed), as measured by tablet count, was 85% in the placebo group and 83% in the calcium group over the 18 months of the study, on average increasing dietary calcium to over 1600 mg/day. There was no within-pair difference in the change in height or weight. When the effect of calcium supplementation on BMD was compared with placebo at approximately 6, 12 and 18 months, it was found that there was a 0.015 +/- 0.007 g/ cm2 greater increase in BMD (1.62 +/- 0.84%) at the spine in those on calcium after 18 months. At the end of the first 6 months there was a significant within-pair difference of 1.53 +/- 0.56% at the spine and 1.27 +/- 0.50% at the hip. However, there were no significant differences in the changes in BMD after the initial effect over the first 6 months. Therefore, we found an increase in BMD at the spine with calcium supplementation in females with a mean age of 14 years. The greatest effect was seen in the first 6 months; thereafter the difference was maintained, but there was no accelerated increase in BMD associated with calcium supplementation. The continuance of the intervention until the attainment of peak bone mass and follow-up after cessation of calcium supplementation will be important in clarifying the optimal timing for increased dietary calcium and the sustained, long-term effects of this intervention.

Effect of tamoxifen on bone mineral density measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

PURPOSE: Tamoxifen is an effective treatment for metastatic and primary breast cancer and is now being evaluated as a chemoprevention agent in healthy women. Any long-term effects on estrogen-sensitive tissues such as bone may have important therapeutic implications. METHODS: We measured bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine and hip using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy women who participated in our placebo-controlled tamoxifen chemoprevention of breast cancer trial. RESULTS: BMD data are now available from 179 women for this analysis. In premenopausal women, BMD decreased progressively in the lumbar spine (P < .001) and in the hip (P < .05) for women on tamoxifen, but not those on placebo. The mean annual loss in lumbar BMD per year over the 3-year study period in tamoxifen-treated compliant women who remained premenopausal throughout the study period was 1.44% (1.88% calculated on an intent-to-treat basis) compared with a small gain of 0.24% per annum for women on placebo (P < .001). Tamoxifen had the opposite effect in postmenopausal women. The mean annual increase in BMD for women on tamoxifen was 1.17% in the spine (P < .005) and 1.71% in the hip (P < .001) compared with a noninsignificant loss for women on placebo. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that tamoxifen treatment is associated with a significant loss of BMD in premenopausal women, whereas it prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. These adverse and beneficial effects of tamoxifen should be considered in the assessment of the therapeutic benefits for both the adjuvant treatment and the chemoprevention of breast cancer.

[Fluorosis. Experiences based on two cases]. / Fluorose. Erfaringer basert på to pasienter.

Since 1961 sodium fluoride has been an alternative in the treatment of osteoporosis, although there is still some difference of opinion between endocrinologists regarding the effect on pain and occurrence of fracture of the vertebral column. Two cases are reported, both treated for postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcium, vitamin D and sodium fluoride for longer periods over many years, and with good effect on pain and tendency to lumbar vertebral body fracture. In both patients the diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis was delayed for several years, mainly because information about this treatment never reached the radiologist. When the diagnosis was eventually established after the radiologist himself had made inquiries to the referring physician, the patients had in the meanwhile undergone several unnecessary supplementary examinations because of suspected cancer metastasis.

[Osteogenesis during the correction of burns with alpha-tocopherol]. / Osteogenez pri korrektsii ozhogovoi bolezni al'fa-tokoferolom.

Macro- and microscopic transformations were studied in burned animals skeleton after treatment with alpha-tocopherolum. The antioxidant was found to optimize osteogenesis, disturbed in burn lesion.

Estrogen treatment of patients with established postmenopausal osteoporosis.

We conducted a controlled study of the effects of oral estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone mass was measured in the lumbar vertebrae and hip using dual photon absorptiometry. Both estrogen-treated women and the control group received calcium supplements to bring total intake to approximately 1500 mg/day. For those women with an intact uterus in the estrogen wing of the study, a progestin was added to the therapy for 12-14 days each calendar month. The number of years from menopause was 14.6 +/- 0.9 in the estrogen-treated group and 13.7 +/- 1.1 in the calcium-treated group. Estrogen treatment was associated with increased vertebral bone mass by dual photon absorptiometry during the 2 years of the study (+10.6%; P less than .01). There was also an increase in bone density at the femoral neck (+5.5%; P less than .1), but the difference from the initial value was not statistically significant. The group given calcium alone lost bone at both sites, although the loss was not statistically significant at either site. The response to estrogen was greatest in those who were furthest from menopause (r = 0.38, P less than .05) and consequently among those who had the lowest bone mass (r = -0.34, P less than .05). Estrogen therapy appears to be an effective therapy for patients with established osteoporosis. Intervention is associated with a significant increase in bone mass compatible with reduced skeletal turnover and activation frequency.