Methyl cellulose/okra mucilage composite films, functionalized with Hypericum perforatum oil and gentamicin, as a potential wound dressing.

There is a growing demand for the development of functional wound dressings enriched with bioactive natural compounds to improve the quality of life of the population by accelerating the healing process of chronic wounds. In this regard, a functional composite film of okra mucilage (OM) and methylcellulose (MC) incorporated with Hypericum perforatum oil (Hp) and gentamicin (G) was prepared and characterized as a wound dressing. Increasing Hp resulted in improved film properties with a more porous structure, higher WVTR, and lower surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, incorporating Hp into OM:MC films led to increased elongation at the break while reducing the tensile strength of the films. The highest values of total antioxidant capacity (1.09-1.16 mM trolox equivalent) and total phenolic content (13.76-16.94 µg GA equivalent mL-1) were measured in the composite films containing the highest Hp concentration (1.5 %). In addition, OM:MC/HpG composite films exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus and prevented the transmission of these bacteria through the films. Hp incorporation reduced the cytotoxic effects of OM:MC films on BJ cells and increased the wound closure rate in vitro. In conclusion, the developed OM:MC/HpG composite film can be a promising candidate as a novel wound dressing with its superior properties.

Physicochemical properties of Pickering emulsion fabricated with polysaccharides/pea protein isolate complex and its application in plant-based patty.

Incorporation of structured liquid oil within plant-based patties can be achieved through the utilization of food-grade Pickering emulsion (PE). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of PE and its application in plant-based patty. The PEs were formulated using sunflower oil (SO), polysaccharides and protein, and the specific ratios employed were as following: methylcellulose (MC) 2 % only (MP0); MC 1.5 % + pea protein isolate (PPI) 0.5 % (MP1); MC 1 % + PPI 1 % (MP2); xanthan gum (XG) 2 % only (XP0); XG 1.5 % + PPI 0.5 % (XP1); XG 1 % + PPI 1 % (XP2). MP0 and MP1 were unstable as PEs, whereas MP2 and XP groups (XP0, XP1, and XP2) exhibited stability as a PE. In addition, MP2 and all XP groups showed increased oil binding capacity, hydrophobic interaction, thermal stability, crystallization, rheological properties, and oxidative stability, compared to MP0 and MP1. In PE-applied plant-based patties, MP2 and all XP groups had significantly lower cooking loss and higher emulsion stability than SO. Particularly, MP2-employed plant-based patties exhibited significantly improved textural and sensory properties. Therefore, our data suggest that PEs with methylcellulose and pea protein isolate could be an effective replacement of plant oil in plant-based meat analogs.

Effects of drying method and oil type on edible polyunsaturated oleogels co-structured by hydroxylpropyl methyl cellulose and xanthan gum.

The subtle balance between the interactions of polysaccharide molecules and the interactions of polysaccharide molecules with oil molecules is significantly important for developing polysaccharide-based polyunsaturated oleogels. Here, hydroxylpropyl methyl cellulose and xanthan gum were used to structure edible oleogels via emulsion-template methodology, while the effects of drying methods (hot-air drying (AD) and vacuum-freeze drying (FD)) and oil types (walnut, flaxseed and Moringa seed oil) on the structure, oil binding capacity (OBC), rheological properties, thermal behaviors and stability of oleogels were specially investigated. Compared with AD oleogels, FD oleogels exhibited significantly better OBC, enhanced gelation strength (G' value) and better capacity to holding oil after high temperature processing, which was attributed to the possibly increased oil-polysaccharide interactions. However, the weakened polysaccharide-polysaccharide interactions in FD oleogels failed in providing stronger physical interface or enough rigidity to restrict the migration of oil molecules. Polyunsaturated triacylglycerols in vegetable oils deeply participated in the construction of the network of AD oleogels through weak intermolecular non-covalent interactions, which in turn greatly changed the crystallization and melting behaviors of vegetables oils. In brief, this research may provide useful information for the development of polysaccharide-based polyunsaturated oil oleogels.

Encapsulation of Dicranopteris linearis extract using cellulose microparticles for antiulcer medication.

Dicranopteris linearis (DL) is a fern in the Gleicheniaceae family, locally known as resam by the Malay community. It has numerous pharmacological benefits, with antiulcer and gastroprotective properties. Peptic ulcer is a chronic and recurring disease that significantly impacts morbidity and mortality, affecting nearly 20 % of the world's population. Despite the effectiveness of peptic ulcer drugs, there is no perfect treatment for the ailment. Encapsulation is an advanced technique that can treat peptic ulcers by incorporating natural sources. This work aims to encapsulate DL extract using different types of cellulose particles by the solvent displacement technique for peptic ulcer medication. The extract was encapsulated using methyl cellulose (MC), ethyl cellulose (EC), and a blend of ethyl methyl cellulose through a dialysis cellulose membrane tube and freeze-dried to yield a suspension of the encapsulated DL extracts. The microencapsulated methyl cellulose chloroform extract (MCCH) has a considerably greater level of total phenolic (84.53 ± 6.44 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (84.53 ± 0.54 mg GAE/g), and antioxidant activity (86.40 ± 0.63 %). MCCH has the highest percentage of antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (2.42 ± 107 × 0.70 CFU/mL), Bacillus subtilis (5.21 ± 107 × 0.90 CFU/mL), and Shigella flexneri (1.25 ± 107 × 0.66 CFU/mL), as well as the highest urease inhibitory activity (50.0 ± 0.21 %). The MCCH particle size was estimated to be 3.347 ± 0.078 µm in diameter. It has been proven that DL elements were successfully encapsulated in the methyl cellulose polymer in the presence of calcium (Ca). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated significant results, where the peak belonging to the CO stretch of the carbonyl groups of methyl cellulose (MC) shifted from 1638.46 cm-1 in the spectrum of pure MC to 1639.10 cm-1 in the spectrum of the MCCH extract. The shift in the wavenumbers was due to the interactions between the phytochemicals in the chloroform extract and the MC matrix in the microcapsules. Dissolution studies in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and model fitting of encapsulated chloroform extracts showed that MCCH has the highest EC50 of 6.73 ± 0.27 mg/mL with R2 = 0.971 fitted by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating diffusion as the mechanism of release.

Apple Pomace Compositional Data Highlighting the Proportional Contribution of Polymeric Procyanidins.

Recent years have seen an increase in research focusing on the amelioration of apple pomace waste for use in the food and nutraceutical industries. Much of this work has concentrated on the characterisation of the polyphenol composition of apple pomace materials to determine their role in conferring nutritional and health benefits. Although apples contain substantial quantities of polymeric procyanidins (condensed tannins), this class of compounds has received limited attention in apple research. This study quantified the polymeric procyanidins in apple pomace extracts using a rapid, methyl-cellulose precipitation (MCP) approach for the first time. In addition, a non-targeted metabolomics approach was applied to determine the most abundant phenolic classes present. Polymeric procyanidins were found to be the most abundant type of polyphenol in apple pomace extracts and were generally oligomeric in nature. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was most strongly correlated with the polymeric procyanidin concentration. Noting that polymeric procyanidins may not cross the cell layer to exert antioxidant activity in vivo, their presence in apple pomace extracts may therefore overestimate the FRAP. This work highlights the importance of polymeric procyanidins in the phenolic diversity of apple pomaces, and it is proposed that in future studies, rapid MCP assays may be used for their quantification.

Cellular adhesion and chondrogenic differentiation inside an alginate-based bioink in response to tailorable artificial matrices and tannic acid treatment.

Many established bioinks fulfill important requirements regarding fabrication standards and cytocompatibility. Current research focuses on development of functionalized bioinks with an improved support of tissue-specific cell differentiation. Many approaches primarily depend on decellularized extracellular matrices or blood components. In this study, we investigated the combination of a highly viscous alginate-methylcellulose (algMC) bioink with collagen-based artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) as a finely controllable and tailorable system composed of collagen type I (col) with and without chondroitin sulfate (CS) or sulfated hyaluronan (sHA). As an additional stabilizer, the polyphenol tannic acid (TA) was integrated into the inks. The assessment of rheological properties and printability as well as hydrogel microstructure revealed no adverse effect of the integrated components on the inks. Viability, adhesion, and proliferation of bioprinted immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (hTERT-MSC) was improved indicating enhanced interaction with the designed microenvironment. Furthermore, chondrogenic matrix production (collagen type II and sulfated glycosaminoglycans) by primary human chondrocytes (hChon) was enhanced by aECM. Supplementing the inks with TA was required for these positive effects but caused cytotoxicity as soon as TA concentrations exceeded a certain amount. Thus, combining tailorable aECM with algMC and balanced TA addition proved to be a promising approach for promoting adhesion of immortalized stem cells and differentiation of chondrocytes in bioprinted scaffolds.

Development of xanthan gum/hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose composite films incorporating tea polyphenol and its application on fresh-cut green bell peppers preservation.

The aim of this work was to develop an edible packaging material with good performance that can be used for fresh-cut vegetables preservation. The xanthan (XG)-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-tea polyphenols (TP) composite film (XHT) was prepared by adding TP to the composite film-forming solution of XG and HPMC. At optimum TP dosage of 6% (XHT6), the tensile strength and elongation at break were at the maximum. The antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties were also enhanced, demonstrated good inhibitory ability to Staphylococcus aureus. After 8 days, the amount of Vitamin C that was retained by XHT6 was 127.81% and 7.83% higher than unpackaged and XHT0, respectively. Additionally, the MDA content in green peppers were 39.16% and 78.87% higher than that of unpackaged and XHT0, respectively. Practical applications of XHT films in preserving fresh-cut bell peppers had also shown positive results, making it possible as potential food packaging.

Phytochemical Screening and Bioactivity Studies of Endophytes Cladosporium sp. Isolated from the Endangered Plant Vateria Indica Using In Silico and In Vitro Analysis.

Vateria indica is persistent tree used in Unani sources for the medication and classified as critically endangered. Thus, endophytes for alternative methods to explore these endangered Plants having rich source pharmaceuticals' active molecules for drug development and production. Endophytes comprises unexplored microbes as a potential source of rich pharmaceutically bioactive compounds attributable to their relationship with the host. In the current study, we have isolated endophyte fungi Cladosporium from the plant Vateria indica and performed phytochemical screening of its ethanolic extract to detect the phytochemicals using thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of an anticancer compound hydroxymethyl colchicine, antioxidant compound benzoic acid, and antimicrobial 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-5-nitro in endophyte fungal extract of plant Vateria indica. Moreover, in silico analysis of bioactive compounds identified by GC-MS analysis using the Autodock Vina and SwissADME confirmed excellent anticancer activity methanone, [4-amino-2-[(phenylmethyl) amino]-5-thiazolyl] (4-fluorophenyl)- and hydroxymethyl colchicine against 6VO4 (Bfl-1 protein) as per Lipinski rule. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the excellent antioxidant of endophytic extract compared to plant extract by DPPH and ABTS assay, as well as antimicrobial activity against both Gram (+ ve) and Gram (- ve) bacteria. Moreover, the endophytic extract also showed its antimitotic activity with a mitotic index of 65.32, greater than the plant extract of 32.56 at 10 mg/ml. Thus endophytic fungi Cladosporium species isolated from plant Vateria indica might be used as a potential source for phytochemical anticancer hydroxymethyl colchicine, an antioxidant benzoic acid, and antimicrobial 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-5-nitro.

Effect of soybean protein isolate-pectin composite nanoparticles and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose on the formation, stabilization and lipidolysis of food-grade emulsions.

The formation and stabilization mechanism as well as digestion characteristics of food-grade emulsions prepared by the SPNPs-HPMC mixed systems (a combination of soybean protein isolate-pectin composite nanoparticles (SPNPs) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)) were investigated. Then, it was found that the SPNPs-HPMC mixed systems could not only enhance the stability of the emulsion, but also make it have a satisfactory lipidolys is efficiency. During the formation and stabilization of the emulsion, HPMC was adsorbed in the early stage of emulsion formation, while SPNPs needed a longer adsorption time. When the HPMC concentration was 0.25-0.5 wt%, HPMC and SPNPs co-adsorbed on the interface. When the HPMC concentration was 1-2 wt%, HPMC and SPNPs competed to adsorb on the interface, of which the adsorption HPMC was dominant. In vitro simulation of digestion, SPNPs were decomposed into substances with lower interfacial activity, and the structure and activity of HPMC were well maintained, which led them to reconstruct a new interface layer. Thus, the size distribution and surface area of the emulsion droplets were retained in a good state for the lipidolysis process. Therefore, the SPNPs-HPMC mixed systems could both enhance the stability of the emulsion and grant it a satisfactory lipidolysis efficiency.

Postoperative Vitamin Profile after Receiving a Novel Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition Solution: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial.

INTRODUCTION: We assessed the efficacy and safety of OPF-105, a novel all-in-one peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) solution containing multivitamins by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2000 (FDA2000 recommendation). METHODS: We conducted a phase III trial administering OPF-105 or BFL (combination of a commercially available PPN solution and fat emulsion) to patients after gastrointestinal (GI) tract surgery from postoperative day (POD) 1 up to POD14. Until POD7, nutrients were provided only with OPF-105 or BFL. After blood sampling on POD8, oral food intake was permitted. PPN was administered according to the amount of food intake. RESULTS: Efficacy endpoints were assessed in 99 subjects (OPF group: 52; BFL group: 47). The levels of blood proteins and fatty acids in the two groups were similar on POD8. The transition of these mean levels was similar in both groups from POD1 or 2 to POD9 to 15. The mean preoperative blood vitamin levels were within reference intervals (RIs). On POD1 (before administration), the mean levels of most blood vitamins decreased compared to those of the preoperative levels. In the BFL group, the mean blood levels of vitamin B2, B6, pantothenic acid (PA), folic acid (FA), biotin, and C decreased below or near the lower limit of RIs on POD8, and the mean blood levels of vitamin B6 and C remained low from POD9 to 15. In the OPF group, the mean blood levels of vitamins, excluding vitamin K, were within RIs on POD8 and POD9 to 15. The mean levels of blood vitamin K increased over the upper limit of RIs on POD8 but within RIs from POD9 to 15. There was no obvious difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups, which is common after GI tract surgeries. CONCLUSION: Blood vitamin levels decreased when patients were administered PPN without vitamin supplementation during the first week after surgery. The novel PPN formula containing multivitamins recommended by FDA2000 can be safely administered to postoperative patients to maintain blood vitamin levels.

Development and Optimization of Methylcellulose-Based Nanoemulgel Loaded with Nigella sativa Oil for Oral Health Management: Quadratic Model Approach.

The present study aimed to develop a local dental nanoemulgel formulation of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) for the treatment of periodontal diseases. NSO purchased from a local market was characterized using a GC-MS technique. A nanoemulsion containing NSO was prepared and incorporated into a methylcellulose gel base to develop the nanoemulgel formulation. The developed formulation was optimized using a Box-Behnken statistical design (quadratic model) with 17 runs. The effects of independent factors, such as water, oil, and polymer concentrations, were studied on two dependent responses, pH and viscosity. The optimized formulation was further evaluated for droplet size, drug release, stability, and antimicrobial efficacy. The developed formulation had a pH of 7.37, viscosity of 2343 cp, and droplet size of 342 ± 36.6 nm. Sustained release of the drug from the gel for up to 8 h was observed, which followed Higuchi release kinetics with non-Fickian diffusion. The developed nanoemulgel formulation showed improved antimicrobial activity compared to the plain NSO. Given the increasing emergence of periodontal diseases and antimicrobial resistance, an effective formulation based on a natural antibacterial agent is warranted as a dental therapeutic agent.

Optimization of Spray-Drying Process Parameters to Study Anti-Sticking Effect of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose-VLV on Corni fructus Extracts.

To prevent the sticking of Corni fructus extract (CFE) during spray drying, the anti-sticking effects of different excipients were compared. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-VLV showed a higher powder yield at a lower dosage (8% of total solids), and a lower solution viscosity, compared with HPMC-E5. Therefore, HPMC-VLV is a more effective excipient for reducing CFE sticking during spray drying. The spray-drying process parameters were optimized by central composite rotatable design/response surface methodology, and spray drying was conducted under the following conditions: Inlet air temperature, 126 °C; atomization pressure, 1.05 bar; pump speed, 7.7 mL/min. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the powder comprised shrunken spherical particles with particle sizes in the range of 2-30 µm. Analysis of dynamic surface tension and chemical elements on the powder surface showed that HPMC-VLV rapidly moved to the droplet surface owing to its surface activity. HPMC covered the droplet surface and reduced surface tension, achieving an anti-sticking effect. In conclusion, HPMC-VLV at a solid content of 8% significantly improved the spray drying and reduced sticking of CFE. The spray-drying process parameters were nonlinearly related to the dry product yield. Graphical Abstract.

Removal of Calcium Hydroxide Pastes Containing N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone, Local Anaesthesia, Glycerine, and Methylcellulose from Artificial Radicular Grooves: An In-vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the removal of calcium hydroxide (CaOH) pastes containing N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), lidocaine, glycerine, methylcellulose, or water from artificially created grooves. METHODS: In this study, 115 human single-rooted maxillary incisors with single and straight root canals were prepared using a rotary file up to size 40/.04 and split longitudinally. A longitudinal groove was created from 2 to 5 mm from the apex and filled with CaOH combined with different vehicles. The specimens were divided among 5 experimental groups according to the vehicle as follows: distilled water, lidocaine, glycerine, methylcellulose, and NMP. The two halves were re-attached, and the canals were flushed with 10 ml of 17% EDTA for 60 seconds. The residual amount of CaOH was scored using a stereomicroscope at 8× magnification. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: The NMP-based group exhibited significantly less residual medicament compared to the distilled water (P<0.05), while there were no statistically significant differences among the methylcellulose-, lidocaine-, and glycerine-based groups and distilled water (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The vehicle is an important factor in the successful removal of CaOH medicament from the root canals. Within the limitations of the present study, the NMP-based CaOH medicament exhibited better removal efficacy than the distilled water. However, the cleaning success of the methylcellulose-, lidocaine-, and glycerine-based groups was similar to that of distilled water.

Design and evaluation of thermo-responsive nasal in situ gelling system dispersed with piribedil loaded lecithin-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles for improved brain availability.

Piribedil (PBD) is a compound that has shown efficacy in clinical trials to treat motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, drug delivery issues like low oral bioavailability, high dosing frequency (3-5 tablets/day), gastrointestinal side-effects reduced the clinical use of PBD. In this work, we have developed lecithin-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles (PBD-LCNs) to improve the direct nose to brain uptake of PBD. PBD-LCNs were optimized using hybrid design approach based on DoE. The mean particle size and drug loading of PBD-LCNs were 147 nm, and 12%, respectively. The PBD-LCNs showed good stability and were found to be nearly spherical in shape. Further, the optimized LCNs were loaded in methylcellulose thermo-responsive in situ gel (PBD-LCN-ISG) to overcome rapid mucociliary clearance upon intranasal administration. Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed that PBD-LCN-ISG increased the relative bioavailability of PBD in brain (AUCbrain) by about 6.4-folds and reduced the (Cmax)plasma by 3.7-folds when compared to plain intranasal suspension of PBD (PBD-Susp). Further, PBD-Susp showed limited direct nose to brain uptake with DTP values less than 0, while the optimized PBD-LCNs showed DTP value of 56% indicating efficient direct nose to brain uptake. Overall, the development of nanoformulations significantly improved the direct nose to brain uptake of PBD.

Corn starch and methylcellulose edible films incorporated with fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium L.) extract: Comparison of physicochemical and antioxidant properties.

The properties of edible films derived from corn starch (CS) and methylcellulose (MC) supplemented with fireweed extract (FE; 0.0125-0.05% w/w) were analyzed. Due to their more crystalline structure, the MC films were significantly stronger (~26 MPa) than the CS films (~4 MPa). In turn, CS produced films with lower water vapor permeability (WVP, 50.12-51.74 vs. 56.52-59.10 g mm m-2 d-1 kPa-1). The hydrothermally-disrupted starch granules contributed to high roughness and opacity of the CS films. The FE-supplemented films exhibited an intensive yellow color and improved the UV-absorbing effect. FE delayed starch retrogradation, as indicated by the reduced crystallinity and slightly improved transparency of the CS films. Incorporation of FE significantly enhanced the released radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the films, while did not affect the WVP and mechanical properties. Due to better FE-trapping capacity, the CS-based films exhibited lower antioxidant activity (RSA60min = 2.21-19.75%) as compared to the MC counterparts (RSA60min = 4.87-38.31%).

Effects of psyllium seed husk powder, methylcellulose, pregelatinised starch, and cold water swelling starch on the production of gluten free crackers.

The production of gluten free crackers is challenging because the formation of a gluten network is required. This study investigated the effects of psyllium seed husk powder (PSY), methylcellulose (MC), pregelatinised starch (PGS), and cold water swelling starch (CWSS) on gluten free crackers made of rice flour. The evaluations of pasting properties, dough rheological properties, textural properties, acoustic emissions, and structures were included in this study. Gluten free cracker doughs were more solid-like compared to wheat doughs based on their frequency dependence shown in the mechanical spectra. However, PGS significantly increased the fluid-like property and shapeability. The addition of MC at a high level significantly modified the pasting profile and a secondary swelling and breakdown might occur. As for the crackers, PSY and PGS crackers had comparable textural properties and sound release to wheat crackers, while CWSS crackers were slightly weaker. However, MC did not improve the textural properties compared to rice crackers because the interaction between the MC molecules was limited at the low water addition level, which limited its functionality in cracker making.

Preparation and Characterization of a Lutein Solid Dispersion to Improve Its Solubility and Stability.

Lutein has been used as a dietary supplement for the treatment of eye diseases, especially age-related macular degeneration. For oral formulations, we investigated lutein stability in artificial set-ups mimicking different physiological conditions and found that lutein was degraded over time under acidic conditions. To enhance the stability of lutein upon oral intake, we developed enteric-coated lutein solid dispersions (SD) by applying a polymer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS-LF), through a solvent-controlled precipitation method. The SD were characterized in crystallinity, morphology, and drug entrapment. In the dissolution profile of lutein SD, a F80 formulation showed resistance toward the acidic environment under simulated gastric conditions while exhibiting a bursting drug release under simulated intestinal conditions. Our results highlight the potential use of HPMCAS-LF as an effective matrix to enhance lutein bioavailability during oral delivery and to provide novel insights into the eye-care supplement industry, with direct benefits for the health of patients.

Strontium ranelate-laden near-infrared photothermal-inspired methylcellulose hydrogel for arthritis treatment.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is of foremost concern among long-term autoimmune disorders, as it leads to inflammation, exudates, chondral degeneration, and painful joints. Because RA severity often fluctuates over time, a local drug delivery method that titrates release of therapeutics to arthritis bioactivity should represent a promising paradigm of RA therapy. Given the local nature of RA chronic illnesses, polysaccharide-drug delivering systems have the promise to augment therapeutic outcomes by offering controlled release of bioactive materials, diminishing the required frequency of administration, and preserving therapeutic levels in affected pathological regions. Herein, an intra-articular photothermal-laden injectable methylcellulose (MC) polymeric hydrogel carrier incorporating strontium ranelate (SrR) and sodium chloride was investigated to resolve these issues. Physicochemical and cellular characteristics of the MC carrier system were thoroughly evaluated. The slow release of SrR, enhancement of the material mechanical strength, and the potential of the non-invasive near-infrared photothermal gel to improve blood circulation and suppress inflammation in a mini-surgical model of RA were examined. Biocompatibility and suppression of intracellular ROS-induced inflammation were observed. This multifunctional photothermal MC hydrogel carrier is anticipated to be an alternative approach for future orthopedic disease treatment.

[Effects of HPMCAS MF on absorption of silybin from supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system].

To evaluate the effects of Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate(HPMCAS MF) on absorption of silybin(SLB) from supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system which was pre-prepared at the early stage experiment. The cell toxicity of self-emulsifying preparation was evaluated by the MTT method, and the in vitro membrane permeability and absorption promoting effect of the self-emulsifying preparation were evaluated by establishing a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The in vivo and in vitro supersaturation correlation was evaluated via the blood concentration of SLB. The results of MTT showed that the concentration of the preparation below 2 mg·mL~(-1)(C_(SLB) 100 µg·mL~(-1)) was not toxic to Caco-2 cells, and the addition of polymer had no significant effect on Caco-2 cells viability. As compared with the solution group, the transport results showed that the P_(app)(AP→BL) of the self-emulsifying preparation had a very significant increase; the transport rate of silybin can be reduced by polymer in 0-30 min; however, there was no difference in supersaturated transport between supersaturated SLB self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system(SLB-SSNEDDS) and SLB self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system(SLB-SNEDDS) within 2 hours. As compared with SLB suspension, pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the blood concentration of both SLB-SNEDDS and SLB-SSNEDDS groups were significantly increased, and C_(max) was 5.25 times and 9.69 times respectively of that in SLB suspension group, with a relative bioavailability of 578.45% and 1 139.44% respectively. C_(max) and relative bioavailability of SLB-SSNEDDS were 1.85 times and 197% of those of SLB-SNEDDS, respectively. Therefore, on the one hand, SSNEDDS can increase the solubility of SLB in gastrointestinal tract by maintaining stability of SLB supersaturation state; on the other hand, the osmotic transport process of SLB was regulated through the composition of its preparations, and both of them could jointly promote the transport and absorption of SLB to improve the oral bioavailability of SLB.

Effect of hydrocolloid coatings (Basil seed gum, xanthan, and methyl cellulose) on the mass transfer kinetics and quality of fried potato strips.

In this research, the effect of different temperatures (160, 180, and 190 °C) and hydrocolloid coatings (Basil seed gum [BSG], xanthan gum [XG], methylcellulose [MC], BSG-XG, and BSG-MC mixtures) were investigated on the physicochemical properties (oil uptake, moisture loss, color, microscopic structure, activation energy, and texture), mass transfer kinetic of fried potato strips in deep-fat frying, and oil partitions using frying and postfrying cooling phase. An increase in frying time reduced the moisture content and hardness of potato strips; however, the oil content and color difference increased. The oil content in the coated samples had lower rates than that in the noncoated ones. The treated samples using BSG-xanthan mixture (50:50) and BSG had the lowest oil uptake at 0.13% and 0.14% Dry basis (d.b.), respectively. The maximum and minimum values of effective moisture diffusivity were measured in control and samples coated with BSG-XG and BSG, respectively. As frying temperature increased, the specific rate of oil uptake increased and the equilibrium oil content decreased. Overall, BSG-XG mixture-coated potato strips can be used as a promising product due to absorbing the lowest oil rate and being similar to the control in terms of organoleptic properties.