Research Note: Phytobiotics modulate the expression profile of circulating inflammasome and cyto(chemo)kine in whole blood of broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress.

Heat stress (HS) is a critical concern to the poultry industry as it affects both productivity and well-being. Various managerial and nutritional strategies have been proposed to mitigate the negative effects of HS in chickens, with plant-based additives showing promise. Recently, we reported the positive effect of a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on growth performance in HS birds. Owing to the antioxidant nature of these compounds, we sought to further explore the effect of PFA on whole blood circulating chemokines, cytokines, and inflammasomes in HS broilers. Broilers (600 males, 1 d) were randomly assigned to 12 environmental chambers, subjected to 2 environmental conditions (12 h cyclic heat stress, HS, 35°C vs. thermoneutral condition [TN], 24°C) and fed 3 diets (control, PFA-C 250 ppm, PFA-C 400 ppm) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. After 21 d of cyclic HS, blood samples were collected for target gene expression analysis. HS upregulated the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and downregulated glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPX-3), and there was diet × temperature interaction for SOD2, GPX-1, and GPX-3, where gene expression was increased by PFA-C250 during HS but was unchanged for PFA-C400. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were increased by HS. Gene expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18) was decreased by HS, without further effect of PFA. HS increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), but this effect was mitigated by PFA-C400. C-C motif chemokine ligands 4 and 20 (CCL4 and CCL20) showed a similar pattern to TNFα, with PFA-C400 ameliorating the negative effect of HS. The nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was decreased by HS and further lowered by PFA-C400, but the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and CARD domain containing 3 (NLRC3) and nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat containing X1 (NLRX1) inflammasomes were increased by PFA under TN conditions, with no effects of HS. Heat shock proteins (HSP) and heat shock factors (HSF) were unaffected by PFA or HS. Together these data indicate that gene expression of circulating inflammatory factors are dysregulated during HS, and supplemental dietary PFA may be protective.

Effect of Morus alba root bark extract on gene-level expression of inflammatory markers in rats subjected to ethanol and cerulein induced pancreatitis- influence of heat shock protein 70.

Background Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a persistent inflammation of the pancreas clinically presented with severe abdominal pain, progressive fibrosis, and loss of exocrine and endocrine functions. Inflammasomes, cytosolic multiprotein complexes which regulate the formation of proinflammatory cytokines, are influenced by various factors including heat shock proteins (HSPs). Morus alba L., or white mulberry root bark is a valued traditional Asian medicine with a diverse array of phytochemicals. The aim of this investigation was to define the modulatory action of methanolic extract of Morus alba root bark (MEMARB) on NLRP3 inflammasome, and HSPs in pancreas subjected to inflammatory insult. Methods Pancreatitis was induced in male albino Wistar rats by ethanol (0-36%) and cerulein (20 µg/kg b.wt., i.p.) for 5 weeks with or without MEMARB administration. Serum lipase/amylase (L/A) ratio, oxidative stress index (OSI) and reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio in the pancreas were evaluated. Levels of serum HSP70 was quantified by ELISA. NF-kappa B, NLRP3-ASC, caspase-1, IL-1ß, IL-18, and HSP70 gene expression was quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results L/A ratio and oxidative stress determined in terms of OSI and GSH/GSSG ratio were elevated in pancreatitis-induced rats. The levels were restored in MEMARB co-administered animals. Serum level of HSP70 was increased in pancreatitis-induced animals and dropped significantly in MEMARB co-administrated rats. Pancreatitis-induced group showed increased expression of NF-kappa B, IL-1ß, IL-18, caspase-1, NLRP3-ASC and HSP70 mRNA than in MEMARB treated group. Conclusions It can be concluded that the M. alba root extract modulates the expression of HSP70 and NLRP3-ASC which might be attributed to its pancreato-protective effect.

NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral blood monocytes of acute coronary syndrome patients and its relationship with statins.

OBJECTIVES: Despite recent advances in the understanding of the role of NLRP3 inflammasomes in coronary atherosclerosis, further work on their activation and clinical implications remains to be performed. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of the dose of rosuvastatin on NLRP3 and cathepsin-B expression in peripheral blood monocytes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: A total of 123 participants were enrolled in this study; these included acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients (n=53), unstable angina patients (UA, n=40), and normal controls (n=30). AMI and UA patients were divided into high-dose rosuvastatin (20 mg) and low-dose rosuvastatin (5 mg) groups. NLRP3, cathepsin-B, and downstream cytokine expressions were appropriately evaluated using real-time PCR, flow cytometry, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The concentrations of serum inflammatory markers were also evaluated for correlation with NLRP3 levels. RESULTS: AMI and UA patients had higher NLRP3, cathepsin-B, interleukin-18 (IL-18), pro-IL-18, IL-1ß, and pro-IL-1ß expressions as compared with the control group (P<0.05). This corresponded with higher levels of serum total cholesterol, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in UA and AMI patients (P<0.05). Rosuvastatin at a concentration of 20 mg led to a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the expressions of NLRP3, cathepsin-B, and their downstream cytokines as compared with 5 mg rosuvastatin (P>0.05) from baseline to 4 weeks. This study also showed a positive correlation between NLRP3, cathepsin-B, and downstream inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSION: NLRP3 is involved in inflammation that leads to atherosclerosis. A high dose of rosuvastatin can modulate the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis by downregulating the expression of NLRP3, cathepsin-B, and their downstream mediators. These findings provide insight into the pathogenesis and management of acute coronary syndrome, with NLRP3 as the potential target.