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1.
Neurosci Res ; 137: 30-35, 2018 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29481884

RESUMEN

Although docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) administration suppresses sodium channels in primary afferent sensory neurons, the acute local effect of DHA on the trigeminal nociceptive reflex remains to be elucidated, in vivo. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether local administration of DHA attenuates the nociceptive jaw-opening reflex (JOR) in vivo in the rat. The JOR evoked by electrical stimulation of the tongue was recorded by a digastric muscle electromyogram (dEMG) in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The amplitude of the dEMG response was significantly increased in proportion to the electrical stimulation intensity (1-5 x threshold). At 3 x threshold, local administration of DHA (0.1, 10 and 25 mM) dose-dependently inhibited the dEMG response, and lasted 40 min. Maximum inhibition of the dEMG signal amplitude was seen within approximately 10 min. The mean magnitude of inhibition of the dEMG signal amplitude by DHA (25 mM) was almost equal to the local anesthetic, 1% lidocaine (37 mM), a sodium channel blocker. These findings suggest that DHA attenuates the nociceptive JOR via possibly blocking sodium channels, and strongly support the idea that DHA is a potential therapeutic agent and complementary alternative medicine for the prevention of acute trigeminal nociception.


Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Locales/farmacología , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/farmacología , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Nocicepción/efectos de los fármacos , Reflejo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Estimulación Eléctrica , Electromiografía/efectos de los fármacos , Maxilares/efectos de los fármacos , Maxilares/fisiología , Lidocaína/farmacología , Masculino , Músculos del Cuello/fisiología , Nociceptores/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reflejo/fisiología , Nervio Trigémino/efectos de los fármacos , Nervio Trigémino/fisiología
2.
J Photochem Photobiol B ; 168: 30-39, 2017 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28161653

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Because of its long-lasting analgesic action, bupivacaine is an anesthetic used for peripheral nerve block and relief of postoperative pain. Muscle degeneration and neurotoxicity are its main limitations. There is strong evidence that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) assists in muscle and nerve repair. The authors evaluated the effects of a Gallium Arsenide laser (GaAs), on the regeneration of muscle fibers of the sternomastoid muscle and accessory nerve after injection of bupivacaine. METHODS: In total, 30 Wistar adult rats were divided into 2 groups: control group (C: n=15) and laser group (L: n=15). The groups were subdivided by antimere, with 0.5% bupivacaine injected on the right and 0.9% sodium chloride on the left. LLLT (GaAs 904nm, 0,05W, 2.8J per point) was administered for 5 consecutive days, starting 24h after injection of the solutions. Seven days after the trial period, blood samples were collected for determination of creatine kinase (CK). The sternomastoid nerve was removed for morphological and morphometric analyses; the surface portion of the sternomastoid muscle was used for histopathological and ultrastructural analyses. Muscle CK and TNFα protein levels were measured. RESULTS: The anesthetic promoted myonecrosis and increased muscle CK without neurotoxic effects. The LLLT reduced myonecrosis, characterized by a decrease in muscle CK levels, inflammation, necrosis, and atrophy, as well as the number of central nuclei in the muscle fibers and the percentage of collagen. TNFα values remained constant. CONCLUSIONS: LLLT, at the dose used, reduced fibrosis and myonecrosis in the sternomastoid muscle triggered by bupivacaine, accelerating the muscle regeneration process.


Asunto(s)
Bupivacaína/efectos adversos , Terapia por Luz de Baja Intensidad , Músculos del Cuello , Regeneración , Animales , Fibrosis/inducido químicamente , Fibrosis/prevención & control , Enfermedades Musculares/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Musculares/patología , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de la radiación , Necrosis/inducido químicamente , Necrosis/terapia , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Regeneración/efectos de los fármacos , Regeneración/efectos de la radiación
3.
Phytother Res ; 29(2): 267-80, 2015 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25403162

RESUMEN

Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) (GA) occurs in many plants. The adverse effects of GA are seldom cited. GA (6-14 µM) provoked the hemorrhagic liposis of the cervical muscles and intracranial hemorrhage. The cause of these pathological events and the method for prevention are still lacking. Using the chicken embryo model and some selected nutraceutics such as folate, glutathione (GSH), N-acetylcysteine, and vitamin E (Vit E), we carried out this study. Results revealed that the action mechanism of GA involved (i) inducing hypoxia with upregulated gene hif-1α and downregulated ratio vegf-r2/vegf-a, leading to dys-vascularization and myopathy; (ii) impairing cytochrome c oxidase; (iii) stimulating creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase release; (iv) eliciting carnitine accumulation and liposis via downregulating gene CPT1; (v) suppressing superoxide dismutase and stimulating NO, H2O2, and malondialdehyde; and (vi) depleting erythrocytic and tissue GSH, resulting in hemorrhage. When both Vit E and GSH were applied to the day 1 chicks, a better alleviation effect was revealed. Conclusively, GA potentially exhibits adverse effect by eliciting hemorrhagic liposis of cervical muscles and cerebral hemorrhage. Supplementation with GSH, Vit E, and N-acetylcysteine is able to ameliorate these adverse effects, warranting the importance of restricting the clinical phytotherapeutic doses of GA and related compounds.


Asunto(s)
Hemorragia Cerebral/inducido químicamente , Ácido Gálico/efectos adversos , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Acetilcisteína/farmacología , Animales , Embrión de Pollo , Suplementos Dietéticos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Dislipidemias/inducido químicamente , Ácido Gálico/farmacología , Glutatión/farmacología , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Músculos del Cuello/patología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Receptor 2 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Vitamina E/farmacología
4.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil ; 93(1): 72-7, 2012 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21982324

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of pressure release (PR), phonophoresis of hydrocortisone (PhH) 1%, and ultrasonic therapy (UT) in patients with an upper trapezius latent myofascial trigger point (MTP). DESIGN: Repeated-measure design. SETTING: A pain control medical clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects (N=60; mean±SD age, 21.78±1.76y) with a diagnosis of upper trapezius MTP participated in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups: PR, PhH, UT, and control (15 in each group). All patients had a latent MTP in the upper trapezius muscle. INTERVENTIONS: PR, PhH, UT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjective pain intensity, pain pressure threshold (PPT), and active cervical lateral flexion range of motion were assessed in 6 sessions. RESULTS: All 3 treatment groups showed decreases in pain and PPT and an increase in cervical lateral flexion range of motion (P<.001) compared with the control group. Both PhH and PR techniques showed more significant therapeutic effects than UT (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that all 3 treatments used in this study were effective for treating MTP. According to this study, PhH is suggested as a new method effective for the treatment of MTP.


Asunto(s)
Neuralgia Facial/rehabilitación , Hidrocortisona/uso terapéutico , Manipulaciones Musculoesqueléticas/métodos , Fonoforesis/métodos , Puntos Disparadores , Terapia por Ultrasonido/métodos , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Neuralgia Facial/diagnóstico , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Inyecciones Intralesiones , Músculos del Cuello/diagnóstico por imagen , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/fisiopatología , Dimensión del Dolor , Umbral del Dolor , Músculos Pectorales/diagnóstico por imagen , Músculos Pectorales/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos Pectorales/fisiopatología , Medición de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ultrasonografía , Adulto Joven
5.
Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi ; 31(12): 1680-4, 2011 Dec.
Artículo en Chino | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22384558

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Compound Danshen Dripping Pill (CDDP) on the structure and functions of sternohyoid muscle in metabolic syndrome (MS) rats, and to study whether it has therapeutic effects on obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). METHODS: Twenty-one healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, i.e., the normal control group (n = 6), the MS group (n = 8), and the CDDP group (n = 7). Rats in the normal control group were routinely fed. High lipid forage was given to rats in the rest two groups. Nine weeks later, CDDP (at the dose of 375 mg/kg) was additionally given to rats in the CDDP group by gastrogavage, and then rats in the CDDP group and the MS group were fed with the same high lipid forage for 12 successive weeks. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the sternohyoid muscle were detected in the three groups. The capillary density, capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/F), the section area of type I muscle fiber were detected using myosin-ATPase histochemical assay. The contractile changes of isometric stemohyoid muscles were determined under electric stimulation by different frequencies. RESULTS: The contents of MDA were obviously lower in the CDDP group than in the MS group, while the activities of SOD, the capillary density, C/F, the section area of type I muscle fiber, the tension of stemohyoid muscle at 10 -60 Hz, and the 1-5 min tension percentages of the stemohyoid muscle were higher in the CDDP group than in the MS group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: CDDP could improve oxidative stress induced intramuscularly microcirculation disturbance and changes of muscular fiber structures of the upper airway muscles, and elevate their contractile functions, thus possibly contributing to favorable effects on OSAHS.


Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Fenantrolinas/farmacología , Animales , Capilares , Masculino , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Salvia miltiorrhiza
6.
Headache ; 49(5): 732-43, 2009 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19178577

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BT-A) as a prophylactic treatment for chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) with myofascial trigger points (MTPs) producing referred head pain. BACKGROUND: Although BT-A has received mixed support for the treatment of TTH, deliberate injection directly into the cervical MTPs very often found in this population has not been formally evaluated. METHODS: Patients with CTTH and specific MTPs producing referred head pain were assigned randomly to receive intramuscular injections of BT-A or isotonic saline (placebo) in a double-blind design. Daily headache diaries, pill counts, trigger point pressure algometry, range of motion assessment, and responses to standardized pain and psychological questionnaires were used as outcome measures; patients returned for follow-up assessment at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months post injection. After 3 months, all patients were offered participation in an open-label extension of the study. Effect sizes were calculated to index treatment effects among the intent-to-treat population; individual time series models were computed for average pain intensity. RESULTS: The 23 participants reported experiencing headache on a near-daily basis (average of 27 days/month). Compared with placebo, patients in the BT-A group reported greater reductions in headache frequency during the first part of the study (P = .013), but these effects dissipated by week 12. Reductions in headache intensity over time did not differ significantly between groups (P = .80; maximum d = 0.13), although a larger proportion of BT-A patients showed evidence of statistically significant improvements in headache intensity in the time series analyses (62.5% for BT-A vs 30% for placebo). There were no differences between the groups on any of the secondary outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence for BT-A in headache is mixed, and even more so in CTTH. However, the putative technique of injecting BT-A directly into the ubiquitous MTPs in CTTH is partially supported in this pilot study. Definitive trials with larger samples are needed to test this hypothesis further.


Asunto(s)
Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/administración & dosificación , Síndromes del Dolor Miofascial/tratamiento farmacológico , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuromusculares/administración & dosificación , Cefalea de Tipo Tensional/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Enfermedad Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Método Doble Ciego , Fascia/efectos de los fármacos , Fascia/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Masculino , Registros Médicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Síndromes del Dolor Miofascial/complicaciones , Síndromes del Dolor Miofascial/fisiopatología , Músculos del Cuello/inervación , Músculos del Cuello/fisiopatología , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Dimensión del Dolor , Proyectos Piloto , Placebos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Cefalea de Tipo Tensional/complicaciones , Cefalea de Tipo Tensional/fisiopatología , Resultado del Tratamiento
7.
Cephalalgia ; 29(1): 58-67, 2009 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19126119

RESUMEN

Tension-type headache is associated with noxious input from neck muscles. Due to the importance of purinergic mechanisms in muscle nociception, experimental studies typically inject alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (alpha,beta-meATP). In contrast to native adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), alpha,beta-meATP has a narrow receptor profile and remains stable in tissue. The present study administered alpha,beta-meATP or ATP in semi-spinal neck muscles in anaesthetized mice (n = 65) in order to address different effects in neck muscle nociception. The jaw-opening reflex monitored the impact of neck muscle noxious input on brainstem processing. Injection of alpha,beta-meATP induced reflex facilitation in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, only the lowest ATP dosage evoked facilitation. Preceding P2Y(1) receptor blockade revealed facilitation even under high-dosage ATP. Ongoing facilitation after alpha,beta-meATP injection neutralized under subsequent activation of P2Y(1) receptors. Results demonstrate opposing excitatory P2X and inhibitory P2Y effects of ATP in neck muscle nociception. These mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of neck muscle pain in man.


Asunto(s)
Vías Aferentes/fisiopatología , Músculos del Cuello/fisiopatología , Dolor/fisiopatología , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/metabolismo , Cefalea de Tipo Tensional/fisiopatología , Adenosina Trifosfato/análogos & derivados , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/farmacología , Vías Aferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Anestesia General , Animales , Electrofisiología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/metabolismo , Nociceptores/metabolismo , Purinas/metabolismo , Reflejo/efectos de los fármacos
8.
Pain Physician ; 11(6): 885-9, 2008.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19057634

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Myofascial pain is defined as pain that originates from myofascial trigger points in skeletal muscle. It is prevalent in regional musculoskeletal pain syndromes, either alone or in combination with other pain generators. The myofascial pain syndrome is one of the largest groups of under diagnosed and under treated medical problems encountered in clinical practice. Trigger points are commonly seen in patients with myofascial pain which is responsible for localized pain in the affected muscles as well as referred pain patterns. Correct needle placement in a myofascial trigger point is vital to prevent complications and improve efficacy of the trigger point injection to help reduce or relieve myofascial pain. In obese patients, these injections may not reach the target tissue. In the cervicothoracic spine, a misguided or misplaced injection can result in a pneumothorax. Here, we describe an ultrasound-guided trigger point injection technique to avoid this potential pitfall. Office based ultrasound-guided injection techniques for musculoskeletal disorders have been described in the literature with regard to tendon, bursa, cystic, and joint pathologies. For the interventionalist, utilizing ultrasound yields multiple advantages technically and practically, including observation of needle placement in real-time, ability to perform dynamic studies, the possibility of diagnosing musculoskeletal pathologies, avoidance of radiation exposure, reduced overall cost, and portability of equipment within the office setting. To our knowledge, the use of ultrasound guidance in performing trigger point injection in the cervicothoracic area, particularly in obese patients, has not been previously reported. METHODS: A palpable trigger point in the cervicothoracic musculature was localized and marked by indenting the skin with the tip of a plastic needle cover. The skin was then sterile prepped. Then, using an ultrasound machine with sterile coupling gel and a sterile latex free transducer cover, the musculature in the cervicothoracic spine where the palpable trigger point was detected was visualized. Then utilizing direct live ultrasound guidance, a 25-gauge 1.5 inch needle connected to a 3 mL syringe was placed into the muscle at the exact location of the presumed trigger point. This guidance helps confirm needle placement in muscle tissue and not in an adipose tissue or any other non-musculature structure. RESULTS: The technique is simple to be performed by a pain management specialist who has ultrasound system training. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided trigger point injections may help confirm proper needle placement within the cervicothoracic musculature. The use of ultrasound-guided trigger point injections in the cervicothoracic musculature may also reduce the potential for a pneumothorax by an improperly placed injection.


Asunto(s)
Síndromes del Dolor Miofascial/diagnóstico por imagen , Músculos del Cuello/diagnóstico por imagen , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Corticoesteroides/administración & dosificación , Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Inyecciones Intramusculares/efectos adversos , Inyecciones Intramusculares/instrumentación , Inyecciones Intramusculares/métodos , Síndromes del Dolor Miofascial/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndromes del Dolor Miofascial/fisiopatología , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/fisiopatología , Dolor de Cuello/diagnóstico por imagen , Dolor de Cuello/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor de Cuello/fisiopatología , Agujas/efectos adversos , Agujas/normas , Bloqueo Nervioso/instrumentación , Bloqueo Nervioso/métodos , Bloqueo Neuromuscular/instrumentación , Bloqueo Neuromuscular/métodos , Bloqueantes Neuromusculares/administración & dosificación , Neumotórax/etiología , Neumotórax/prevención & control , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Tórax/diagnóstico por imagen , Tórax/fisiopatología
9.
Cephalalgia ; 26(2): 128-35, 2006 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16426266

RESUMEN

Although myofascial tenderness is thought to play a key role in the pathophysiology of tension-type headache, very few studies have addressed neck muscle nociception. The neuronal activation pattern following local nerve growth factor (NGF) administration into semispinal neck muscles in anaesthetized mice was investigated using Fos protein immunohistochemistry. In order to differentiate between the effects of NGF administration on c-fos expression and the effects of surgical preparation, needle insertion and intramuscular injection, the experiments were conducted in three groups. In the sham group (n=7) cannula needles were only inserted without any injection. In the saline (n=7) and NGF groups (n=7) 0.9% physiological saline solution or 0.8 microm NGF solution were injected in both muscles, respectively. In comparison with sham and saline conditions, NGF administration induced significantly stronger Fos immunoreactivity in the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey (PAG), the medullary lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), and superficial layers I and II of cervical spinal dorsal horns C1, C2 and C3. This activation pattern corresponds very well to central nervous system processing of deep noxious input. A knowledge of the central anatomical representation of neck muscle pain is an essential prerequisite for the investigation of neck muscle nociception in order to develop a future model of tension-type headache.


Asunto(s)
Tronco Encefálico/metabolismo , Síndromes del Dolor Miofascial/metabolismo , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-fos/metabolismo , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Cefalea de Tipo Tensional/metabolismo , Animales , Tronco Encefálico/efectos de los fármacos , Tronco Encefálico/inmunología , Vértebras Cervicales/efectos de los fármacos , Vértebras Cervicales/inmunología , Vértebras Cervicales/metabolismo , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Síndromes del Dolor Miofascial/inmunología , Músculos del Cuello/inmunología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-fos/inmunología , Médula Espinal/efectos de los fármacos , Médula Espinal/inmunología , Cefalea de Tipo Tensional/inducido químicamente , Cefalea de Tipo Tensional/inmunología , Distribución Tisular
10.
Clin J Pain ; 22(1): 90-6, 2006 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16340597

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Myofascial pain syndrome is a common cause of muscular pain in the shoulder-neck region. Injections of large amounts of botulinum toxin A have been found to be beneficial for the alleviation of myofascial pain, but large doses of this toxin may cause paresis of the muscle and other adverse events. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of small doses (5 U) of botulinum toxin A (BTA) injected directly into the painful trigger points of the muscles, using a double-blind crossover technique. METHODS: On the basis of the empirical criteria proposed for diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome, 31 patients suffering from myofascial pain in the neck-shoulder region were studied. The patients received either botulinum toxin A or physiological saline injections on 2 occasions 4 weeks apart. The total dose varied from 15 to 35 U of botulinum toxin A [28+/- 6 U (mean+/- SD)]. The follow-up measurements were carried out at 4 weeks after each treatment. Neck pain and result of treatment were assessed with questionnaires. The pressure pain threshold was determined using a dolorimeter. RESULTS: Neck pain values decreased from 4.3+/- 2.4 to 3.3+/- 2.0 after saline injections and from 4.1+/- 2.1 to 3.3+/- 2.2 after botulinum toxin A. The pressure pain threshold values increased from 5.2+/-1.6 to 5.9+/-1.5 and from 5.7+/-1.6 to 5.9+/-1.6 after injections with saline and botulinum toxin A, respectively. No statistically significant changes in the neck pain and pressure pain threshold values occurred between the botulinum toxin A and saline groups. After the first injections, the subjective result of treatment was significantly (P=0.008) in favor of botulinum toxin A, and after the second injections, the subjective result was better for saline, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.098). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of side effects between saline and botulinum toxin A. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that there was no difference between the effect of small doses of botulinum toxin A and those of physiological saline in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome.


Asunto(s)
Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/uso terapéutico , Síndromes del Dolor Miofascial/tratamiento farmacológico , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuromusculares/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Estudios Cruzados , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculos del Cuello/patología , Músculos del Cuello/fisiopatología , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Umbral del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Resultado del Tratamiento
11.
Lipids ; 38(12): 1221-6, 2003 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14870924

RESUMEN

Linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acids (18:3n-3) have many important physiological functions including immunomodulation. We tested how immunization influences the metabolism of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 in the neck muscle of pigs. At 35 d old, pigs received either an intramuscular neck injection containing hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Freund's complete adjuvant (immunized) or PBS (control). At 49 d old, immunized pigs received a booster injection of HEWL and Freund's incomplete adjuvant, and the control pigs received PBS into the neck. At 56 d old, all pigs received an intradermal injection of Mycobacterium bovis into the hind leg to induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. At 57 d old, immunized pigs had a twofold increase in serum haptoglobin, a 10-fold increase in antibodies to HEWL, and the skinfold at the DTH reaction site was 10 times thicker than the controls. Both 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 (% composition) were approximately 25% lower in muscle TG, 40% lower in FFA, 50% lower in phospholipids, but not different in cholesteryl esters of the neck muscle of immunized pigs. The antigens in this model induce an increased response in the innate (haptoglobin), humoral (antibodies), and cellular (DTH) immune systems as well as a preferential decrease of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 in the inflamed neck muscle. It appears that 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 are preferentially metabolized (possibly beta-oxidized) in response to antigens.


Asunto(s)
Antígenos/administración & dosificación , Adyuvante de Freund/administración & dosificación , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/metabolismo , Animales , Antígenos/inmunología , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Ésteres del Colesterol/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Adyuvante de Freund/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad Tardía/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidad Tardía/fisiopatología , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Músculos del Cuello/química , Músculos del Cuello/metabolismo , Fosfolípidos/análisis , Porcinos/inmunología , Factores de Tiempo , Triglicéridos/análisis
12.
Hum Exp Toxicol ; 18(3): 168-73, 1999 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10215107

RESUMEN

Blooms of cyanobacteria are known to have caused poisoning in fish, waterfowl, animals and man. One of the low molecular weight toxins responsible for this is the neurotoxin anatoxin-a which has been detected in reservoirs used for domestic water supplies. While the acute behaviour of this alkaloid is clear, there is uncertainty regarding the effects on man of ingestion of anatoxin-a at low levels over longer periods. In order to assess this risk, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were undertaken to investigate the pharmacology, subacute toxicity, and the teratogenicity of anatoxin-a in the mouse. The results of this work were as follows: (1) Pharmacological screening studies confirmed that anatoxin-a is a potent nicotinic agonist which can produce neuromuscular blockade and death by respiratory arrest. Recovery from a single sub-lethal dose is rapid and complete; (2) Repeated sub-lethal oral administration over 28 days in the mouse did not produce any reliable evidence of treatment-related toxicity; (3) From a preliminary screening study anatoxin-a does not appear to be a developmental toxicant in the mouse. These results indicate that a guideline value for anatoxin-a in drinking water of 1 microg l(-1) would provide an adequate margin of safety.


Asunto(s)
Toxinas Bacterianas/toxicidad , Toxinas Marinas/toxicidad , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/etiología , Animales , Toxinas Bacterianas/química , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos de los fármacos , Pollos , Toxinas de Cianobacterias , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Femenino , Cobayas , Íleon/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Toxinas Marinas/química , Ratones , Microcistinas , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/fisiología , Nicotina/farmacología , Nivel sin Efectos Adversos Observados , Nervio Frénico/efectos de los fármacos , Embarazo , Desempeño Psicomotor/efectos de los fármacos , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Ratas , Pruebas de Toxicidad , Tropanos
13.
Mov Disord ; 10(4): 455-9, 1995 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7565826

RESUMEN

A total of 26 patients with torticollis were studied using a recently developed technique for recording vestibulocollic reflexes from the sternocleidomastoid muscles in addition to conventional caloric tests of vestibular function. Previous reports of abnormalities of vestibulo-ocular reflexes in these patients were confirmed with just fewer than half having significant canal pareses or directional preponderances (nine of 20 tested). In addition, there was a high incidence of abnormal click-evoked vestibulocollic reflexes (17 of 26 tested), which were not simply the result of prior treatment with botulinum toxin, nor due to unequal levels of muscle activation. In patients never previously treated with botulinum toxin (14 patients), the effect almost always consisted of suppressed responses in the sternocleidomastoid muscle ipsilateral to the direction of head turning. Because responses were not abnormal in all patients tested, and more commonly so in those with a history of torticollis of > or = 5 years (eight of nine patients) than in de novo patients, we suggest that the changes are more likely to be compensatory than causal.


Asunto(s)
Nivel de Alerta/fisiología , Músculos del Cuello/fisiopatología , Reflejo Vestibuloocular/fisiología , Tortícolis/fisiopatología , Estimulación Acústica , Adulto , Anciano , Nivel de Alerta/efectos de los fármacos , Toxinas Botulínicas/administración & dosificación , Toxinas Botulínicas/efectos adversos , Pruebas Calóricas , Electromiografía/efectos de los fármacos , Electronistagmografía/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Humanos , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Tiempo de Reacción/efectos de los fármacos , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Reflejo Anormal , Reflejo Vestibuloocular/efectos de los fármacos , Procesamiento de Señales Asistido por Computador , Tortícolis/diagnóstico , Tortícolis/tratamiento farmacológico , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/fisiopatología
14.
Pain ; 60(2): 143-149, 1995 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7784099

RESUMEN

An electromyographic (EMG) study was carried out in 40 anaesthetized rats to determine if the activity of jaw and neck muscles could be influenced by injection of the small-fibre excitant and inflammatory irritant mustard oil into the region of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Injection of a vehicle (mineral oil, 20 microliters) did not produce any significant change in EMG activity. In contrast, injection of mustard oil (20 microliters, 20%) evoked increases in EMG activity in the jaw muscles but not in the neck muscles. The increased EMG activity evoked by mustard oil was reflected in 1 or 2 phases of increased activity. The early EMG increase occurred soon after the mustard oil injection (mean latency +/- SD: 3.5 +/- 2.3 sec), peaked within 1 min, and then subsided (mean duration: 7.5 +/- 5.2 min). The later EMG increase occurred at 14.6 +/- 10.0 min after the mustard oil injection and lasted 14.3 +/- 12.3 min. These excitatory effects of mustard oil on the EMG activity of jaw muscles appear to have a reflex basis since they could be abolished by pre-administration of local anaesthetic into the TMJ region. These results document that TMJ injection of mustard oil results in a sustained and reversible activation of jaw muscles that may be related to the reported clinical occurrence of increased muscle activity associated with trauma to the TMJ.


Asunto(s)
Irritantes/farmacología , Planta de la Mostaza , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular/inducido químicamente , Animales , Electromiografía , Femenino , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inyecciones , Maxilares , Lidocaína/farmacología , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites de Plantas , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
15.
Pain ; 55(2): 243-250, 1993 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8309711

RESUMEN

A study was carried out in 19 anaesthetized rats to determine if the electromyographic (EMG) activity of jaw and neck muscles could be influenced by injection of the inflammatory irritant mustard oil into deep paraspinal tissues surrounding the C1-3 vertebrae. The EMG activity was recorded ipsilaterally in the digastric, masseter and trapezius muscles and bilaterally in deep neck muscles (rectus capitis posterior). In comparison with control (vehicle) injections, mustard oil (20 microliters, 20%) injected into the deep paraspinal tissues induced significant increases in EMG activity in the neck muscles in all the animals and in the jaw muscles in the majority of the animals; the effects of mustard oil were more prominent in the former. The EMG response evoked by mustard oil injection was frequently reflected in two phases of enhanced activity. The early phase of the increase in EMG activity was usually initiated immediately following mustard oil injection (mean latency: 20.4 +/- 17.7 sec) and lasted 1.6 +/- 1.1 min. The second phase occurred 11.3 +/- 7.6 min later and lasted 11.0 +/- 8.1 min. Evans Blue extravasation was apparent in the deep paraspinal tissues surrounding the C1-3 vertebrae after mustard oil injection, and histological examination showed that mustard oil injection induced an inflammatory reaction in the rectus capitis posterior muscle. These results document that injection of the inflammatory irritant mustard oil into deep paraspinal tissues results in a sustained and reversible activation of both jaw and neck muscles. Such effects may be related to the reported clinical occurrence of increased muscle activity associated with trauma to deep tissues.


Asunto(s)
Irritantes/farmacología , Maxilares/inervación , Músculos/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Médula Espinal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Electromiografía/efectos de los fármacos , Azul de Evans , Histocitoquímica , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/patología , Masculino , Músculo Masetero/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos/inervación , Planta de la Mostaza , Músculos del Cuello/inervación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
16.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav ; 40(2): 367-79, 1991 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1805241

RESUMEN

The effects of administration of an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on vestibular compensation was studied in unilateral vestibular neurectomized cats. This experimental model of CNS plasticity was investigated by using behavioral tests (postural disorders compensation, locomotor balance recovery), electrophysiological (spontaneous and evoked neck muscle activity) and neurophysiological (spontaneous firing rate recovery of deafferented vestibular cells) recordings, and immunocytochemical methods (synaptic loss and synaptic reoccupation within the deafferented vestibular nuclei). In all experiments, EGb 761 was administered over 30 days at daily doses of 50 mg/kg IP. The results showed a faster recovery in the EGb-treated group of cats as compared to an untreated control group. EGb administration strongly accelerated postural and locomotor balance recovery. Concomitantly, spontaneous neck muscle activity, vestibulo-collic reflexes and spontaneous firing rate of vestibular units located on the lesioned side were restored earlier. Morphological correlates characterized by a more rapid synaptic reoccupation were found in the deafferented medial vestibular nucleus by means of immunoreactive labelling using an antibody against a synaptic vesicle-associated protein (synaptophysin), but they displayed a longer time-constant in comparison with the behavioral and neurophysiological data. These results clearly demonstrate that EGb 761 acts on recovery mechanisms considered as key processes in vestibular compensation. They suggest that this substance would possess neurotrophic and/or neuritogenic properties improving functional recovery after CNS injury.


Asunto(s)
Plasticidad Neuronal/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/fisiología , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Gatos , Electromiografía/efectos de los fármacos , Marcha/efectos de los fármacos , Ginkgo biloba , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos del Cuello/fisiología , Neuritas/efectos de los fármacos , Equilibrio Postural/efectos de los fármacos , Postura/fisiología , Sinapsis/fisiología , Sinaptofisina/metabolismo , Nervio Vestibular/fisiología , Núcleos Vestibulares/efectos de los fármacos
17.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg ; 49(4): 360-5, 1991 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2005493

RESUMEN

Maximum voluntary bite force has been used to evaluate functional changes following orthognathic surgery. It has been proposed by others that maximum voluntary bite force may depend, in part, on sensory input from the dentition. However, results from previous studies have shown contradictory effects of local anesthesia on bite force following anesthetization of the dentition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drug-induced local anesthesia on the generation of first molar bite force and electromyographic (EMG) activity in adults. Twenty normal adults (3 women, 17 men) were evaluated. Electromyographic activity was monitored from four muscles of mastication bilaterally, and bite force was concurrently recorded at the right and left first molars. Maximal and submaximal bite forces were then measured after sequential unilateral anesthetization of the right mandible and maxilla with 2% lidocaine containing 1:100,000 epinephrine. No statistically significant differences in bite force or integrated EMG levels were observed between the unanesthetized and anesthetized sides, nor on the anesthetized side at different levels of anesthesia.


Asunto(s)
Anestesia Dental , Anestesia Local , Fuerza de la Mordida , Electromiografía/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos Masticadores/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Epinefrina/farmacología , Femenino , Humanos , Lidocaína/farmacología , Masculino , Músculos del Cuello/efectos de los fármacos , Ortodoncia Correctiva , Análisis de Regresión
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