Proposal of a prophylactic photobiomodulation protocol for chemotherapy-induced oral and oropharyngeal mucositis: a randomized clinical trial.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is widely used in oncology settings, but lack of assessment standardization is the main barrier to optimization of clinical protocols. This study analyzed three PBMT protocols for preventing oral and oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) in patients undergoing chemotherapy (CT) and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This is a preliminary randomized blind clinical trial. Group 1 received intraoral prophylactic PBMT, Group 2 received intraoral and oropharyngeal PBMT, and Group 3 received intraoral, oropharyngeal, and extraoral PBMT. The applications were from the first day of CT to day + 10. Clinicodemographic data, CT regimens, types of HSCT, hematological exams, occurrence/severity of OM, odynophagia, and OM-related opportunistic infections were assessed. Sixty participants (age range: 18-74 years) were included; 70% of them underwent CT and 30% HSCT. About 43.3% of patients had OM, while odynophagia was reported by 23.3%. Both Groups 1 and 2 revealed better results. Multivariate analysis showed that HSCT directly influenced the occurrence of OM. Individuals who had undergone allogeneic HSCT were 1.93 times more likely to develop OM (p < 0.001). Group 3 exhibited a higher frequency of OM, albeit of lower grades. This group consisted of half the population who had undergone HSCT, had the highest percentage of melphalan use, and had the lowest mean leukocyte count. The three proposed protocols were effective in preventing and reducing OM, with good tolerance and no reported adverse effects. PBMT is a safe and effective approach to OM prophylaxis in adults undergoing CT/HSCT.

Isolated limb perfusion for soft tissue sarcoma: Current practices and future directions. A survey of experts and a review of literature.

Soft tissue sarcomas constitute 1% of adult malignant tumors. They are a heterogeneous group of more than 50 different histologic types. Isolated limb perfusion is an established treatment strategy for locally advanced sarcomas. Since its adoption for sarcomas in 1992, after the addition of TNFα, few modifications have been done and although indications for the procedure are essentially the same across centers, technical details vary widely. The procedures mainly involves a 60 min perfusion with melphalan and TNFα under mild hyperthermia, achieving a limb preservation rate of 72-96%; with an overall response rates from 72 to 82.5% and an acceptable toxicity according to the Wieberdink scale. The local failure rate is 27% after a median follow up of 14-31 months compared to 40% of distant recurrences after a follow up of 12-22 months. Currently there is no consensus regarding the benefit of ILP per histotype, and the value of addition of radiotherapy or systemic treatment. Further developments towards individualized treatments will provide a better understanding of the population that can derive maximum benefit of ILP with the least morbidity.

Variability of high-dose melphalan exposure on oral mucositis in patients undergoing prophylactic low-level laser therapy.

The present study outlines the clinical impact and risk factors of oral mucositis in 79 patients with multiple myeloma following high-dose melphalan for autologous transplant. All patients underwent daily prophylactic low-level indium gallium aluminum phosphate diode laser therapy (660 nm, 15 mW, 3.75 J/cm2, 10 s per point) from the beginning of the conditioning regimen up to day +2. Oral mucositis assessments were made daily until hospital discharge. For analysis, oral mucositis was divided into two groups according to severity: group 1, patients with oral mucositis grade

Cryptococcus laurentii diarrhea post hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

We report the recent isolation of Cryptococcus laurentii from the feces of a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma who underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The organism was identified using microscopic morphology, cultural characteristics, and biochemical tests including sugar assimilation. Minimum inhibitory concentration of various antifungals was determined by microbroth dilution method. The recovery of pure culture of C. laurentii from stool culture, and the patient's response to treatment with voriconazole support its potential etiological role. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of diarrhea caused by C. laurentii in an HSCT recipient.

Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion in locally advanced limb soft tissue sarcoma: A 24-year single-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (HILP) is a locoregional treatment aimed at avoiding amputation in patients with advanced extremity soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Over the last 25 years, HILP procedure has been implemented to maximise its therapeutic ratio. METHODS: A retrospective analysis including 117 patients who underwent HILP from 1989 to 2013 was performed. Three different drug schedules were applied: 1) doxorubicin (n = 47), 2) high dose (3-4 mg) tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plus doxorubicin (n = 30), 3) low dose (1 mg) TNF-α plus melphalan (L-PAM) (n = 40). Tumour response was evaluated by MRI or CT and surgical specimens. Toxicity and local progression-free survival (LPFS) were also evaluated. RESULTS: In total 92 (78.6%) patients had primary, 25 (21.4%) had recurrent and 17 (14.5%) had metastatic disease. The subjects in the three groups were homogeneous for clinical-pathological features. Pathological response was complete in 55 patients (47%), partial in 35 (29.9%), regardless of drug schedule (p = 0.501) and tumour presentation (p = 0.094). Wieberdink III-V toxicity was registered in 19.1%, 20% and 2.5% of patients, respectively (p < 0.051). Twenty-eight patients (23.9%) received adjuvant radiotherapy with no relevant toxicity. Five-year LPFS was 81.6% and 74.2% in patients with primary or recurrent disease, respectively (p = 0.652). After a median follow-up of 36.5 months, the limb sparing rate was 77.8%. CONCLUSIONS: HILP performed with different drugs was equally active, either in primary, recurrent or metastatic STS, providing effective limb sparing and durable local control. Low dose TNF-α plus L-PAM had the most favourable toxicity profile. Adjuvant radiotherapy was not associated with relevant toxicity.

Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Oral mucositis is a side effect of chemotherapy, head and neck radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, affecting over 75% of high risk patients. Ulceration can lead to severe pain and difficulty eating and drinking, which may necessitate opioid analgesics, hospitalisation and nasogastric or intravenous nutrition. These complications may lead to interruptions or alterations to cancer therapy, which may reduce survival. There is also a risk of death from sepsis if pathogens enter the ulcers of immunocompromised patients. Ulcerative oral mucositis can be costly to healthcare systems, yet there are few preventive interventions proven to be beneficial. Oral cryotherapy is a low-cost, simple intervention which is unlikely to cause side-effects. It has shown promise in clinical trials and warrants an up-to-date Cochrane review to assess and summarise the international evidence. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of oral cryotherapy for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer who are receiving treatment. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (to 17 June 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Cochrane Library 2015, Issue 5), MEDLINE via Ovid (1946 to 17 June 2015), EMBASE via Ovid (1980 to 17 June 2015), CANCERLIT via PubMed (1950 to 17 June 2015) and CINAHL via EBSCO (1937 to 17 June 2015). We searched the US National Institutes of Health Trials Registry, and the WHO Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching databases. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included parallel-design randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of oral cryotherapy in patients with cancer receiving treatment. We used outcomes from a published core outcome set registered on the COMET website. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened the results of electronic searches, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We contacted study authors for information where feasible. For dichotomous outcomes, we reported risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). For continuous outcomes, we reported mean differences (MD) and 95% CIs. We pooled similar studies in random-effects meta-analyses. We reported adverse effects in a narrative format. MAIN RESULTS: We included 14 RCTs analysing 1280 participants. The vast majority of participants did not receive radiotherapy to the head and neck, so this review primarily assesses prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. All studies were at high risk of bias. The following results are for the main comparison: oral cryotherapy versus control (standard care or no treatment). Adults receiving fluorouracil-based (5FU) chemotherapy for solid cancersOral cryotherapy probably reduces oral mucositis of any severity (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.72, 5 studies, 444 analysed, moderate quality evidence). In a population where 728 per 1000 would develop oral mucositis, oral cryotherapy would reduce this to 444 (95% CI 379 to 524). The number needed to treat to benefit one additional person (NNTB), i.e. to prevent them from developing oral mucositis, is 4 people (95% CI 3 to 5).The results were similar for moderate to severe oral mucositis (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.65, 5 studies, 444 analysed, moderate quality evidence). NNTB 4 (95% CI 4 to 6).Severe oral mucositis is probably reduced (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.61, 5 studies, 444 analysed, moderate quality evidence). Where 300 per 1000 would develop severe oral mucositis, oral cryotherapy would reduce this to 120 (95% CI 81 to 183), NNTB 6 (95% CI 5 to 9). Adults receiving high-dose melphalan-based chemotherapy before haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)Oral cryotherapy may reduce oral mucositis of any severity (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.01, 5 studies, 270 analysed, low quality evidence). Where 824 per 1000 would develop oral mucositis, oral cryotherapy would reduce this to 486 (95% CI reduced to 289 to increased to 833). The NNTB is 3, although the uncertainty surrounding the effect estimate means that the 95% CI ranges from 2 NNTB, to 111 NNTH (number needed to treat in order to harm one additional person, i.e. for one additional person to develop oral mucositis).The results were similar for moderate to severe oral mucositis (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.09, 5 studies, 270 analysed, low quality evidence). NNTB 3 (95% CI 2 NNTB to 17 NNTH).Severe oral mucositis is probably reduced (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.72, 5 studies, 270 analysed, moderate quality evidence). Where 427 per 1000 would develop severe oral mucositis, oral cryotherapy would reduce this to 162 (95% CI 85 to 308), NNTB 4 (95% CI 3 to 9).Oral cryotherapy was shown to be safe, with very low rates of minor adverse effects, such as headaches, chills, numbness/taste disturbance, and tooth pain. This appears to contribute to the high rates of compliance seen in the included studies.There was limited or no evidence on the secondary outcomes of this review, or on patients undergoing other chemotherapies, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, or on comparisons of oral cryotherapy with other interventions or different oral cryotherapy regimens. Therefore no further robust conclusions can be made. There was also no evidence on the effects of oral cryotherapy in children undergoing cancer treatment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We are confident that oral cryotherapy leads to large reductions in oral mucositis of all severities in adults receiving 5FU for solid cancers. We are less confident in the ability of oral cryotherapy to reduce oral mucositis in adults receiving high-dose melphalan before HSCT. Evidence suggests that it does reduce oral mucositis in these adults, but we are less certain about the size of the reduction, which could be large or small. However, we are confident that there is an appreciable reduction in severe oral mucositis in these adults.This Cochrane review includes some very recent and currently unpublished data, and strengthens international guideline statements for adults receiving the above cancer treatments.

Local and systemic toxicity of intravitreal melphalan for vitreous seeding in retinoblastoma: a preclinical and clinical study.

PURPOSE: Intravitreal melphalan is emerging as an effective treatment for refractory vitreous seeds in retinoblastoma, but there is limited understanding regarding its toxicity. This study evaluates the retinal and systemic toxicity of intravitreal melphalan in retinoblastoma patients, with preclinical validation in a rabbit model. DESIGN: Clinical and preclinical, prospective, cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: In the clinical study, 16 patient eyes received 107 intravitreal injections of 30 µg melphalan given weekly, a median of 6.5 times (range, 5-8). In the animal study, 12 New Zealand/Dutch Belt pigmented rabbits were given 3 weekly injections of 15 µg of intravitreal melphalan or vehicle to the right eye. METHODS: Electroretinogram (ERG) responses were recorded in both humans and rabbits. For the clinical study, ERG responses were recorded at baseline, immediately before each injection, and at each follow-up visit; 82 of these studies were deemed evaluable. Median follow-up time was 5.2 months (range, 1-11). Complete blood counts (CBCs) were obtained on the day of injection at 46 patient visits. In the animal study, ERG responses were obtained along with fluorescein angiography, CBCs, and melphalan plasma concentration. After humane killing, the histopathology of the eyes was evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For the clinical study, we measured peak-to-peak ERG amplitudes in response to 30-Hz photopic flicker stimulation with comparisons between ERG studies before and after intravitreal melphalan. For the animal study, we collected ERG parameters before and after intravitreal melphalan injections with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: By linear regression analysis, over the course of weekly intravitreal injections in retinoblastoma patients, for every additional injection, the ERG amplitude decreased by approximately 5.8 µV. The ERG remained stable once the treatment course was completed. In retinoblastoma patients, there were no grade 3 or 4 hematologic events. One week after the second injection in rabbits, the a- and b-wave amplitude declined significantly in the melphalan treated eyes compared with vehicle-treated eyes (P<0.05). Histopathology revealed severely atrophic retina. CONCLUSIONS: Weekly injections of 30 µg of melphalan can result in a decreased ERG response, which is indicative of retinal toxicity. These findings are confirmed at an equivalent dose in rabbit eyes by ERG measurements and by histopathologic evidence of severe retinal damage. Systemic toxicity with intravitreal melphalan at these doses in humans or rabbits was not detected.

Phase II trial of 131-Iodine tositumomab with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the standard outpatient dose of 131-Iodine tositumomab (75 cGy) combined with high-dose carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM) followed by autologous stem cell rescue for the treatment of chemotherapy-sensitive relapsed or refractory, or high-risk first complete remission (CR) patients with diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (DLBCL). Forty patients with chemotherapy-sensitive persistent or relapsed or high/intermediate or high international prognostic index DLCBL were treated in a phase II trial combining 75 cGy 131-Iodine tositumomab with high-dose BEAM followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. The CR rate after transplantation was 78%, and the overall response rate was 80%. Short-term and long-term toxicities were similar to historical control patients treated with BEAM alone. With a median follow-up of 6 years (range, 3-10 years), the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 72% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55%-83%), and the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 70% (95% CI, 53%-82%). The PFS and OS were encouraging in this group of chemotherapy-sensitive persistent, relapsed, or high-risk patients with DLBCL. A follow-up phase III trial with 131-Iodine tositumomab/BEAM vs rituximab/BEAM was planned based on this information.

Intravenous BU plus Mel: an effective, chemotherapy-only transplant conditioning regimen in patients with ALL.

We investigated the administration of i.v. BU combined with melphalan (Mel) in patients with ALL undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic SCT. Forty-seven patients with a median age of 33 years (range 20-61) received a matched sibling (n=27) or matched unrelated donor transplant (n=20) for ALL in first CR (n=26), second CR (n=13), or with more advanced disease (n=8). BU was infused daily for 4 days, either at a fixed dose of 130 mg/m² (5 patients) or using pharmacokinetic (PK) dose adjustment (42 patients), to target an average daily area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 5000 µmol/min, determined by a test dose of i.v. BU at 32 mg/m². This was followed by a rest day, then two daily doses of Mel at 70 mg/m². Stem cells were infused on the following day. The 2-year OS, PFS and non-relapse mortality (NRM) rates were 35% (95% confidence interval (CI), 23-51%), 31% (95% CI, 21-48%) and 37% (95% CI, 23-50%), respectively. Acute NRM at 100 days was favorable at 12% (95% CI, 5-24%); however, the 2-year NRM was significantly higher for patients older than 40 years, 58% vs 20%, mainly due to GVHD.

Thiotepa and melphalan based single, tandem, and triple high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for high risk neuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Outcome of high risk neuroblastoma (NBL) remains unsatisfactory in spite of intensive treatment efforts. Consolidation with high-dose (HD) chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been intensified with tandem and triple cycles with promising results. Our purpose was to improve the outcome with two or three HD-consolidations. METHODS: Thirty six children with high risk NBL, diagnosed 1995-2010, had intensive induction and surgery, and were stratified to single, tandem or triple HD-therapy and ASCT, followed by local irradiation and cis-retinoic acid. In inoperable patients surgery was facilitated by preoperative HD-melphalan. Long-term outcome of our old cohort from 1987-1994 was updated. RESULTS: Ten year event-free survival (EFS) from diagnosis was 0.44+/-0.10 of the old and 0.43+/-0.085 of the new cohort. EFS from the last ASCT was 0.53 +/-0.12 and 0.48+/-0.091, respectively. Preoperative HD-melphalan rendered 73% of bulky primaries operable in the new cohort. The 5-yr EFS from ASCT was 0.46+/-0.15 for single and 0.73+/-0.15 for tandem ASCT (P = 0.19). All triple ASCT patients, selected by poor/slow response, relapsed or died. CONCLUSIONS: Thiotepa- and melphalan based HD regimens, with or without total body irradiation (TBI), appeared to give an outcome comparable to major NBL study groups with acceptable toxicity. Tandem HD therapy gave a 5-year EFS of 73%, whereas a third HD consolidation did not offer any additional advantage for ultra high risk patients with slow response. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1190-1197. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Efficiency of supersaturated calcium phosphate mouth rinse treatment in patients receiving high-dose melphalan or BEAM prior to autologous blood stem cell transplantation: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: Oral mucositis (OM) is an unresolved problem among patients treated with a high-dose therapy supported by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We tested the ability of supersaturated calcium phosphate mouth rinse (Caphosol) to ameliorate oral mucosal injury induced by a conditioning regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients with hematologic malignancies were treated with Caphosol to prevent OM during HSCT procedures. The conditioning regimens for 16 patients were BGNU 300 mg/m2, day 6; ARA-C 200 mg/m2 daily, days 5, 4, 3, 2; VP-16 200 mg/m2 daily, days 5, 4, 3, 2; L-PAM 140 mg/m2, day 1 (BEAM) and for 16 patients, MEL 200 (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). A control group was composed of 24 consecutive patients, who had been treated with HSCT before Caphosol was available. The source of the graft was autologous peripheral blood. RESULTS: Among patients treated with Caphosol no one had to receive total parenteral nutrition. Among the BEAM group no one experienced III to IV degree OM compared with 40% of the control group. The median OM duration was 2.25 days versus controls of 8.6, (P<.001); only one patient received opioids versus 100% of controls. In the MEL 200 group, 93.7% of patients developed 0 to II degree OM vs 94% of the control group (P=.74) with median duration of 1, 73 days versus 2.42 for the controls (P=.73). In both control and Caphosol cohorts one patient received opioids. CONCLUSION: Caphosol may reduce the incidence, severity, and duration of oral mucositis and decrease the number of days with painkillers among patients treated with a BEAM but not a Mel 200 regimen.

Long-term results of tumor necrosis factor alpha- and melphalan-based isolated limb perfusion in locally advanced extremity soft tissue sarcomas.

PURPOSE: Because there is no survival benefit of amputation for extremity soft tissue sarcomas (STSs), limb-sparing surgery has become the gold standard. Tumor size reduction by induction therapy to render nonresectable tumors resectable or facilitate function-preserving surgery can be achieved by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) -based and melphalan-based isolated limb perfusion (TM-ILP). This study reports the long-term results of 231 TM-ILPs for locally advanced extremity STS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 231 TM-ILPs in 208 consecutive patients (1991 to 2005), who were all candidates for functional or anatomic amputation for locally advanced extremity STS. All patients had a potential follow-up of up to 5 years. TM-ILP was performed under mild hyperthermic conditions with 1 to 4 mg of TNF and 10 to 13 mg/L of limb-volume melphalan. Almost all patients (85%) had intermediate- or high-grade tumors. RESULTS: The overall response rate (ORR) was 71% (complete response, 18%; partial response, 53%). Multifocal sarcomas had a significantly better ORR of 83% (P = .008). The local recurrence rate was 30% (n = 70); local recurrence rates were highest for multifocal tumors (54%; P = .001) and after previous radiotherapy (54%; P < .001). Five-year overall survival rate was 42%. Survival was poorest in patients with large tumors (P = .01) and with leiomyosarcomas (P < .001). Limb salvage rate was 81%. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that TM-ILP results in a limb salvage rate of 81% in patients with locally advanced extremity STS who would otherwise have undergone amputation. Whenever an amputation is deemed necessary to obtain local control of an extremity STS, TM-ILP should be considered.

Results of isolated lower limb perfusion for loco-regional advanced/recurrent melanoma using borderline true hyperthermia plus additional bolus of melphalan. A critical analysis of homogeneous cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of our modified ILP treatment with borderline true hyperthermia and high melphalan concentration in stage III lower limb melanoma. METHODS: Between March 1990 and December 2006, 91 consecutive patients were given ILP treatment. Forty three patients were treated with double L-PAM bolus combined with D-actinomicin; 48 patients were treated with additional L-PAM bolus alone. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period is 68.5 months. The acute regional toxicity occurred with grade II (54%), III (38%), IV (2.1%). The systemic toxic effects were present with transitory hematological disorders. Complete response (CR) rate was observed in 89.2% of stage IIIA-IIIAB unexcised IT-mets. The overall limb recurrent disease in stage III was 39%. In patients with CR recurrent rate occurred in 44% with a mean limb recurrence-free interval (LRFI) of 23.8 months. Distant metastases was attained with a mean time of 29.2 months. After CR, the interval was 32.1 months. The 5-year survival rate was 45%; in patients with CR, was 48%. CONCLUSIONS: Our procedure is an important therapeutic option. The results suggest a marked local control of the recurrent disease. The LRFI is longer than for those treated with other treatment schedules.

Current trends in regional therapy for melanoma: lessons learned from 225 regional chemotherapy treatments between 1995 and 2010 at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (HILP) and isolated limb infusion (ILI) are used to manage advanced extremity melanoma, but no consensus exists as to which treatment is preferable and how to monitor patients post-treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Using a prospectively maintained database, we reviewed our experience with melphalan-based HILP (which included 62 first-time and 10 second-time) and ILI (which included 126 first-time and 18 second-time) procedures performed in 188 patients. PET/CT was obtained 3 months postregional treatment for 1 year and then every 6 months thereafter. RESULTS: Overall response rate (complete response [CR] + partial response) of HILP was 81% (80% CI, 73-87%), and overall response rate from ILI was 43% (80% CI, 37-49%) for first-time procedures only. HILP had a CR rate of 55% with a median duration of 32 months, and ILI had a CR rate of 30% with median duration of 24 months. Patients who experienced a regional recurrence after initial regional treatment were more likely to achieve a CR after repeat HILP (50%, n = 10) compared with repeat ILI (28%, n = 18). Although the spectrum of toxicity was similar for ILI and HILP, the likelihood of rare catastrophic complication of limb loss was greater with HILP (2 of 62) than ILI (0 of 122). PET/CT was effective for surveillance after regional therapy to identify regional nodal and pulmonary disease that was not clinically evident, but often amenable to surgical resection (25 of 49; 51% of cases). In contrast, PET/CT was not effective at predicting complete response to treatment with an accuracy of only 50%. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest single-institution regional therapy series reported to date, we found that although ILI is effective and well-tolerated, HILP is a more definitive way to control advanced disease.

Isolated limb infusion with melphalan and actinomycin D in melanoma patients: factors predictive of acute regional toxicity.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: Isolated limb infusion (ILI) is a simple, minimally invasive technique of delivering high concentrations of cytotoxic drugs to a diseased limb for achieving disease control in that limb. Recent studies have suggested that mild hyperthermic (38 degrees C) ILI might be the best initial treatment for extensively recurrent limb melanoma given its simplicity, low morbidity and a complete response rate of 30 - 40%. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: Since 1994 when ILI was first described by Thompson et al., the procedure has been adopted by several centres around the world; research and improvements in the technique have resulted in reduction in limb toxicity without reducing its clinical efficacy. The pharmacokinetics of melphalan and the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of ILI from various centres are summarised. Minor but possibly important differences in the ILI techniques used in different institutions may be important in improving its efficacy and reducing the toxic effects. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: An understanding of the efficacy and toxicity associated with ILI with cytotoxic drugs in melanoma patients and of methods to optimise regional therapy for malignant disease in a limb. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: ILI with mild hyperthermia (38 degrees C) is well tolerated with tumour remission rates in melanoma patients similar to those achieved by isolated limb perfusion. Mild (grade I - II) and moderate/severe (grade > or = III) limb toxicities occur in 58 - 68% and 32 - 41% of patients, respectively, but long-term morbidity is rare. A high peak and high final melphalan concentration in the infusate, the AUC of melphalan concentration in the infusate and an increased postoperative serum creatine phosphokinase concentration are factors predictive of acute regional toxicity. Drug dose adjusted for ideal body weight and gender may reduce acute toxicity following ILI. It has been suggested that the use of papaverine prior to the infusion of melphalan might increase its efficacy, but it may also increase toxicity. Large prospective studies are needed to more accurately define the perioperative factors that influence acute regional toxicity after ILI and to establish strategies to optimise clinical outcome.

Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion for recurrent melanomas and soft tissue sarcomas: feasibility and reproducibility in a multi-institutional Hellenic collaborative study.

Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion with TNF-alpha and melphalan (TM-HILP) is a complicated surgical procedure. Herein, we present the experience of the Hellenic collaborating centers with TM-HILP for inoperable in-transit melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of the extremities to examine safety and feasibility of collaborating as a multi-institutional group for future research studies. From 2001 to 2009, twenty patients (median age 63.5 years) underwent TM-HILP for locally advanced in-transit melanoma (n=14) or unresectable STS (n=6). All patients underwent a 90-min isolated limb perfusion with melphalan (10 mg/l limb volume) and TNF-alpha (1-2 mg) under mild hyperthermia (39-40 degrees C). No major intra-operative complications occurred and all patients completed the procedure successfully. One patient developed postoperative ischemic necrosis of the limb necessitating amputation. All melanoma patients showed a response to TM-HILP with 7 (62%) of them experiencing complete response. All STS patients attained complete response after excision of residual tumor. The median disease specific and limb-relapse-free survival was 15 and 12 months, respectively. TM-HILP can be safely applied even in low volume tertiary hospitals provided that technology to minimize intraoperative systemic leakage is available. Future prospective studies can be performed reproducibly by this multi-institutional collaborative group.

Factors predictive of acute regional toxicity after isolated limb infusion with melphalan and actinomycin D in melanoma patients.

INTRODUCTION: Isolated limb infusion (ILI) with cytotoxic drugs is a low-flow isolated limb perfusion (ILP) performed via percutaneous catheters without oxygenation to treat metastatic melanoma confined to a limb. Response rates and duration of response following ILI are similar to those after ILP. Previously we have shown that more significant limb toxicity is not associated with a higher response rate or improved patient outcome. In this study we sought to determine factors predicting toxicity following ILI. METHODS: From our prospective database 185 patients with advanced metastatic melanoma of the limb treated with a single ILI between 1992 and 2007 were identified. In all patients a cytotoxic combination of melphalan and actinomycin D was used. Drug circulation time was 20-30 min under mild hyperthermic conditions (38-39 degrees C). Limb toxicity was assessed using the Wieberdink scale. RESULTS: The average patient age was 74 years (range 29-93 years) and 62% were female. Most patients (134/185) had MD Anderson stage III disease (satellites and in-transit metastases). Toxicity grade I (no reaction) occurred in 3 patients, grade II (slight erythema and edema) in 105 patients, grade III (considerable erythema and edema +/- blistering) in 72 patients, and grade IV (threatened or actual compartment syndrome) in 5 patients. No patient developed grade V toxicity (requiring amputation). On univariate analysis high peak and high final melphalan concentrations were found to be predictive factors for grade III/IV limb toxicity as well as the area under the curve of the melphalan concentration. Surprisingly, a greater rise in the CO(2) level during the procedure was associated with lower toxicity in the univariate analysis. Increased serum creatine phosphokinase (CK) postoperatively was related to higher toxicity score. In the multivariate analysis high final melphalan concentration and shorter tourniquet time were independent predictive risk factors for developing grade III/IV limb toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: ILI is a safe alternative to the more invasive and laborious ILP technique to treat melanoma confined to a limb. Regional acute toxicity following ILI is mild to moderate in most patients. Based on the predictive factors found in this series, altering melphalan dose and tourniquet time may allow further reductions in post-ILI toxicity without compromising effectiveness.

Calreticulin expression in the clonal plasma cells of patients with systemic light-chain (AL-) amyloidosis is associated with response to high-dose melphalan.

In high doses with stem-cell transplantation, melphalan is an effective but toxic therapy for patients with systemic light-chain (AL-) amyloidosis, a protein deposition and monoclonal plasma cell disease. Melphalan can eliminate the indolent clonal plasma cells that cause the disease, an achievement called a complete response. Such a response is usually associated with extended survival, while no response (a less than 50% reduction) is not. Gene-expression studies and a stringently supervised analysis identified calreticulin as having significantly higher expression in the pretreatment plasma cells of patients with systemic AL-amyloidosis who then had a complete response to high-dose melphalan. Calreticulin is a pleiotropic calcium-binding protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus whose overexpression is associated with increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining also showed that expression of calreticulin was higher in the plasma cells of those with a complete response. Furthermore, wild-type murine embryonic fibroblasts were significantly more sensitive to melphalan than calreticulin knock-out murine embryonic fibroblasts. These data have important implications for understanding the activity of melphalan in plasma-cell diseases and support further investigation of calreticulin and its modulation in patients with systemic AL-amyloidosis receiving high-dose melphalan.

High-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation as consolidation treatment in patients with chemosensitive ovarian cancer: results of a single-institution randomized trial.

The role of high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains controversial. This study was initiated to compare the efficacy and tolerability of HDCT as a consolidation approach in women with chemosensitive advanced EOC (FIGO stages IIC-IV). Patients who had achieved their first clinical complete remission after six cycles of conventional paclitaxel and carboplatin combination chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive or not high-dose melphalan. The primary objective was to compare time to disease progression (TTP). A total of 80 patients were enrolled onto the trial. Patients who were randomized to receive HDCT were initially treated with cyclophosphamide 4 g/m(2) for PBPC mobilization. HDCT consisted of melphalan 200 mg/m(2). Of the 37 patients who were allocated to HDCT, 11 (29.7%) did not receive melphalan either due to patient refusal (n=5) or due to failure of PBPC mobilization (n=6). In an intent-to-treat analysis, there were no significant differences between the two arms in TTP (P=0.059) as well as in overall survival (OS) (P=0.38).