Treatments for ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Effective treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is essential to improving youth outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review provides an overview of the available treatment options. DATA SOURCES: We identified controlled treatment evaluations in 12 databases published from 1980 to June 2023; treatments were not restricted by intervention content. STUDY SELECTION: Studies in children and adolescents with clinically diagnosed ADHD, reporting patient health and psychosocial outcomes, were eligible. Publications were screened by trained reviewers, supported by machine learning. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were abstracted and critically appraised by 1 reviewer and checked by a methodologist. Data were pooled using random-effects models. Strength of evidence and applicability assessments followed Evidence-based Practice Center standards. RESULTS: In total, 312 studies reported in 540 publications were included. We grouped evidence for medication, psychosocial interventions, parent support, nutrition and supplements, neurofeedback, neurostimulation, physical exercise, complementary medicine, school interventions, and provider approaches. Several treatments improved ADHD symptoms. Medications had the strongest evidence base for improving outcomes, including disruptive behaviors and broadband measures, but were associated with adverse events. LIMITATIONS: We found limited evidence of studies comparing alternative treatments directly and indirect analyses identified few systematic differences across stimulants and nonstimulants. Identified combination of medication with youth-directed psychosocial interventions did not systematically produce better results than monotherapy, though few combinations have been evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: A growing number of treatments are available that improve ADHD symptoms and other outcomes, in particular for school-aged youth. Medication therapies remain important treatment options but are associated with adverse events.

Multidimensional evaluation of the early emergence of executive function and development in Bangladeshi children using nutritional and psychosocial intervention: A randomized controlled trial protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Reversing malnutrition-induced impairment of cognition and emotional regulation is a critical global gap. We hypothesize that brain-targeted micronutrient supplemented nutritional rehabilitation in children with moderate acute malnutrition, followed by 2 years micronutrient supplementation will impact on the cognition and emotion regulation of these children. METHODS: The primary outcome of this prospective, randomized controlled trial is to study the development of executive functions (EFs) and emotion regulation (ER) in this cohort. Moderate acute malnourished (MAM; WLZ/WHZ <-2 and ≥-3 z-score, and/or 11.5 cm ≤ MUAC < 12.5cm; n = 140)children aged around one year (11m-13m) in Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh will be randomized (1:1) to receive either locally produced Ready to Use Supplementary Food (RUSF) or Enhanced Ready to Use Supplementary Food (E-RUSF) until anthropometric recovery (WLZ/WHZ > -1SD), or for 3 months after enrollment (whichever is earlier). The randomized MAMs groups will be given either Small Quantity Lipid Based Nutrient Supplement (SQLNS) or Enhanced Small Quantity Lipid Based Nutrient Supplement (E-SQLNS), respectively until the end of the 2-year follow up period. Standard psychosocial stimulation will be provided to the MAMs intervention groups. Biological samples will be collected, anthropometric and neurocognitive assessments will be performed at 2 (22m-26m) and 3 (34m-38m) years of age. Two control groups will be recruited: 1), non-malnourished one-year (11m-13m) old children (WLZ/WHZ score>-1SD; n = 70); and 2) three-year (34m-38m) old children (n = 70) with untreated MAM (WHZ <-2 and ≥-3 z-score, and/or 11.5≤MUAC<12.5 cm). The 3-year-old MAM reference group will be assessed once and provided with 2 months of nutritional rehabilitation support (RUSF Nutriset's Plumpy'Sup™).

The psychological intervention and clinical efficacy of Rosenthal effect and acupuncture bleeding on middle-aged and young patients with sudden hearing loss.

Combining traditional Chinese medicine theory and modern medical knowledge, this study explores the pathogenesis of sudden hearing loss in middle-aged and young people. Sixty-four young and middle-aged patients with sudden hearing loss who visited a public tertiary hospital in China are chosen as experimental objects. All experimental patients are broken into an experimental group (n = 32) and a control group (n = 32). The control group receive conventional Western medicine treatment regimen. The experimental group receive select acupoint acupuncture and bloodletting combined with Rosenthal effect for psychological intervention, and both groups have a treatment course of 14 days. The changes in the patient's condition before and after treatment are observed, and the differences in hearing threshold values, tinnitus, and dizziness clinical efficacy before and after treatment are observed and recorded. It evaluates the efficacy using the Anxiety, Depression Scale, and Hope Scale and statistically analyzes the data. The dizziness score of the experimental group decreased rapidly, the treatment onset time was shorter, and the improvement effect on dizziness symptoms was better (P < .05). After 1 month of intervention treatment, the intervention of the experimental group was better (P < .05). The hope level and self-efficacy of both groups of patients were raised in contrast with before treatment (P < .05). After 1 month, the intervention effect of the experimental group was more significant (P < .01). Both groups could improve patient ear blood circulation, but the experimental group had lower plasma viscosity, hematocrit, and red blood cell aggregation index, higher red blood cell deformation index, and more significant improvement effect (P < .05). The effective rates of improving hearing and tinnitus in the experimental group reached 87.5% and 81.5%, and the clinical treatment efficacy was better than that in the control group (P < .05). The level of depression and anxiety in the experimental group remained relatively stable, while that in the control group showed a significant rebound (P < .05). In conclusion, both groups had a certain effect in treating sudden deafness, both of which could effectively improve the patient's hearing. But in contrast with the control group, the experimental group had better clinical efficacy, higher safety, and better psychological intervention results, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

The power of a cup of tea: psychosocial interventions in dementia.

Dementia is a condition that affects the psychological and emotional wellbeing of not only the person with the diagnosis but also those around them. Therefore, providing holistic support and care to the entire family is essential. Psychosocial interventions have a significant impact on families living with dementia. They are a broad category of strategies and approaches that support the whole person by recognising their inherent strengths, and acknowledging and addressing the challenges they face. These interventions can range from a simple conversation over a cup of tea to more structured forms of psychotherapy.

The role of mentalizing in psychological interventions in adults: Systematic review and recommendations for future research.

Mentalizing is the human capacity to understand actions of others and one's own behavior in terms of intentional mental states, such as feelings, wishes, goals and desires. Mentalizing is a transtheoretical and transdiagnostic concept that has been applied to understanding vulnerability to psychopathology and has attracted considerable research attention over the past decades. This paper reports on a pre-registered systematic review of evidence concerning the role of mentalizing as a moderator and mediator in psychological interventions in adults. Studies in adults were reviewed that address the following questions: (a) does pre-treatment mentalizing predict treatment outcome; (b) do changes in mentalizing across treatment predict outcome; (c) does adherence to the principles or protocol of mentalization-based treatment predict outcome; and (d) does strengthening in-session mentalizing impact the therapeutic process via improved alliance, alleviated symptoms, or improved interpersonal functioning? Results suggest that mentalizing might be a mediator of change in psychotherapy and may moderate treatment outcome. However, the relatively small number of studies (n = 33 papers based on 29 studies, totaling 3124 participants) that could be included in this review, and the heterogeneity of studies in terms of design, measures used, disorders included, and treatment modalities, precluded a formal meta-analysis and limited the ability to draw strong conclusions. Therefore, theoretical and methodological recommendations for future research to improve the quality of existing research in this area are formulated.

A systematic review to explore the effectiveness of physical health and psychosocial interventions on anxiety, depression and quality of life in people living with blood cancer.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: Anxiety and depression are more prevalent in hematological cancer patients who experience unpredictable illness trajectories and aggressive treatments compared to solid tumor patients. Efficacy of psychosocial interventions targeted at blood cancer patients is relatively unknown. This systematic review examined trials of physical health and psychosocial interventions intending to improve levels of anxiety, depression, and/or quality of life in adults with hematological cancers. LITERATURE SEARCH: PubMed and CINAHL databases were used to perform a systematic review of literature using PRISMA guidelines. DATA EVALUATION/SYNTHESIS: Twenty-nine randomized controlled trials of 3232 participants were included. Thirteen studies were physical therapy, nine psychological, five complementary, one nutritional and one spiritual therapy interventions. Improvements were found in all therapy types except nutritional therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that included personal contact with clinicians were more likely to be effective in improving mental health than those without. IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOSOCIAL ONCOLOGY: Various psychosocial interventions can be offered but interactive components appear crucial for generating long-standing improvements in quality of life, anxiety and depression.

Music interventions with children, adolescents and emerging adults in mental health settings: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Music is increasingly used with youths in health and psychosocial interventions. We conducted a scoping review with the aim to provide an overview of the current available evidence on music intervention for youth in mental health settings, to inform practice and further research. METHODS: Three databases (PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL) were surveyed. Using the PRISMA review method, 23 studies met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Young people aged from 4 to 25 years old with various mental health conditions participated in music interventions. Music therapy was the most investigated (71%). Improving social skills was the most frequent therapeutic aim addressed. Music interventions are mostly appreciated by the participants, but it is difficult to make conclusions about their effectiveness because of the heterogeneity of research designs and the limited current state of research. CONCLUSION: Music interventions appear to represent a promising complementary approach to usual psychiatric care, but further standardised research is necessary to continue investigating their therapeutic effects.

Psicologias indígenas em desastres: construção de linhas de cuidado ao Bem-Viver de povos originários / Indigenous psychology in disasters: lines of care construction for the "Buen Vivir" of original peoples

Objetivo Em 2021, povos indígenas Pataxó, Pataxó Hãhãhãe e Tupinambá foram atingidos por inundações intensas na Bahia. A situação exigiu respostas imediatas das equipes locais de saúde, contando com a assessoria de especialistas em desastres e emergências em saúde pública. Esse estudo de caso aborda o processo de construção de linhas de cuidado ao Bem-Viver dos povos originários afetados, por meio do trabalho colaborativo entre etnias indígenas e equipes de políticas públicas de saúde. Método Foram analisados registros de reuniões, um curso de formação para profissionais de saúde indígena e três documentos de referência. Resultados Abordou-se possibilidades e desafios no cuidado ao Bem-Viver na fase de resposta pós-desastres e emergências em saúde pública, com a garantia da especificidade e do protagonismo das comunidades atendidas. Conclusão Foram apresentadas considerações para o processo de construção de linhas de cuidado ao Bem-Viver de povos originários, buscando oferecer subsídios à conformação de políticas públicas consoantes às particularidades sócio-histórico-culturais de cada etnia.

Objective In 2021, the indigenous communities Pataxó, Pataxó Hãhãhãe and Tupinambá, in the state of Bahia, Brazil, were hit by intense floods. The situation required immediate response from local health professionals, with advice from experts in public health disasters and emergencies. This case study focuses on the development of lines of care for the "Buen Vivir" of affected original peoples through collaborative work between indigenous ethnic groups and public health policy professionals. Method Analysis of the records of meetings, a training course for indigenous health professionals and three reference documents was carried out. Results Possibilities and challenges for assuring the "Buen Vivir" in the post-disaster and public health emergency response phase were addressed, guaranteeing the specificity and protagonism of the communities served. Conclusion Contributions were presented along the lines of care construction processes for the "Buen Vivir" of indigenous peoples, pursuing subsidies for public policies in accordance with the socio-historical-cultural particularities of each ethnic group.

Psychosocial interventions for teenagers with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVES: Psychosocial interventions can improve teenagers' self-esteem, mental health and bracing compliance. There is a need to compile available evidence of psychosocial care in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate the effects of existing interventional studies of psychosocial care for the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis population. METHODS: A comprehensive search of relevant literature published from the inception to March 2023 was conducted using nine databases. A google scholar search was performed on 1 July 2023, to update the searching results. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality and extracted details of the included studies. Given the heterogeneity of the selected articles, the findings were synthesized narratively without conducting a meta-analysis. RESULTS: Four randomized controlled trials reported in six articles involving 385 teenagers were included. The interventions appeared acceptable with high recruitment rates and low dropout rates reported. Psychosocial interventions had shown significant positive effects on postoperative pain, engagement in daily and social activities as well as brace use, coping abilities and anxiety. CONCLUSION: Psychosocial interventions are generally feasible and acceptable among the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis population and have produced positive effects on a variety of physical and psychosocial outcomes. Study findings need to be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of available articles and the methodological concerns of the reviewed articles. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Well-designed clinical trials are warranted in people from cultural backgrounds to develop and implement effective psychosocial interventions for teenagers with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, not only for those at the post-surgery stage but also for those receiving conservative treatment.

Psychosocial interventions on the posttraumatic growth of adults with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: It has been increasingly recognized that some people experience post-traumatic growth (PTG) as a result of struggling with cancer. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to identify psychosocial interventions that might facilitate PTG in adults with cancer. METHODS: A search was conducted in PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and ProQuest up to 16 September 2022. The PRISMA guidelines were followed; all included interventional studies had to comprise 30 or more adults with cancer, using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, from 1994 forward. RESULTS: A total of 2731 articles were retrieved, 1028 of those were screened and 37 unique trials were included (46 articles). A large number of studies were published since 2018 (52.4%), were randomized controlled trials (43.2%), and had group interventions (34.8%), including mainly female participants (83.8%) with a single cancer type (54.1%). Most interventions (75.7%) were moderately to highly effective in increasing PTG (d = 0.65, 95% CI 0.39-0.91) with the most effective interventions using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (d = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.05-2.44), Mindfulness-based (d = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.14-0.94) and Education, Peer Support and Health Coaching interventions (d = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.1-0.46). Expression-based and Positive Psychology-based approaches also showed promising results. Notably, the majority of studies had a high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: PTG facilitation is a promising field that should be pursued as it not only allows people with cancer to overcome their trauma but also results in them going over and above their pre-cancer state, enhancing resilience, health, and well-being.

Personalized therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (PETRA): a protocol for a randomized controlled trial to test the effect of a psychological intervention in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects cartilage and bone. Psychological stress can both trigger disease exacerbation and result from disease activity. As standard pharmacological interventions alone have limited success in treating RA, a more comprehensive biopsychosocial approach to treatment has been recommended. In this prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT), a psychotherapeutically guided, group-based intervention program will be conducted with RA patients over a period of 9 months. This program combines a dynamic-interactional model with disorder-specific coping-oriented perspectives to improve patients' social, emotional, and problem-solving competencies as well as stress system functional status. The enrolment of 440 patients, randomly allocated to either an intervention (n = 220) or control group (n = 220), is planned. To evaluate the intervention effect, various indicators of RA disease activity, stress system activity, and psychological condition will be assessed through sets of standardized questionnaires and biochemical analyses of blood and saliva samples. Moreover, healthcare-related costs for each patient will be obtained using routine health insurance data. Outcome variables will be measured in all patients at regular intervals prior to intervention (baseline), during the 9-month intervention (five time points), and during a 9-month follow-up phase (three time points), allowing the comprehensive analysis of within- and between-subject effects, i.e. trajectories of the target variables in the intervention and control groups. In addition, to investigate the intervention effects on real-life stress system functioning in RA, 10 integrative single-case studies (n = 5 from the intervention group, n = 5 from the control group) will be conducted. In each study, once before and after the 9-month intervention, urine samples will be collected, and patients will fill out questionnaires for approximately 1 month at 12-h intervals. Moreover, weekly in-depth interviews will be conducted with patients to determine their previous week's emotionally positive and negative incidents. Using time series analysis, it is then possible to investigate whether and how stress system function in these RA patients has improved from the applied intervention. By using both an investigational macro- and microperspective, this project aims to evaluate a psychological intervention in the routine care of individuals with RA.Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00028144. Registered on 1 March 2022.

MITIG.RA: study protocol of a tailored psychological intervention for managing fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite remarkable medical advances in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a subset of patients fails to achieve complete clinical remission, as the Patient Global Assessment (PGA) of disease activity remains above 1, even after the inflammatory process is brought under control. This so-called state of 'PGA-near-remission' negatively impacts individuals' functioning and potentiates inadequate care. Fatigue is a distressing and disabling symptom frequently reported by patients in PGA-near-remission, and its management remains challenging. While classic cognitive-behavioural interventions show some benefits in managing fatigue, there is potential for improvement. Recently, contextual-cognitive behavioural therapies (CCBT), like mindfulness, acceptance, and compassion-based interventions, have shown promising results in fatigue-associated disorders and their determinants. This study primarily aims to examine the efficacy of the Compassion and Mindfulness Intervention for RA (MITIG.RA), a novel intervention combining different components of CCBT, compared to treatment-as-usual (TAU) in the management of RA-associated fatigue. Secondary aims involve exploring whether MITIG.RA produces changes in the perceived impact of disease, satisfaction with disease status, levels of depression, and emotion-regulation skills. METHODS: This is a single center, two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial. Patients will be screened for eligibility and willingness to participate and will be assessed and randomized to the experimental (MITIG.RA + TAU) or control condition (TAU) using computer randomization. MITIG.RA will be delivered by a certified psychologist and comprises eight sessions of 2 h, followed by two booster sessions. Outcomes will be assessed through validated self-report measures, including fatigue (primary outcome), perceived impact of disease, depressive symptoms, mindfulness, self-compassion, safety, and satisfaction (secondary outcomes). Assessment will take place at baseline, post-intervention, before the first and second booster sessions (weeks 12 and 20, respectively), and at 32 and 44 weeks after the interventions' beginning. DISCUSSION: We expect MITIG.RA to be effective in reducing levels of RA-associated fatigue. Secondarily, we hypothesize that the experimental group will show improvements in the overall perceived impact of disease, emotional distress, and emotion regulation skills. Our findings will contribute to determine the benefits of combining CCBT approaches for managing fatigue and associated distress in RA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05389189. Registered on May 25, 2022.

[Utilization of remote psychosocial intervention with men: What is the state of knowledge?] / L'utilisation de l'intervention psychosociale à distance auprès des hommes : quel est l'état des connaissances ?

Background Remote psychosocial intervention has been used by most health care organizations since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic. However, the rapid introduction of this type of practice generates new methods of intervention that raise many questions, particularly about men who, in general, use face-to-face psychosocial intervention less than women. This documentary research aims to report on current knowledge on remote psychosocial intervention with men. Methods PICO technique was used to find relevant documents to achieve the objective of this research. In accord with our criteria, 62 documents were selected in several databases and search engines. The selected texts were subject to an analysis process consisting of two stages: the creation of reading sheets followed by a content analysis. Results The results underline the lack of scientific data on the men's experience when they initiate a request for help, the commitment process, and the effectiveness of the remote intervention. Several elements seem potentially promising, including patients' perceptions of having more power and freedom which could favorize engagement of men who have a traditional vision of masculinity. Conclusions It appears that gender-related variables are not commonly used when it comes to analyze the effects of distance psychosocial intervention. Other studies will be needed to have a holistic vision of the realities experienced by men towards the offer of remote psychosocial intervention.

Implementing psychological interventions delivered by respiratory professionals for people with COPD. A stakeholder interview study.

Implementing psychological interventions in healthcare services requires an understanding of the organisational context. We conducted an interview study with UK National Health Service stakeholders to understand the barriers and facilitators for implementing psychological interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). We used TANDEM as an exemplar intervention; a psychological intervention recently evaluated in a randomised controlled trial. Twenty participants providing care and/or services to people with COPD were purposively sampled from NHS primary/secondary care, and commissioning organisations. Participants were recruited via professional networks and referrals. Verbatim transcripts of semi-structured interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Four themes were identified: (1) Living with COPD and emotional distress affects engagement with physical and psychological services; (2) Resource limitations affects service provision in COPD; (3) Provision of integrated care is important for patient well-being; and (4) Healthcare communication can be an enabler or a barrier to patient engagement. People need support with physical and psychological symptoms inherent with COPD and healthcare should be provided holistically. Respiratory healthcare professionals are considered able to provide psychologically informed approaches, but resources must be available for training, staff supervision and service integration. Communication between professionals is vital for clear understanding of an intervention's aims and content, to facilitate referrals and uptake. There was widespread commitment to integrating psychological and physical care, and support of respiratory healthcare professionals' role in delivering psychological interventions but significant barriers to implementation due to concerns around resources and cost efficiency. The current study informs future intervention development and implementation.

Can psychological interventions prevent or reduce risk for perinatal anxiety disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the extent to which interventions can prevent perinatal anxiety disorders. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether interventions can decrease the onset and symptoms of perinatal anxiety among individuals without an anxiety disorder diagnosis. METHOD: We conducted a comprehensive literature search across five databases related to key concepts: (1) anxiety disorders/anxiety symptom severity (2) perinatal (3) interventions (4) prevention. We included studies that examined a perinatal population without an anxiety disorder diagnosis, included a comparator group, and assessed perinatal anxiety. We included interventions focused on perinatal anxiety as well as interventions to prevent perinatal depression or influence related outcomes (e.g., physical activity). RESULTS: Thirty-six studies were included. No study assessing the incidence of perinatal anxiety disorder (n = 4) found a significant effect of an intervention. Among studies assessing anxiety symptom severity and included in the quantitative analysis (n = 30), a meta-analysis suggested a small standardized mean difference of -0.31 (95% CI [-0.46, -0.16], p < .001) for anxiety at post intervention, favoring the intervention group. Both mindfulness (n = 6), and cognitive behavioral therapy approaches (n = 10) were effective. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions developed for perinatal anxiety were more effective than interventions to prevent perinatal depression. Psychological interventions show promise for reducing perinatal anxiety symptom severity, though interventions specifically targeting anxiety are needed.

Psychoneuroimmunological Markers of Psychological Intervention in Pediatric Cancer: A Systematic Review and New Integrative Model.

PURPOSE: Pediatric cancer is a serious problem and still becomes a global challenge today. Various complex stressors due to diagnosis, disease symptoms, and various side-effects from the treatment that children with cancer undergo will cause problems in the child's psychoneuroimmunological aspects. Psychological interventions designed to modulate the stress response include psychoneuroimmunological markers. Unfortunately, there is little evidence to support the effect of psychological interventions on psychoneuroimmunological markers. This systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of psychological interventions on psychoneuroimmunological markers in children with cancer and to provide a new integrative model for further research. METHODS: This systematic review uses four main databases (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest). The guideline used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Selecting articles used the Rayyan application. The quality study was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI)'s critical appraisal tools. The data were analyzed using the population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design (PICO) Synthesis based on similarities and differences in study characteristics to interpret the results. RESULTS: The search results in this systematic review found 1653 articles, 21 of which matched the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most of the designs used were randomized controlled trials (57.1%). Massage therapy was the most common type of psychological intervention (14.2%). Almost half of the studies measured psychological responses (38.0%), and psycho-physiological responses (42.9%), and only a small proportion assessed the effectiveness of psychological interventions on neuroimmunological markers in pediatric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend the use of psychological interventions as an additional intervention in managing psychoneuroimmunological markers of pediatric cancer. This study offers a new integrative model demonstrating the interaction between stress and psychological intervention involving neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms. However, future researchers need to test all domains of these new integrative models. This will reveal the complex interactions among these components and understand their relevance to health outcomes.

Psychological intervention for a person living with amblyopia: a case study from home-based integrated care.

Amblyopia is a common developmental disability resulting in reduced visual acuity and gaze stability; it occurs in approximately 5% of the general population. Here, we present the case of an 18-year-old girl diagnosed with amblyopia. Subsequent to her diagnosis of amblyopia, she developed a depressive episode with co-morbid anxiety symptoms. She was treated with low intensity psychological intervention, Problem Management Plus, as home-based intervention. This intervention was associated both subjectively and objectively utilising psychometric measures (i.e. psychiatric interview, depression, anxiety and stress scale, general health questionnaire) with a significant amelioration of her mental state. This case provides preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of Problem Management Plus intervention and suggests that this intervention should be considered for other individuals with similar clinical presentations.

The Role of OH Cards in Psychological Interventions for Children With Fractures.

Context: Fractures are traumatic events, with psychological effects that can have a negative impact on children hospitalized with fractures. They can seriously affect children's physical rehabilitation and quality of life and even produce psychological disorders The OH card is a metaphorical card that allows access to an individual's inner world and can have a positive effect in psychotherapy. Objective: The study intended to investigate the use of OH Cards during psychological interventions with children with fractures and to provide a methodological reference for the use of OH Cards in therapy. Design: The research team performed a randomized controlled study. Setting: The study took place in the Department of Trauma Surgery at Children's Hospital of Hebei Province in Shijiazhuang, China. Participants: Participants were 74 children with fractures who had been admitted to the hospital between September 2020 and November 2021. Intervention: The research team randomly divided participants into two groups using a random number table: (1) 37 in the intervention group, who received a conventional nursing intervention and also an OH-card intervention, and (2) 37 in the control group, who received conventional nursing interventions only. Outcome Measures: At baseline and postintervention, the research team: (1) measured the participants' posttraumatic growth scores, using the children's version of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI); (2) assessed their coping styles, using the Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ); (3) determined the existence of any stress disorders, using the Child Stress Disorder Checklist (CSDC); (4) evaluated their mental statuses using the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRSC) and the Screen for Child Anxiety-related Emotional Disorders (SCARED); and (5) measured participants' Fracture Knowledge Questionnaire scores. Results: At baseline, no significant differences existed between the groups for any outcome measure at baseline. Postintervention, the intervention group's scores: (1) on the PTGI, were significantly higher for mental change, appreciate life, individual force, new possibilities and personal relation than those of the control group; (2) on the MCMQ, were significantly higher for facing and significantly lower for avoidance and yield than those of the control group; (3) on the CSDC, were significantly lower for trauma incidents and acute response than the control group did; (4) on the DSRSC were significantly lower and on SCARED were significantly higher than those of the control group; and (5) on the Fracture Knowledge Questionnaire were significantly higher than those of the control group. Conclusions: OH Cards can increase the posttraumatic growth scores of children with fractures, improve their coping styles, reduce stress disorders, decrease depression and improve their psychological state, increase their knowledge about fractures, and promote their recovery.

The efficacy and acceptability of psychological interventions for adult PTSD: A network and pairwise meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: A comprehensive quantitative summary of the efficacy and acceptability of psychological interventions (PIs) for adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is lacking. METHOD: We conducted a systematic literature search to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy and acceptability (all-cause dropout) of psychological interventions (i.e., trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy [TF-CBT], eye movement desensitization and reprocessing [EMDR], other trauma-focused interventions and non-trauma-focused interventions). RESULTS: One hundred fifty-seven RCTs were included comprising 11,565 patients. Most research (64% of RCTs) accumulated for TF-CBT. In network meta-analyses, all therapies were effective when compared to control conditions. Interventions did not differ significantly in their efficacy. Yet, TF-CBT yielded higher short- (g = 0.17, 95% CI [0.03-0.31], number of comparisons kes = 190), mid- (i.e., ≤5 months posttreatment, g = 0.23, 95% CI [0.06-0.40], kes = 73) and long-term efficacy (i.e., >5 months posttreatment, g = 0.20, 95% CI [0.04-0.35], kes = 41) than non-trauma-focused interventions. There was some evidence of network inconsistencies, and heterogeneity in outcomes was large. In pairwise meta-analysis, slightly more patients dropped out from TF-CBT than non-trauma-focused interventions (RR = 1.36; 95% CI [1.08-1.70], kes = 22). Other than that, interventions did not differ in their acceptability. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions with and without trauma focus are effective and acceptable in the treatment of PTSD. While TF-CBT yields the highest efficacy, slightly more patients discontinued TF-CBT than non-trauma-focused interventions. Altogether, the present results align with results of most previous quantitative reviews. Yet, results need to be interpreted with caution in light of some network inconsistencies and high heterogeneity in outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Efficacy of psychological interventions for dysmenorrhea: a meta-analysis.

Dysmenorrhea is pelvic pain associated with menstruation and is one of the most common pain conditions among reproductive-age women. It is commonly treated with medications, complementary and alternative medicine, and self-management techniques. However, there is increased focus on psychological interventions which modify thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and behavioral responses to dysmenorrhea. This review examined the efficacy of psychological interventions on dysmenorrhea pain severity and interference. We conducted a systematic search of the literature using PsycINFO, PubMed, CINHAL, and Embase. A total of 22 studies were included; 21 examined within-group improvement (ie, within-group analysis) and 14 examined between-group improvement (ie, between-group analysis). Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on pain severity and interference, with average effect sizes calculated using Hedges's g. Within-group analyses showed decreased pain severity and interference at post-treatment (g = 0.986 and 0.949, respectively) and first follow-up (g = 1.239 and 0.842, respectively). Between-group analyses showed decreased pain severity at post-treatment (g = 0.909) and decreased pain severity and interference at first follow-up (g = 0.964 and 0.884, respectively) compared to control groups. This review supports the efficacy of psychological interventions for dysmenorrhea, but conclusions are tempered by suboptimal methodological quality of the included studies and high heterogeneity across studies. Additional, rigorous research is needed to determine the clinical utility of psychological interventions for dysmenorrhea.