Chest Radiographs for Distinguishing ADA-SCID from Other Forms of SCID.

PURPOSE: Early differentiation of adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID) from other forms of SCID may initiate appropriate treatment interventions with the aim of metabolic detoxification and improved outcome. Our hypothesis was that previously described radiological features (inferior scapular angle squaring and spurring and costochondral cupping) can differentiate ADA-SCID from other forms of SCID. METHODS: Chest radiographs at clinical presentation between 2000 and 2017 of children with ADA-SCID were retrospectively included, provided that the radiological features were assessable. Random chest radiographs of children with other forms of SCID were included for comparison. Three paediatric radiologists (2 senior, 1 junior) assessed the radiographs for the specific radiological features and stated their diagnosis (ADA-SCID or non-ADA-SCID). An optimal threshold for test performance was defined using a ROC curve. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients with ADA-SCID and twenty-five patients with non-ADA-SCID were included (median age 3.8 months). The optimal threshold for test performance was at approximately < 7 months old: sensitivity 91.7%, specificity 80.7%, interreader agreement was k = 0.709, AUC 0.862. The positive likelihood ratio for scapular squaring, scapular spur, and costochondral cupping was 4.0, 54.6 and 7.8, respectively. The test was valid when performed by both senior and junior paediatric radiologists. CONCLUSION: Radiological features such as scapular spurring, scapular squaring and costochondral cupping can reliably differentiate between ADA-SCID and other forms of SCID. This is true for children aged approximately < 7 months, and this is reliable when assessed by both senior and junior paediatric radiologists.

Long term outcomes of severe combined immunodeficiency: therapy implications.

INTRODUCTION: Newborn screening has led to a better understanding of the prevalence of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) overall and in terms of specific genotypes. Survival has improved following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) with the best outcomes seen following use of a matched sibling donor. However, questions remain regarding the optimal alternative donor source, appropriate use of conditioning and the impact of these decisions on immune reconstitution and other late morbidities. Areas covered: The currently available literature reporting late effects after HCT for SCID and use of alternative therapies including enzyme replacement, alternative donors and gene therapy are reviewed. A literature search was performed on Pubmed and ClinicalTrials.gov using key words 'Severe Combined Immunodeficiency', 'SCID', 'hematopoietic stem cell transplant', 'conditioning', 'gene therapy', 'SCID newborn screening', 'TREC' and 'late effects'. Expert commentary: Newborn screening has dramatically changed the clinical presentation of newborn SCID. While the majority of patients with SCID survive HCT, data regarding late effects in these patients is limited and additional studies focused on genotype specific late effects are needed. Prospective studies aimed at minimizing the use of alkylating agents and reducing late effects beyond survival are needed. Gene therapy is being developed and will likely become a more commonly used treatment that will require separate consideration of survival and late effects.

Precision Molecular Diagnosis Defines Specific Therapy in Combined Immunodeficiency with Megaloblastic Anemia Secondary to MTHFD1 Deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) deficiency has recently been reported to cause a folate-responsive syndrome displaying a phenotype that includes megaloblastic anemia and severe combined immunodeficiency. OBJECTIVE: To describe our investigative approach to the molecular diagnosis and evaluation of immune dysfunction in a family with MTHFD1 deficiency. METHODS: The methods used were exome sequencing and analysis of variants in genes involved in the folate metabolic pathway in a family with 2 affected siblings. Routine laboratory and research data were analyzed to gain an in-depth understanding of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immune function before and after folinic acid supplementation. RESULTS: Interrogation of exome data for concordant variants between the siblings in the genes involved in folate metabolic pathway identified a heterozygous mutation in exon 3 of the MTHFD1 gene that was shared with their mother. In view of highly suggestive phenotype, we extended our bioinformatics interrogation for structural variants in the MTHFD1 gene by manual evaluation of the exome data for sequence depth coverage of all the exons. A deletion involving exon 13 that was shared with their father was identified. Routine laboratory data showed lymphopenia involving all subsets and poor response to vaccines. In vitro analysis of dendritic cell and lymphocyte function was comparable to that in healthy volunteers. Treatment with folinic acid led to immune reconstitution, enabling discontinuation of all prophylactic therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Exome sequencing demonstrated MTHFD1 deficiency as a novel cause of a combined immunodeficiency. Folinic acid was established as precision therapy to reverse the clinical and laboratory phenotype of this primary immunodeficiency.

Severe combined immunodeficiency resulting from mutations in MTHFD1.

Folate and vitamin B(12) metabolism are essential for de novo purine synthesis, and several defects in these pathways have been associated with immunodeficiency. Here we describe the occurrence of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) with megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and neurologic abnormalities in which hydroxocobalamin and folate therapy provided partial immune reconstitution. Whole exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous mutations in the MTHFD1 gene, which encodes a trifunctional protein essential for processing of single-carbon folate derivatives. We now report the immunologic details of this novel genetic cause of SCID and the response to targeted metabolic supplementation therapies. This finding expands the known metabolic causes of SCID and presents an important diagnostic consideration given the positive impact of therapy.

Immunodeficiency disorders in horses.

Immunodeficiencies are characterized as primary (genetic) or secondary (acquired). Primary immunodeficiencies are relatively uncommon; however, clinically, they present a significant challenge to the practitioner, especially if the underlying disorder goes unrecognized. Secondary immunodeficiencies may present at any age, but failure of passive transfer in neonatal foals is most commonly encountered. This article provides a general overview of clinical signs and diagnosis of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies currently recognized in horses.

Trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas en pediatría: Una alternativa de tratamiento en inmunodeficiencias primarias / Hematopoietic stem cell transplant in combined immunodeficiency syndromes of childhood: An optimal treatment for primary immunodeficiency

The congenital immunodeficiency disorders in which the defect has been clearly traced to the stem cell can be cured with allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) from an unaffected donor. Widespread application of this treatment modality has been tempered by the fact that risk-benefit considerations do not always favor a procedure that carries a significant risk for morbidity and mortality. Some malignant disorders of childhood eventually have to be treated by an autologous or allogeneic SCT, however nonmalignant disorders can also be treated with this approach. This article reviews the current status of SCT for nonmalignant inherited immunodeficiency disorders.

Tradicionalmente el trasplante de células progenituras hematopoyéticas (TCPH) se ha utilizado en pacientes pediátricos para el tratamiento de padecimientos malignos. Sin embargo, también existen indicaciones y experiencia para padecimientos benignos dentro de los cuales se encuentran los síndromes de inmunodeficiencia combinada primaria. Estos síndromes de la infancia constituyen una serie de padecimientos que aun cuando son infrecuentes en la patología infantil constituyen un grupo de alteraciones que hasta hace más de tres décadas eran irremediablemente fatales. Con el advenimiento del TCPH el pronóstico de estos síndromes ha mejorado sustancialmente, por lo que es importante conocer sus resultados, así como su morbimortalidad asociada.

[Hematopoietic stem cell transplant in combined immunodeficiency syndromes of childhood: an optimal treatment for primary immunodeficiency]. / Trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas en pediatría: una alternativa de tratamiento en inmunodeficiencias primarias.

The congenital immunodeficiency disorders in which the defect has been clearly traced to the stem cell can be cured with allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) from an unaffected donor. Widespread application of this treatment modality has been tempered by the fact that risk-benefit considerations do not always favor a procedure that carries a significant risk for morbidity and mortality. Some malignant disorders of childhood eventually have to be treated by an autologous or allogeneic SCT, however nonmalignant disorders can also be treated with this approach. This article reviews the current status of SCT for nonmalignant inherited immunodeficiency disorders.

Hiperplasia nodular linfoide en un paciente con inmunodeficiencia combinada grave / Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease

Describimos un caso de hiperplasia nodular linfoide en el contexto de un cuadro de inmunodeficiencia combinada grave. La paciente refería estreñimiento y crisis de dolor abdominal, presentando en la exploración una voluminosa masa abdominal. Los exámenes radiológicos iniciales hicieron sospechar el diagnóstico, pero fue necesaria la realización de una biopsia intestinal con el fin de descartar una afectación linfomatosa. Queremos llamar la atención sobre la semiología radiológica de esta entidad, que si bien en principio puede ser un hallazgo casual sin significado patológico, requiere una especial atención especialmente en sujetos inmunodeficientes (AU)

Trasplante de médula ósea en pacientes portadores de inmunodeficiencias severas combinadas / Bone marrow transplantation in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency

La inmunodeficiencia severa combinada (IDSC) es una inmunodeficiencia primaria cuya evolución clínica es mortal si no se realiza un tratamiento con trasplante de médula ósea (TMO). En los últimos 8 años cuatro pacientes de sexo masculino han sido sometidos a TMO, dos de ellos con donante idéntico (hermanos) y los otros dos con médula obtenida de sus respectivas madres (haploidéntico). Como elementos de importancia deben mencionarse la presencia de diseminación de la vacuna BCG en dos de ellos, una paraproteinemia de predominio IgM en un caso y la identificación de una quimera por linfocitos maternos en otro niño. En los cuatro casos existía compromiso pulmonar de importancia, con secuelas tipo bronquiectasias en dos de ellos. Dos pacientes que recibieron TMO idéntico normalizaron su trastorno inmunológico al mes y tres meses de haber recibido el TMO, encontrándose en la actualidad sanos con un tiempo de seguimiento de 1 y 7 años respectivamente. Los otros dos enfermos trasplantados con médula no idéntica fallecieron de complicaciones atribuibles a infecciones y al daño pulmonar existente, al 1 y 2 meses de efectuarse el TMO. Las implicancias prácticas del diagnóstico de la IDSC y los aspectos más importantes del TMO son comentados