Differential Pharmacokinetic Interplay of Atorvastatin on Lacosamide and Levetiracetam on Experimental Convulsions in Mice.

BACKGROUND: The beneficial effects of statins, other than their hypocholesterolemia role, have been well documented, however, their use as an adjuvant drug with other antiseizure drugs, in the treatment of epilepsy is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the symbiotic effect of ATOR along with either lacosamide (LACO) or levetiracetam (LEVE) on experimentally induced epilepsy (Maximal electro-shock-MES or pentylenetetrazol- PTZ) in mice models. METHODS: Conventional elevated-maze (EPM) and rotarod methods were performed to observe the behavioral effects. RESULTS: In both the animal models, we found that co-administration of ATOR along with LACO showed a significant reduction in hind-limb extension (HLE) and clonic convulsion (CC) responses, respectively, but not in the ATOR+LEVE treated group. Intriguingly, comparable Straub tail response and myoclonic convulsion as the diazepam (DIA) group were observed only in the ATOR+LACO treated group. Moreover, a significant muscle-grip strength was observed in both groups. Also, pharmacokinetic analysis has indicated that the mean plasma concentration of ATOR peaked at 2nd hr in the presence of LACO but marginally peaked in the presence of LEVE. An Insilico study has revealed that ATOR has a higher binding affinity toward neuronal sodium channels. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that the plasma concentration of ATOR was potentiated in the presence of LACO, but not in the presence of LEVE and it has provided significant protection against both the electro and chemo-convulsive models in mice. This could be due to the symbiotic pharmacokinetic interplay of ATOR with LACO, and possibly, this interplay may interfere with sodium channel conductance.

Eficacia y seguridad de lacosamida como tratamiento complementario en pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia focal refractaria / Efficacy and safety of lacosamide as adjunctive treatment in pediatric patients with refractory focal epilepsy

ANTECEDENTES: En el marco de la metodología ad hoc para evaluar solicitudes de tecnologías sanitarias, aprobada mediante Resolución de Institución de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación N° 97-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022, se ha elaborado el presente dictamen que expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de lacosamida para el tratamiento de pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia focal refractaria. Así, el médico Dr. Edwin Martín Lazo Rivera, especialista en neurología pediátrica del Hospital Nacional Carlos Alberto Seguín Escobedo - Red Asistencial Arequipa y la Dra. Rebeca Fiorella Valdivia Bravo, especialista en pediatría del Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren de la Red Prestacional Sabogal, siguiendo la Directiva N° 003-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016, enviaron al Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación ­ IETSI sus respectivas solicitudes de autorización de uso del producto farmacéutico lacosamida no incluido en el Petitorio Farmacológico de EsSalud. ASPECTOS GENERALES: La epilepsia es una condición del sistema nervioso central caracterizada por crisis epilépticas recurrentes y no provocadas por desencadenantes inmediatos identificables. Así, la crisis epiléptica es aquel acontecimiento transitorio de signos y/o síntomas originados por una actividad neuronal cerebral sincrónica anormal o excesiva, que puede manifestarse por fenómenos sensitivos, motores, sensoriales o autonómicos con o sin pérdida de la conciencia, ya que dependen del área cerebral donde se originan. En ese sentido, las crisis convulsivas se clasifican según tres posibilidades de origen: las de inicio focal, generalizado y desconocido. Las crisis focales, a su vez, se pueden subclasificar en aquellas que tienen pérdida o no de la consciencia, para posteriormente categorizar si los síntomas son motores o no motores. En consecuencia, los especialistas deciden el abordaje terapéutico de los pacientes con epilepsia focal teniendo en cuenta esta clasificación, adicional a la etiología y a las comorbilidades asociadas (Reséndiz-Aparicio et al.,2019, Fisher et al.,2017, INSN.,2020). En todo el mundo, la epilepsia afecta aproximadamente a 65 millones de personas, reportándose una incidencia de la epilepsia de 67,8 por 100 000 habitantes en los países en desarrollo (Mohammadzadeh et al., 2022). En el Perú, se estima que la prevalencia de epilepsia es de 11,9 a 32,1 por cada 1000 personas (Burneo et al., 2017). Asimismo, es conocido que la incidencia de la epilepsia en la población pediátrica es de aproximadamente 0,5 % a 1 % de la población general. Además, algunos estudios sugieren que hasta el 60 % de los pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia presentarán remisión de su condición, mientras que alrededor del 20 % a 30 % de los pacientes con epilepsia serán refractarios al tratamiento médico (Ortiz de la Rosa et al., 2015). METODOLOGÍA: La búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de identificar la mejor evidencia disponible sobre la eficacia y seguridad de lacosamida para el tratamiento de pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia focal refractaria a los FAE disponibles en EsSalud. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, The Cochrane Library. Web of Science y LILACS. Adicionalmente, se amplió la búsqueda revisando la evidencia generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas (RS), evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC) de: la National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), la American Academy of Neurology (ANN), la American Epilepsy Society (AES), la Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), la Internacional Database of GRADE Guideline (BIGG), la Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), la Comissáo Nacional de Incorporadáo de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde (CONITEC) y el Ministerio de Salud del Perú (MINSA). Adicionalmente, se realizó una búsqueda manual en las bases el portal de la Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA), y el repositorio institucional de la Dirección General de Medicamentos, Insumos y Drogas (DIGEMID). Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda en el portal ClinicalTrials.govdel National Institutes of Health (NIH) para identificar ensayos clínicos en desarrollo o que aún no hayan sido publicados. La metodología de tipo escalonada fue utilizada para la selección de documentos a ser incluidos en el presente dictamen. De acuerdo con los criterios de elegibilidad, se priorizaron durante la selección: GPC, ETS, RS de ensayos clínicos (EC) con o sin metaanálisis (MA), y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) de fase III. Se elaboraron estrategias de búsqueda sensibles en bases de datos bibliográficas y sitios web para obtener la evidencia científica que permita responder a la pregunta PICO. Las estrategias de búsqueda incluyeron términos relacionados con la intervención y población de interés. Se emplearon términos MeSH4, así como términos de lenguaje libre, junto con operadores booleanos para cada una de las bases de datos elegidas para la búsqueda. Los registros obtenidos de la búsqueda bibliográfica fueron importados al aplicativo web Rayyan (http://rayyan.qcri.org/) para una revisión manual por título y resumen. La selección de los estudios se realizó en una primera fase por dos evaluadores del Equipo Técnico del IETSI de manera independiente (búsqueda par); evaluando los títulos y resúmenes en relación con la pregunta PICO y seleccionando aquellos que serían evaluados a texto completo en una segunda fase por un único evaluador. En la segunda fase, uno de los evaluadores revisó los documentos a texto completo incluidos en la primera fase y realizó la selección final de los estudios. RESULTADOS: Luego de la búsqueda bibliográfica, se incluyó una GPC elaborada por la National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE 2022), y un ECA de fase III, NCT01921205 (Farkas et al., 2019). CONCLUSIÓN: Por lo expuesto, el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación aprueba el uso de lacosamida para el tratamiento complementario en pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia focal refractaria, como producto farmacéutico no incluido en el Petitorio Farmacológico de EsSalud, según lo establecido en el Anexo N° 1. La vigencia del presente informe preliminar es de un año a partir de la fecha de publicación. Así, la continuación de dicha aprobación estará sujeta a la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos y de mayor evidencia que pueda surgir en el tiempo.

Management of corticosteroid-dependent eosinophilic interstitial nephritis: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis (DI-AIN) is an important cause of acute kidney injury. In renal biopsy specimens, tubulitis with eosinophilic infiltration is suggestive of DI-AIN. Although corticosteroid therapy and discontinuation of the offending drug can improve renal dysfunction in most cases of DI-AIN, some patients experience AIN recurrence, leading to corticosteroid dependency. Corticosteroid-dependent eosinophilic interstitial nephritis presents a difficult dilemma in diagnosis and information regarding optimum management is limited. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 25-year-old man, who received treatment with carbamazepine, zonisamide, valproate, and lacosamide for temporal lobe epilepsy, showed an increase in serum creatinine level from 0.98 to 1.29 mg/dL over a period of 6 months. Although he exhibited no symptoms, his serum creatinine level continued to increase to 1.74 mg/dL. DIAGNOSIS: Renal biopsy revealed tubulitis and interstitial inflammatory infiltrates with eosinophils. Immunological and ophthalmological examinations showed no abnormal findings, and thus, his renal dysfunction was presumed to be caused by DI-AIN. Although oral prednisolone (PSL) administration (40 mg/d) and discontinuation of zonisamide immediately improved his renal function, AIN recurred 10 months later. The increase in PSL dose along with discontinuation of valproate and lacosamide improved renal function. However, 10 months later, recurrent AIN with eosinophilic infiltration was confirmed by further biopsy. The patient was therefore diagnosed with corticosteroid-dependent eosinophilic interstitial nephritis. INTERVENTIONS: To prevent life-threatening epilepsy, carbamazepine could not be discontinued; hence, he was treated with an increased dose of PSL (60 mg/d) and 1500 mg/d of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). OUTCOMES: MMF was well tolerated and PSL was successfully tapered to 5 mg/d; renal function stabilized over a 20-month period. LESSONS: The presence of underdetermined autoimmune processes and difficulties in discontinuing the putative offending drug discontinuation are contributing factors to corticosteroid dependency in patients with eosinophilic interstitial nephritis. MMF may be beneficial in the management of corticosteroid-dependent eosinophilic interstitial nephritis by reducing the adverse effects related to high-dose and long-term corticosteroid use.

Pharmacodynamic interactions of antiepileptic drugs: From bench to clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 50% of patients do not achieve seizure control with antiepileptic drug (AED) monotherapy, and polytherapy, with more than one AED, is often required. To date, no evidence-based criteria on how to combine AEDs exist. OBJECTIVE: This narrative review aimed to provide critical findings of the available literature about the role of pharmacodynamic AEDs' interactions in patients whose epilepsies were treated with polytherapy. METHODS: Electronic databases, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), were systematically searched to identify relevant studies on pharmacodynamic AEDs' interactions in patients with epilepsy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Most data on AED combinations are coming from animal models and preclinical studies. Combining AEDs with different mechanisms of actions seems to have greater effectiveness and lower risk of adverse event development. Conversely, the combination of AEDs may cause pharmacodynamic synergistic effects that may result in not only increased efficacy but also more adverse effects. Despite some AED associations that have been proven to be effective in specific epilepsy/seizure type (e.g., phenobarbital+/phenytoin for tonic seizures and ethosiximide + valproate for absences; lamotrigine + valproate for various epilepsy/seizure types), no clear and definitive evidence exists about AED combinations in humans. Examples of pharmacodynamic interactions that possibly explain the synergistic effects on efficacy or adverse effects include the combination between vigabatrin or pregabalin and sodium channel blockers (supra-additive antiseizure effect) and lacosamide combined with other sodium channel blockers (infra-additive antiseizure effect and neurotoxicity synergistic). The pharmacodynamic lamotrigine-valproate interaction is also supported by synergistic adverse events. Therefore, well-designed double-blind prospective studies recruiting a sufficient number of patients possibly with a crossover design and carefully ascertain the role of pharmacokinetic interactions and variations of AEDs' levels in the blood are needed.

Influence of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) on the anticonvulsant activity of various novel antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) on the protective action of 5 various second- and third-generation antiepileptic drugs (i.e., lacosamide, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin and topiramate) in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. Seizure activity was evoked in adult male albino Swiss mice by a current (25mA, 500V, 0.2s stimulus duration) delivered via auricular electrodes. Drug-related adverse effects were determined in the chimney, grip-strength and passive avoidance tests. Total brain antiepileptic drug concentrations were measured to confirm pharmacodynamic nature of observed interactions with xanthotoxin. Results indicate that xanthotoxin (100mg/kg, i.p.) significantly enhanced the anticonvulsant action of lacosamide (P<0.01), oxcarbazepine (P<0.05), pregabalin (P<0.01), and topiramate (P<0.001), but not that of lamotrigine in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure test. Moreover, xanthotoxin (50mg/kg) still significantly potentiated the anticonvulsant action of lacosamide (P<0.05), pregabalin (P<0.05), and topiramate (P<0.001) in this seizure test. Xanthotoxin had no significant impact on total brain concentrations of the studied antiepileptic drugs in mice. Furthermore, combinations of xanthotoxin with oxcarbazepine or topiramate produced no adverse effects. However, xanthotoxin in combination with lacosamide, lamotrigine or pregabalin significantly reduced muscular strength in mice in the grip-strength test. In the chimney test, only the combinations of xanthotoxin with pregabalin significantly impaired motor coordination in mice. In conclusion, the combinations of xanthotoxin with oxcarbazepine and topiramate produce beneficial anticonvulsant pharmacodynamic interactions in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure test. A special caution is advised when combining xanthotoxin with pregabalin due to appearance of acute adverse effects.

Lacosamide for the treatment of epilepsy.

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. Despite the development of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), ∼ 30% of epilepsy patients experience recurrent seizures and even more experience side effects. Therefore, there is still need for new AEDs with enhanced effectiveness and tolerability. AREAS COVERED: The article is based on a search using PubMed, including articles published between 1999 and 2013. It is focused on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical data of lacosamide (LCM) for the treatment of epilepsy. EXPERT OPINION: Along with favorable tolerability and pharmacokinetic profiles, LCM has been demonstrated to significantly reduce seizure frequency in patients with partial-onset seizures when prescribed as adjunctive treatment at doses of 200 and 400 mg/day. LCM has a unique mechanism of action, selectively enhancing slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Its mechanism of action could be exploited to reduce the percentage of pharmacoresistant patients. Although LCM is not FDA approved for treatment of status epilepticus, it has demonstrated promising preliminary results. Large prospective studies are needed to verify these. In addition, the results of ongoing trials will help to confirm if LCM could be used as a monotherapy regimen in the treatment of partial-onset seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

Effects of the anticonvulsant lacosamide compared to valproate and lamotrigine on cocaine-enhanced reward in rats.

Some drugs developed as anticonvulsants (notably, valproate and lamotrigine) have therapeutic effects in bipolar and related disorders. Lacosamide, a recently approved anticonvulsant, has unique effects on sodium channels that may play a role in producing the mood-stabilizing effects of anticonvulsant drugs. We tested whether lacosamide would have effects similar to or different from valproate and lamotrigine in a model of reward and elevated mood. The intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) test is sensitive to the function of brain reward systems. Changes in ICSS may model aspects of disorders characterized by abnormalities of reward and motivation. Cocaine elevates mood, and reduction of cocaine-induced facilitation of ICSS has been used to predict antimanic-like or mood stabilizing effects of drugs. We tested lacosamide, lamotrigine, and valproate in the rat ICSS test alone or in the presence of cocaine. A high dose of lacosamide (30 mg/kg) significantly elevated ICSS thresholds, indicating that it reduced the rewarding impact of medial forebrain bundle stimulation. Lower doses (3-10 mg/kg) did not alter ICSS, but blocked the cocaine-induced lowering of ICSS thresholds. The highest doses of valproate (300 mg/kg) and lamotrigine (30 mg/kg) also elevated ICSS thresholds, and only these high doses significantly lowered cocaine-induced effects. Of the drugs tested, only lacosamide significantly attenuated the reward-facilitating effects of cocaine at doses that had no effects on ICSS response in the absence of cocaine. Abnormalities of mood and reward are common in psychiatric disorders, and these results suggest that lacosamide deserves further study in models of these disorders.

Merging the structural motifs of functionalized amino acids and alpha-aminoamides: compounds with significant anticonvulsant activities.

Functional amino acids (FAAs) and alpha-aminoamides (AAAs) are two classes of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that exhibit pronounced anticonvulsant activities. We combined key structural pharmacophores present in FAAs and AAAs to generate a new series of compounds and document that select compounds exhibit activity superior to either the prototypical FAA (lacosamide) or the prototypical AAA (safinamide) in the maximal electroshock (MES) seizure model in rats. A representative compound, (R)-N-4'-((3''-fluoro)benzyloxy)benzyl 2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-10), was tested in the MES (mice, ip), MES (rat, po), psychomotor 6 Hz (32 mA) (mice, ip), and hippocampal kindled (rat, ip) seizure tests providing excellent protection with ED(50) values of 13, 14, approximately 10 mg/kg, and 12 mg/kg, respectively. In the rat sciatic nerve ligation model (ip), (R)-10 (12 mg/kg) provided an 11.2-fold attenuation of mechanical allodynia. In the mouse biphasic formalin pain model (ip), (R)-10 (15 mg/kg) reduced pain responses in the acute and the chronic inflammatory phases.

Lacosamide: a review of preclinical properties.

Lacosamide (LCM), (SPM 927, (R)-2-acetamido-N-benzyl-3-methoxypropionamide, previously referred to as harkoseride or ADD 234037) is a member of a series of functionalized amino acids that were specifically synthesized as anticonvulsive drug candidates. LCM has demonstrated antiepileptic effectiveness in different rodent seizure models and antinociceptive potential in experimental animal models that reflect distinct types and symptoms of neuropathic as well as chronic inflammatory pain. Recent results suggest that LCM has a dual mode of action underlying its anticonvulsant and analgesic activity. It was found that LCM selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels without affecting fast inactivation. Furthermore, employing proteomic affinity-labeling techniques, collapsin-response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2 alias DRP-2) was identified as a binding partner. Follow-up experiments confirmed a functional interaction of LCM with CRMP-2 in vitro. LCM did not inhibit or induce a wide variety of cytochrome P450 enzymes at therapeutic concentrations. In safety pharmacology and toxicology studies conducted in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs, LCM was well tolerated. Either none or only minor side effects were observed in safety studies involving the central nervous, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal systems and there is no indication of abuse liability. Repeated dose toxicity studies demonstrated that after either intravenous or oral administration of LCM the adverse events were reversible and consisted mostly of exaggerated pharmacodynamic effects on the CNS. No genotoxic or carcinogenic effects were observed in vivo, and LCM showed a favorable profile in reproductive and developmental animal studies. Currently, LCM is in a late stage of clinical development as an adjunctive treatment for patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures, and it is being assessed as monotherapy in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Further trials to identify LCM's potential in pain and for other indications have been initiated.